Garrett / Marriott Engineering Applications of Fracture Analysis

Proceedings of the First National Conference on Fracture Held in Johannesburg, South Africa, 7-9 November 1979
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8950-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 460 Seiten, Web PDF

Engineering Applications of Fracture Analysis is a record of the proceedings of the First National Conference on Fracture, held at Johannesburg, South Africa in November 1979. The papers presented in the conference provide a general picture of fracture studies in South Africa. The contributions cover the theoretical analyses of the influence of dislocation stresses in initiating fracture; practical design of steel components exposed to high-temperature environments; problems encountered in South African industry, such as rock drilling equipment failures, unwanted rock fractures in mines and safety problems in nuclear reactors; fracture study techniques; and formal applications of fracture mechanics. The book will be of interest to metallurgists, engineers, and materials specialists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Garrett, G. G.

Marriott, D. L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Engineering Applications of Fracture Analysis;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;NOMENCLATURE;12
6;INTRODUCTION;18
7;CHAPTER 1. THE BRITTLE FRACTURE STORY;20
7.1;INTRODUCTION;20
7.2;CONDITIONS FOR FRACTURE;22
7.3;FRACTURE CONTROL;22
7.4;FRACTURE MECHANICS;27
7.5;SERVICE FAILURES;29
8;SECTION 1. Some Problems of Fracture;32
8.1;CHAPTER 2. FRACTURES IN SPRINGS OF STEEL STRIP;34
8.1.1;ABSTRACT;34
8.1.2;INTRODUCTION;34
8.1.3;FRACTURING DURING SPRING FABRICATION;35
8.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;48
8.1.5;REFERENCES;48
8.2;CHAPTER 3. METALLURGICAL FAILURES IN THE MINING INDUSTRY;50
8.2.1;ABSTRACT;50
8.2.2;INTRODUCTION;50
8.2.3;CASE HISTORY 1: FAILURE IN A HIGH ENERGY OUTPUT HYDRAULIC ROCKDRILL;51
8.2.4;CASE HISTORY 2: FAILURE IN RAISE BORER DRILL ROD;57
8.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;63
8.3;CHAPTER 4. PROGRESS IN EXTENDING THE LIFE OF STEEL COMPONENTS EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS;64
8.3.1;ABSTRACT;64
8.3.2;INTRODUCTION;64
8.3.3;THE INCENTIVE FOR ECONOMY AND IMPROVEMENT;64
8.3.4;COMPONENT DESIGN;65
8.3.5;MATERIALS;65
8.3.6;CASE STUDIES;66
8.3.7;CONCLUSION;74
8.3.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;74
8.4;CHAPTER 5. UNUSUAL FRACTURES IN THE MINING INDUSTRY;76
8.4.1;ABSTRACT;76
8.4.2;KEYWORDS;76
8.4.3;INTRODUCTION;76
8.4.4;FRACTURE OF A DOUBLE DRUM SHAFT FOR KOPPERS HOIST;78
8.4.5;FRACTURE OF A JOB1S BRIDLE;84
8.4.6;FRACTURE OF A MANTLE IN A SHORT-HEAD CRUSHER;88
9;SECTION 2. Understanding Fracture;92
9.1;CHAPTER 6. THE STRENGTH AND FRACTURE OF TWO-PHASE ALLOYS–A COMPARISON OF TWO ALLOY SYSTEMS;94
9.1.1;ABSTRACT;94
9.1.2;INTRODUCTION;94
9.1.3;COMMENTS AND SUMMARY;106
9.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;107
9.1.5;REFERENCES;107
9.2;CHAPTER 7. FAILURE BY FATIGUE;110
9.2.1;ABSTRACT;110
9.2.2;INTRODUCTION;110
9.2.3;UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE;112
9.2.4;ANALYSING FATIGUE;113
