Fritz The Terrestrial Environment, B

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8983-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume B, 570 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry

Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Volume 2: The Terrestrial Environment, B focuses on the processes, methodologies, principles, and approaches involved in isotope geochemistry. The selection first elaborates on mathematical models for the interpretation of environmental radioisotopes in groundwater systems; isotopes in cloud physics; and environmental isotopes in lake studies. Discussions focus on water balance studies of lakes, isotopic fractionations during evaporation of water, study of hailstone growth mechanisms by means of isotopic analyses, isotopic effects during growth of individual elements, and models and their hydrological significance. The text then takes a look at environmental isotope and anthropogenic tracers of lake sedimentation; stable isotope geochemistry of travertines; and isotope geochemistry of carbonates in the weathering zone. Topics include isotopic composition of carbonates in the weathering zone; reprecipitation processes in the weathering zone; isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen sources in the weathering zone; and geochemical conditions controlling travertine deposition. The manuscript also reviews radioactive noble gases in the terrestrial environment, isotope effects of nitrogen in the soil and biosphere, and oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of deep basin brines. The selection is a vital source of data for researchers interested in isotope geochemistry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fritz, P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Terrestrial Environment, B;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contens;10
5;PREFACE;6
6;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;8
7;Chapter 1. MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOISOTOPES IN GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS;14
7.1;INTRODUCTION;14
7.2;PRINCIPLES OF THE TRACER METHOD;16
7.3;SOME BASIC CONCEPTS AND THE MATHEMATICAL TOOL;21
7.4;MODELS AND THEIR HYDROLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE;26
7.5;DISPERSIVITY AND THE DISPERSION PARAMETER;35
7.6;INFILTRATION STUDIES;37
7.7;STAGNANT WATER IN THE SATURATED ZONE;40
7.8;THE MOVEMENT OF DELAYED TRACERS;42
7.9;CASES OF A CONSTANT TRACER INPUT;44
7.10;VARIABLE TRACER INPUT
;46
7.11;COMBINED INTERPRETATION;61
7.12;CONCLUDING REMARKS;67
7.13;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;68
7.14;REFERENCES;68
8;Chapter 2. ISOTOPES IN CLOUD PHYSICS: MULTIPHASE AND MULTISTAGE CONDENSATION PROCESSES;74
8.1;INTRODUCTION;74
8.2;BASIC PRINCIPLES;76
8.3;ISOTOPIC EFFECTS DURING GROWTH OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS;79
8.4;ISOTOPIC CLOUD MODELS;83
8.5;SAMPLING OF WATER VAPOUR AND CONDENSED PHASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE;98
8.6;A BRIEF SURVEY OF ISOTOPIC STUDIES IN RAIN AND SNOW;100
8.7;THE STUDY OF HAILSTONE GROWTH MECHANISMS BY MEANS OF ISOTOPIC ANALYSES;102
8.8;CONCLUSION;117
8.9;REFERENCES;118
9;Chapter 3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN LAKE STUDIES;126
9.1;INTRODUCTION;126
9.2;ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATIONS DURING EVAPORATION OF WATER;127
9.3;WATER BALANCE STUDIES OF LAKES;143
9.4;WATER MIXING STUDIES;159
9.5;MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES;174
9.6;REFERENCES;176
10;Chapter 4. ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE AND ANTHROPOGENIC TRACERS OF RECENT LAKE SEDIMENTATION;182
10.1;INTRODUCTION;182
10.2;BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING IN LAKES;182
10.3;ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE AND ELEMENT TRACERS;184
10.4;APPLICATIONS;198
10.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;214
10.6;REFERENCES;215
11;Chapter 5. STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF TRAVERTINES;220
11.1;INTRODUCTION;220
11.2;MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRAVERTINES;221
11.3;GEOCHEMICAL CONDITIONS CONTROLLING TRAVERTINE DEPOSITION;222
11.4;13C/12C AND 18O/16O VARIATIONS IN TRAVERTINES;224
11.5;ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATIONS IN TRAVERTINE FORMATION;228
11.6;DIAGENETIC EFFECTS;235
11.7;RADIOCARBON DATING OF TRAVERTINES;238
11.8;SULPHUR, STRONTIUM AND LEAD ISOTOPES;238
11.9;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;246
11.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;248
11.11;REFERENCES;248
12;Chapter 6. ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBONATES IN THE WEATHERING ZONE;252
12.1;INTRODUCTION;252
12.2;ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CARBON AND OXYGEN SOURCES IN THE WEATHERING ZONE;254
12.3;THE FORMATION OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON;259
12.4;REPRECIPITATION PROCESSES IN THE WEATHERING ZONE;264
12.5;ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CARBONATES IN THE WEATHERING ZONE;269
12.6;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;278
12.7;REFERENCES;278
13;Chapter 7. GEOCHRONOLOGY AND ISOTOPIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF SPELEOTHEMS;284
13.1;THE CAVE ENVIRONMENT;284
13.2;GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SPELEOTHEMS: METHODS;288
13.3;APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SPELEOTHEMS;295
13.4;STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF SPELEOTHEMS;299
13.5;CONCLUSIONS;312
13.6;REFERENCES;313
14;Chapter 8. OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF DEEP BASIN BRINES;318
14.1;INTRODUCTION;318
14.2;TERMS APPLIED TO SUBSURFACE WATERS;319
14.3;ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF SURFACE WATERS;320
14.4;ORIGIN OF WATER IN DEEP BASIN BRINES;327
14.5;MODIFICATION OF STABLE ISOTOPES IN DEEP BASIN WATERS;345
14.6;OTHER APPLICATIONS OF STABLE ISOTOPES OF WATER;362
14.7;SUMMARY;365
14.8;REFERENCES;366
15;Chapter 9. ISOTOPE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN IN THE SOIL AND BIOSPHERE;374
15.1;INTRODUCTION;374
15.2;15N IN THE PEDOSPHERE;378
15.3;ISOTOPE INPUTS IN THE PEDOSPHERE;382
15.4;OUTLOOK;431
15.5;REFERENCES;432
16;Chapter 10. CHLORINE-36 IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT;440
16.1;INTRODUCTION;440
16.2;NATURAL PRODUCTION OF 36Cl;441
16.3;STUDIES OF 36Cl IN THE LITHOSPHERE;447
16.4;DATING SALINE SEDIMENTS WITH 36Cl;453
16.5;DATING OLD GROUNDWATER WITH 36Cl;454
16.6;ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING 36Cl AS A HYDROLOGIC TRACER;473
16.7;REFERENCES;488
17;Chapter 11. RADIOACTIVE NOBLE GASES IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT;494
17.1;INTRODUCTION;494
17.2;8 5Kr;495
17.3;81Kr;506
17.4;39Ar AND 37Ar;507
17.5;133Xe;514
17.6;REFERENCES;515
18;Chapter 12. ISOTOPES AND FOOD;520
18.1;INTRODUCTION;520
18.2;CARBON AND PLANTS;520
18.3;18O AND 2H IN PLANTS;538
18.4;THE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 3H AND 14C;550
18.5;OTHER POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS;552
18.6;CONCLUSIONS;556
18.7;REFERENCES;557
19;SUBJECT INDEX;562
20;INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES;568