Fincham / Freeman Optics

8. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-0323-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 490 Seiten, Web PDF

Optics: Eighth Edition covers the work necessary for the specialization in such subjects as ophthalmic optics, optical instruments and lens design. The text includes topics such as the propagation and behavior of light; reflection and refraction - their laws and how different media affect them; lenses - thick and thin, cylindrical and subcylindrical; photometry; dispersion and color; interference; and polarization. Also included are topics such as diffraction and holography; the limitation of beams in optical systems and its effects; and lens systems. The book is recommended for engineering students who are in need of an introduction to the subject and the mathematics involved in it.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fincham, W. H. A.

Freeman, M. H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Optics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface to Eighth Edition;8
6;Preface to First Edition;8
7;Chapter I. The Propagation of Light;10
7.1;1. Introductory;10
7.2;2. Rectilinear. Propagation of Light;11
7.3;3. Pencils and Beams;14
7.4;4. Vergence;15
7.5;5. The Pinhole Camera;16
7.6;6. Shadows and Eclipses;17
7.7;7. The Nature of White Light;19
8;Chapter II. The Behaviour of Light on Reaching a New Medium;22
8.1;8. Introduction;22
8.2;9. Reflection—Regular and Diffuse;22
8.3;10. The Law of Reflection;24
8.4;11. Absorption and Transmission;25
8.5;12. Refractive Index;26
8.6;13. Refraction;28
8.7;14. The Principle of Least Time;31
8.8;15. Optical Length;33
9;Chapter III. Reflection at a Plane Surface;36
9.1;17. Images.—Virtual and Real;36
9.2;18. Position of Image formed by Plane Mirror;37
9.3;19. The Field of View of a Plane Mirror;39
9.4;20. Deviation Produced by a Mirror;40
9.5;21. Reflection from a Rotating Mirror;40
9.6;22. Deviation on Reflection at Two Mirrors in Succession;41
9.7;23. Multiple Images formed on Reflection at Two Mirrors;42
9.8;24. Two Parallel Plane Mirrors;44
9.9;25. Reflection as a Means of Erecting an inverted Image;45
9.10;26. The Sextant;46
10;Chapter IV. Refraction at a Plane Surface;50
10.1;27. Refraction by a Plane Parallel Plate;50
10.2;28. Refraction by a Series of Parallel Plates;51
10.3;29. Reversibility of Optical Path;52
10.4;30. Critical Angle and Total Reflection;52
10.5;31. Graphical Construction for Refraction;54
10.6;32. Image Formed by Plane Refracting Surface;55
10.7;33. Microscope Method of Determining Refractive Index;57
10.8;34. Introduction;58
10.9;35. Path of Light through a Prism;58
10.10;36. Total Reflection in a Prism;59
10.11;37. Minimum Deviation;61
10.12;38. Normal Incidence and Emergence;62
10.13;39. Ophthalmic Prisms;62
10.14;40. Images seen through Prisms;63
10.15;41. Reflecting Prisms;64
10.16;42. Refractometers;67
11;Chapter V. Curvature:Refraction at a Curved Surface;74
11.1;43. Curvature;74
11.2;44. Measurement of Curvature;75
11.3;45. Curvature of Wave Fronts;79
11.4;46. Sign Convention;80
11.5;47. Refraction at a Plane Surface (Change in Curvature of the Wave Front);81
11.6;48. Reduced Distance and Vergence;82
11.7;49. Refraction at a Curved Surface;82
11.8;50. Young's Construction;83
11.9;51. Spherical aberration. Caustic curve;85
11.10;52. Paraxial Rays.;85