9.2.5;FACTORS AFFECTING FATIGUE;116
9.2.6;DESIGNING AGAINST FATIGUE;122
9.2.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;122
9.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;123
9.2.9;REFERENCES;123
9.2.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;124
9.3;CHAPTER 8. ON THE MICROSTRUCTURAL CONTROL OF THE FRACTURE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN WEAR;126
9.3.1;ABSTRACT;126
9.3.2;INTRODUCTION;126
9.3.3;REQUIREMENTS FOR CAVITATION EROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS - A RATIONALE;127
9.3.4;OBSERVED MODES OF MICROFRACTURE;128
9.3.5;RELATIONSHIP OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES TO EROSION RESISTANCE;129
9.3.6;COMMENTS;131
9.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;132
9.3.8;REFERENCES;132
9.3.9;BIBLIOGRAPHY;132
9.4;CHAPTER 9. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EVALUATION OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING;134
9.4.1;ABSTRACT;134
9.4.2;INTRODUCTION;134
9.4.3;SOME EXAMPLES OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING WHICH CAN OCCUR IN METAL SURFACES THAT ARE IN TENSION;135
9.4.4;GENERAL FINDINGS ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING;138
9.4.5;CAUTION IN APPLYING METHODS TO PREVENT SCC;141
9.4.6;THE SABS AMD STRESS COREOSION CRACKING;144
9.4.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;146
9.4.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;146
9.4.9;REFERENCES;146
9.5;CHAPTER 10. FACTORS CONTROLLING HAZ AND WELD METAL TOUGHNESS IN C-Mn STEELS;148
9.5.1;ABSTRACT;148
9.5.2;INTRODUCTION;148
9.5.3;TOUGHNESS OBSERVATIONS;148
9.5.4;THE TRANSFORMED (OR VISIBLE) HAZ;149
9.5.5;THE SUBCRITICAL HAZ;154
9.5.6;OTHER FACTORS;154
9.5.7;WELDING PROCEDURAL AND TESTING FACTORS;156
9.5.8;INTRODUCTION;156
9.5.9;IMPROVING RESISTANCE TO CLEAVAGE FRACTURE;157
9.5.10;IMPROVING RESISTANCE TO MICR0V0ID COALESCENCE;162
9.5.11;OTHER FACTORS INCLUDING WELDING PROCEDURE;163
9.5.12;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;163
9.5.13;REFERENCES;163
10;SECTION 3. ASolving Fracture Problems—The Tools Available;166
10.1;CHAPTER 11. DESIGN AND THE PREVENTION OF METALLURGICAL FAILURES;168
10.1.1;ABSTRACT;168
10.1.2;KEY WORDS;168
10.1.3;INTRODUCTION;168
10.1.4;ENGINEERING DESIGN;169
10.1.5;CODE A TOOL FOR SAFETY;172
10.1.6;CODE - A CONCEPT TO LIMIT FAILURE;175
10.1.7;CODES - IN CLOSE-UP;178
10.1.8;CODE - 'A FOUR LETTER WORD';183
10.1.9;CONCLUDING REMARKS;188
10.1.10;THE LAST WORD;190
10.1.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;191
10.1.12;REFERENCES;192
10.2;APPENDIX I. SIMPLIFIED COMPARISON OF CODE RULES;193
10.3;CHAPTER 12. FRACTURE MECHANICS AND THE ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY;218
10.3.1;ABSTRACT;218
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION;218
10.3.3;DEFECTS, THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND N.D.T. CAPABILITY;218
10.3.4;TOUGHNESS AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS;222
10.3.5;FOUNDATIONS OF LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS;222
10.3.6;YIELDING FRACTURE MECHANICS;227
10.3.7;CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT: CONCEPT, APPROACH AND APPLICATIONS;228
10.3.8;CONCLUSIONS;232
10.3.9;REFERENCES;232
10.3.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;232
10.4;CHAPTER 13. DEFECT ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING;234
10.4.1;ABSTRACT;234
10.4.2;INTRODUCTION;234
10.4.3;NDT IN THE DESIGN STAGE;236
10.4.4;NDT METHODS IN GENERAL;236
10.4.5;INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND ULTRASONIC TESTING;238
10.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;247
10.4.7;REFERENCES;248
10.5;CHAPTER 14. ESTIMATION OF RISK OF FAILURE OF COMPONENTS DUE TO FAST FRACTURE;250
10.5.1;ABSTRACT;250
10.5.2;KEYWORDS;250
10.5.3;NOTATION;250
10.5.4;INTRODUCTION;251
10.5.5;STATISTICS OF FRACTURE PARAMETERS;252
10.5.6;A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR PROBABILITY OF FRACTURE;253
10.5.7;DISCUSSION;259
10.5.8;CONCLUSIONS;259
10.5.9;REFERENCES;260
10.6;CHAPTER 15. FRACTOGRAPHY: A TOOL FOR FAILURE ANALYSIS;262
10.6.1;ABSTRACT;262
10.6.2;KEYWORDS;262
10.6.3;INTRODUCTION;262
10.6.4;BASIC TECHNIQUES;262
10.6.5;ACCESSORY TECHNIQUES;264
10.6.6;TYPICAL FRACTURE FEATURES;267
10.6.7;APPLICATIONS;272
10.6.8;CONCLUSION;275
10.6.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;275
10.6.10;REFERENCES;275
11;SECTION 3B. Solving Fracture Problems-Some Case Studies;278
11.1;CHAPTER 16. THE COD APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATION TO WELDED STRUCTURES;280
11.1.1;ABSTRACT;280
11.1.2;INTRODUCTION;280
11.1.3;DERIVATION OF THE DESIGN CURVE;281
11.1.4;METHOD OF APPLICATION;282
11.1.5;RECENT EXPERIMENTAL JUSTIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN CURVE;284
11.1.6;NUMERICAL ASSESSMENTS OF THE DESIGN CURVE;285
11.1.7;THE J DESIGN CURVE;288
11.1.8;EXPERIENCE IN THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE COD DESIGN CURVE;290
11.1.9;CONCLUSIONS;295
11.1.10;NOMENCLATURE;296
11.1.11;REFERENCES;297
11.2;CHAPTER 17. SIMPLIFIED STRESS INTENSITY EVALUATION OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL UNDER A GIVEN ACCIDENT LOADING;300
11.2.1;ABSTRACT;300
11.2.2;INTRODUCTION;300
11.2.3;DESCRIPTION OF A PWR REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL;301
11.2.4;ANALYSIS;301
11.2.5;CONCLUSION;312
11.2.6;REFERENCES;312
11.3;CHAPTER 18. AVOIDING FRACTURE IN PRESSURE VESSELS;314
11.3.1;ABSTRACT;314
11.3.2;INTRODUCTION;314
11.3.3;EXAMPLES OF DEFECTS IN SERVICE;314
11.3.4;BRIEF REVIEW OF CODE APPROACH TO FRACTURE CONTROL;324
11.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;325
11.3.6;REFERENCES;325
11.4;CHAPTER 19. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN, MANUFACTURE AND USE OF HIGH STRENGTH COMPONENTS;326
11.4.1;ABSTRACT;326
11.4.2;INTRODUCTION;326
11.4.3;MECHANICAL DESIGN;330
11.4.4;MANUFACTURING PROCESS;331
11.4.5;OPERATING CONDITIONS;332
11.4.6;MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS;334
11.4.7;MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;338
11.4.8;FRACT0GRAPHY;338
11.4.9;FRACTURE ANALYSIS;340
11.4.10;REFERENCES;342
11.5;CHAPTER 20. CRACKING IN WELDMENTS OF STRUCTURAL STEELS;344
11.5.1;ABSTRACT;344
11.5.2;INTRODUCTION;344
11.5.3;HAZ AND WELD METAL HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING;344