11.11;53. Refraction at a Spherical Surface (Change in Vergence);86
11.12;54. Refraction at a Spherical Surface (Change in Ray Path);88
11.13;55. Conjugate Foci. Principal Foci. Focal Lengths;89
11.14;56. Images of Object Points not on the Axis;91
11.15;57. Smith-Helmholtz or Lagrange's Law. Convergence Ratio;94
11.16;58. Image of a Distant Object;95
12;Chapter VI. The Thin Lens;99
12.1;59. Introduction;99
12.2;60. Forms of Lenses;99
12.3;61. Refraction by a Lens;101
12.4;62. Focal Power;102
12.5;63. Conjugate Foci and Principal Foci;103
12.6;64. Focal Lengths;104
12.7;65. Chromatic Aberration;105
12.8;66. Images of Extra-Axial Points;106
12.9;67. Object of Finite Size. Lateral Magnification;107
12.10;68. Newton's Relation;109
12.11;69. Image of a Distant Object;109
12.12;70. Magnification of Images in the Direction of the Axis;110
12.13;71. Prismatic Effect of a Lens;111
12.14;72. Systems of two or more Lenses—Elementary Treatment;113
12.15;73. Graphical Constructions;114
12.16;74. Effective Power of a Lens;117
12.17;75. The Measurement of Focal Length and Power;118
12.18;76. The Optical Bench;119
12.19;77. Optical Bench Methods. Positive Lenses;119
12.20;78. Optical Bench Methods. Negative Lenses;121
13;Chapter VII. Reflection at Curved Surfaces;127
13.1;79. Introduction;127
13.2;80. Focal power;128
13.3;81. Reflection Regarded as a Special Case of Refraction;130
13.4;82. Conjugate Foci. Principal Focus. Focal Length;131
13.5;83. Extra-axial Points. Graphical Construction. Magnification;133
13.6;84. The Lens Mirror;135
13.7;85. Measurement of Focal Power and Focal Length;136
13.8;86. Measurement of Curvature of the Surfaces of a Lens;140
13.9;87. Mirrors of Large Aperture;140
14;Chapter VIII. Cylindrical and Spherocylindrical Lenses;147
14.1;88. Introduction;147
14.2;89. The Cylindrical Surface;148
14.3;90. Refraction by Cylindrical Lens. Line Focus;149
14.4;91. Sphero-Cylindrical Lenses;150
14.5;92. Refraction by Sphero-Cylindrical Lens. Astigmatic Beam;151
14.6;93. Positions and Lengths of Line Foci, etc;152
14.7;94. Image of Object of Finite Size;153
14.8;95. Toric Lenses;154
15;Chapter IX. Lens Systems and Thick Lenses - Elementary;157
15.1;96. Introduction;157
15.2;97. Equivalent Focal Length and Power. Principal Points;157
15.3;98. Graphical Construction of Image formed by a Lens System;160
15.4;99. Expressions for Equivalent Power, Back Vertex Power, etc. Two Thin Lenses in Air;160
15.5;100. Thick Lens in Air;164
15.6;101. Position and Size of Image;165
15.7;102. The Measurement of Focal Length and Power;167
16;Chapter X. The Principles of Optical Instruments;175
16.1;103. The Eye;175
16.2;104. Accommodation;177
16.3;105. Emmetropia and Ametropia. Far and Near Points;178
16.4;106. The Correction of Ametropia;179
16.5;107. Visual Angle and Apparent Size;180
16.6;108. Apparent Magnification or Magnifying Power. The Magnifier or Simple Microscope;180
16.7;109. The Compound Microscope;182
16.8;110. The Telescope. Principle;183
16.9;111. Magnification or Magnifying Power;184
16.10;112. Entrance and Exit Pupils. Ramsden Circle;185
16.11;113. Graticules;186
16.12;114. Reflecting Telescopes;186
16.13;115. Eyepieces;187
16.14;116. Erecting Eyepiece. Terrestrial Telescope;189
16.15;117. The Photographic Objective;190
16.16;118. The Projection Lantern;191
17;Chapter XI. Photometry;196
17.1;119. Introduction;196
17.2;120. Luminous Flux and Luminous Intensity;198
17.3;121. Illumination;199
17.4;122. Luminance;203
17.5;123. Standard Sources of Light;205
17.6;124. Comparison Photometers;206
17.7;125. Photoelectric Photometers;209
17.8;126. Photometry of Screens;211
17.9;127. The Photometry of Sources, Integrating Spheres;212
17.10;128. Incandescent Lamps;214
17.11;129. Luminescent Sources;215
17.12;130. The Action of Filters;215
17.13;131. The Measurement of illumination and Luminance;216
18;Chapter XII. The Nature of Light;224
18.1;132. Introduction;224
18.2;133. The Dual Nature of Light;224
18.3;134. Historical Development;225
18.4;135. Wave Motion;226
18.5;136. Simple Harmonic Motion;228
18.6;137. Wave Trains and their Superposition;232
18.7;138. Wave Fronts;234
18.8;139. The Electro-Magnetic Theory;234
18.9;140. Incandescence and Characteristic Colours;236
18.10;141. The Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure;237
18.11;142. Stimulated Emission and Optical Pumping;238
18.12;143. Coherence and Resonant Cavities;239
18.13;144. Gas Lasers;240
18.14;145. Pulsed Lasers;241
18.15;146. Semi-Conductor Lasers;242
18.16;147. Photometry of Lasers - Vision Hazards;243
18.17;148. Application of Lasers;244
18.18;149. The Measurement of the Velocity of Light — Historical Methods;245
18.19;150. The Measurement of the Velocity of Light - Modern Methods;247
19;Chapter XIII. Dispersion and Colour;250
19.1;151. Dispersion;250
19.2;152. The Production of a Pure Spectrum;250
19.3;153. The Spectrometer;252
19.4;154. Measurement of the Refractive Index with the Spectrometer;253
19.5;155. Refractometry;255
19.6;156. Wave-length, Colour and Temperature;256
19.7;157. Spectra and Spectral Analysis;257
19.8;158. Spectrophotometers;267
19.9;159. Fraunhofer Lines;268
19.10;160. Dispersive Power;269
19.11;161. The Achromatic Lens;271
19.12;162. Chromatic Difference of Magnification;274
19.13;163. The Achromatic Prism;275
19.14;164. The Direct Vision Prism — Amici Prism;276
19.15;165. The Constant Deviation Prism;277
19.16;166. Irrationality of Dispersion. Secondary Spectrum;278
19.17;167. Types of Optical Glass;280
19.18;168. Other Optical Materials;282
19.19;169. Anomalous Dispersion;282
19.20;170. The Ultra-Violet;283
19.21;171. Biological Effects and Applications of Ultra-Violet;284
19.22;172. The Infra-Red;285
19.23;173. Biological Effects and Applications of Infra-Red;286
19.24;174. Colour;287
19.25;175. Colour Mixing and Measurement;288
19.26;176. Coloured Objects;292
19.27;177. Colour Due to the Scattering of Light;294
20;Chapter XIV. Interference and Optical Films;299
20.1;175. Introduction;299
20.2;176. Conditions for the Interference of Light;300
20.3;177. Coherence, Incoherence and Mutual Coherence;301
20.4;178. Interference with Incoherent Sources;302
20.5;179. Interference with Coherent Sources;303
20.6;180. The Form of Interference Fringes;305
20.7;181. Multiple-Beam Interference;308
20.8;182. Interference by Partial Reflection;310
20.9;183. Thin Films;312
20.10;184. Newton's Rings and Fizeau Fringes;315
20.11;185. Interference with Thick Plates;317
20.12;186. Contour and Index Mapping;319
20.13;187. Equal-Path Interferometers;320
20.14;188. Unequal-path Interferometers;321
20.15;189. Single-Layer Anti-Reflection Coatings;324
20.16;190. Vacuum Coating Methods;327