11.5.4;WELD METAL SOLIDIFICATION CRACKING;348
11.5.5;LAMELLAR TEARING;350
11.5.6;CONCLUDING REMARKS;353
11.5.7;REFERENCES;353
12;SECTION 4. Advances in Fracture;356
13;CHAPTER 21. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMPACT TOUGHNESS OF MULTIPASSSUBMERGED-ARC WELDS IN MICRO ALLOYE DSTEEL;358
13.1;ABSTRACT;358
13.2;KEYWORDS;358
13.3;INTRODUCTION;358
13.4;REFERENCES;361
14;CHAPTER 22. A STUDY OF CRACK ARREST RELATEDTO NUCLEAR PLANT INTEGRITY;368
14.1;ABSTRACT;368
14.2;KEYWORDS;368
14.3;THE CRACK ARREST PROBLEM;368
14.4;THE CO-OPERATIVE TEST PROGRAM;369
14.5;THE TEST PROGRAM;370
14.6;THE ANALYSIS OF CRACK ARREST;379
14.7;CONCLUSIONS;382
14.8;REFERENCES;382
15;CHAPTER 23. STRESS CORROSION AND CORROSION FATIGUE IN LIGHT WATER REACTOR ENVIRONMENTS;384
15.1;ABSTRACT;384
15.2;KEYWORDS;368
15.3;THE CRACK ARREST PROBLEM;368
15.4;THE CO-OPERATIVE TEST PROGRAM;369
15.5;THE TEST PROGRAM;370
15.6;THE ANALYSIS OF CRACK ARREST;379
15.7;CONCLUSIONS;382
15.8;REFERENCES;382
16;CHAPTER 24. STRESS CORROSION AND CORROSION FATIGUE IN LIGHT WATER REACTOR ENVIRONMENTS;384
16.1;ABSTRACT;384
16.2;INTRODUCTION;385
16.3;STRESS CORROSION THEORIES;385
16.4;CORROSION FATIGUE THEORIES;391
16.5;STRESS CORROSION INCIDENTS IN LIGHT WATER REACTORS;391
16.6;CORROSION FATIGUE IN LWR ENVIRONMENTS;395
16.7;CONCLUSIONS;398
16.8;REFERENCES;399
17;CHAPTER 25. A REVIEW OF THE USE OF ISOPARAMETRIC FINITE ELEMENTS FOR FRACTURE MECHANICS;402
17.1;ABSTRACT;402
17.2;KEYWORDS;402
17.3;INTRODUCTION;402
17.4;THE ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION;403
17.5;REINFORCEMENT OF THE SINGULARITY;410
17.6;OTHER ISOPARAMETRIC SPECIAL-ELEMENT FORMULATIONS;411
17.7;DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE PARAMETERS;412
17.8;OTHER ASPECTS;416
17.9;CLOSING REMARKS;416
17.10;REFERENCES;417
18;CHAPTER 26. FRACTURE AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION;420
18.1;ABSTRACT;420
18.2;INTRODUCTION;420
18.3;THE STRESSES PRODUCED BY DISLOCATIONS;420
18.4;DISLOCATIONS AND CRACK NUCLEATION;423
18.5;CRACK PROPAGATION;424
18.6;STRESS CONCENTRATIONS AND PLASTIC FLOW;424
18.7;THE STRESSES BETWEEN PLANAR ARRAYS;425
18.8;THE FORMATION OF OVERLAPPING ARRAYS;426
18.9;CONCLUSIONS;428
18.10;REFERENCES;428
19;CHAPTER 27. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ROCK FRACTURING IN THE DESIGN AND SUPPORT OF MINE EXCAVATIONS;430
19.1;ABSTRACT;430
19.2;INTRODUCTION;430
19.3;FAILURE THEORIES IN ROCK ENGINEERING;431
19.4;DESIGN OF MINE STRUCTURES AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS;433
19.5;CONCLUSIONS;437
19.6;REFERENCES;438
20;CHAPTER 28. ROCK FRACTURING PROCESSES IN DEEP MINES;440
20.1;ABSTRACT;440
20.2;INTRODUCTION;440
20.3;FRACTURES DEVELOPED AROUND EXCAVATIONS IN MINES;441
20.4;DISCUSSION;446
20.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;447
20.6;REFERENCES;448
21;CHAPTER 29. THE DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF QUARTZ;450
21.1;ABSTRACT;450
21.2;INTRODUCTION;450
21.3;BRITTLE RESPONSE;450
21.4;HARDNESS TESTS;451
21.5;CONE-CRACK TEST;453
21.6;SCRATCHING TESTS;453
21.7;PLASTIC RESPONSE;456
21.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;459
21.9;REFERENCES;459
22;AUTHOR INDEX;460