20.17;191. Front-Reflection Mirrors;328
20.18;192. Multi-Layer Anti-Reflection Coatings;328
20.19;193. Multi-Layer Interference Filters;330
20.20;194. Optical Coatings and Interference - Pertinent Questions;331
21;Chapter XV. Diffraction and Holography;336
21.1;195. Introduction;336
21.2;196. Half-Period Zones — Spherical Waves;337
21.3;197. Approximate Rectilinear Propagation of Light;341
21.4;198. Simple Diffraction Effects;341
21.5;199. Half-Period Zones — Cylindrical Waves;343
21.6;200. Cornu's Spiral, Fresnel's Equations;343
21.7;201. Fresnel Diffraction Effects;345
21.8;202. Fraunhofer Diffraction;348
21.9;203. Fraunhofer Diffraction Effects - Rectangular Apertures;348
21.10;204. Fraunhofer Diffraction Effects — Circular Apertures;353
21.11;205. Limit of Resolution, Resolving Power;355
21.12;206. Diffraction and Optical Processing;359
21.13;207. Fraunhofer Diffraction Effects — Multiple Apertures;362
21.14;208. The Diffraction Grating;365
21.15;209. Grating Images and the Optical Transfer Function;369
21.16;210. Holography;372
22;Chapter XVI. Polarisation;378
22.1;2 1 1 . Introductory;378
22.2;212. Double Refraction;380
22.3;213. The Production of Polarised Light. Double Refraction Methods;385
22.4;214. Polarisation by Reflection and Refraction;389
22.5;215. Polarisation by Scattering;392
22.6;216. Interference of Polarised Light;392
22.7;217. Elliptically and Circularly Polarised Light;396
22.8;218. Interference with Convergent Polarised Light;396
22.9;219. Rotatory Polarisation. Optical Rotation;398
22.10;220. Magneto-Optics and Electro-Optics;401
23;Chapter XVII. The Effects of Limitation of Beams in Optical Systems;405
23.1;221. Introductory;405
23.2;222. Entrance and Exit Pupils;406
23.3;223. Field of View;407
23.4;224. Depth of Focus;412
23.5;225. The Telecentric Principle;414
23.6;226. The Illumination of an Image;415
23.7;227. The Nature of a Beam;417
23.8;228. Object Illuminated by Transmitted Light. Condensers;419
24;Chapter XVIII. Aberrations;423
24.1;229. Introduction;423
24.2;230. Forms of Aberration;424
24.3;231. Chromatic Aberration;425
24.4;232. Spherical Aberration;425
24.5;233. The Oblique Aberration;429
24.6;234. Coma;429
24.7;235. Radial or Oblique Astigmatism;431
24.8;236. Curvature of the Image or Curvature of Field;434
24.9;237. Distortion;436
24.10;238. Von Seidel's Theory;437
24.11;239. Trigonometrical Calculation of the Exact Path of a Ray Refracted at a Spherical Surface;437
25;Chapter XIX. Lens Systems-General;446
25.1;240. Centred System of Spherical Surfaces. Paraxial Region;446
25.2;241. Change of Vergence of Advancing Wave Front;447
25.3;242. Calculation for Paraxial Pencils through a Centred System;448
25.4;243. Cardinal Points of a Centred System;450
25.5;244. Numerical Example. Schematic Eye;450
25.6;245. Special Case of Two Surfaces;452
25.7;246. Back Vertex Power and Positions of Prinicipal Points;453
25.8;247. Conjugate Relations of Centred System;453
25.9;248. Nodal Points;455
25.10;249. Combination of Two Centred Systems;457
25.11;250. Lens Mirror or Thick Mirror;460
26;Appendix;466
26.1;I. Reflection Coefficients;466
26.2;II. Principal Fraunhofer Lines;466
26.3;Ill. Optical Glass Types (Chance);467
26.4;IV. Chief Spectral Lines used in Optics (Wavelengths in nanometres);468
26.5;V. Refractive Indices of Some Solids and Liquids;468
27;Answers to Exercises;469
28;Index;480