Fincham / Freeman Optics

9. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-0322-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 506 Seiten, Web PDF

Optics: Ninth Edition Optics: Ninth Edition covers the work necessary for the specialization in such subjects as ophthalmic optics, optical instruments and lens design. The text includes topics such as the propagation and behavior of light; reflection and refraction - their laws and how different media affect them; lenses - thick and thin, cylindrical and subcylindrical; photometry; dispersion and color; interference; and polarization. Also included are topics such as diffraction and holography; the limitation of beams in optical systems and its effects; and lens systems. The book is recommended for engineering students who are in need of an introduction to the subject and the mathematics involved in it.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fincham, W. H. A.

Freeman, M. H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Optics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Preface to ninth edition;6
6;Preface to first edition;7
7;Chapter 1. The propagation of light;10
7.1;1.1 INTRODUCTORY;10
7.2;1.2 RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT;11
7.3;1.3 PENCILS AND BEAMS;13
7.4;1.4 VERGENCE;15
7.5;1.5 THE PINHOLE CAMERA;15
7.6;1.6 SHADOWS AND ECLIPSES;16
7.7;1.7 THE NATURE OF WHITE LIGHT;18
8;Chapter 2. The behaviour of light on reaching a new medium;21
8.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;21
8.2;2.2 REFLECTION—SPECULAR AND DIFFUSE;21
8.3;23 THE LAW OF REFLECTION;22
8.4;2.4 ABSORPTION AND TRANSMISSION;24
8.5;2.5 REFRACTIVE INDEX;25
8.6;2.6 REFRACTION;26
8.7;2.7 THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST TIME;28
8.8;2.8 OPTICAL LENGTH;30
8.9;2.9 THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS;31
9;3 Reflection at a plane surface;33
9.1;3.1 IMAGES—VIRTUAL AND REAL;33
9.2;3.2 POSITION OF IMAGE FORMED BY PLANE MIRROR;33
9.3;3.3 THE FIELD OF VIEW OF A PLANE MIRROR;35
9.4;3.4 DEVIATION PRODUCED BY A MIRROR;36
9.5;3.5 REFLECTION FROM A ROTATING MIRROR;36
9.6;3.6 DEVIATION ON REFLECTION AT TWO MIRRORS IN SUCCESSION;37
9.7;3.7 MULTIPLE IMAGES FORMED ON REFLECTION AT TWO MIRRORS;38
9.8;3.8 TWO PARALLEL PLANE MIRRORS;39
9.9;3.9 REFLECTION AS A MEANS OF ERECTING AN INVERTED IMAGE;40
9.10;3.10 THE SEXTANT;41
10;Chapter 4. Refraction and internal reflection at a plane surface—prisms and optical fibres;45
10.1;4.1 REFRACTION BY A PLANE PARALLEL PLATE;45
10.2;4.2 REFRACTION BY A SERIES OF PARALLEL PLATES;46
10.3;4.3 REVERSIBILITY OF OPTICAL PATH;47
10.4;4.4 CRITICAL ANGLE AND TOTAL REFLECTION;47
10.5;4.5 GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION FOR REFRACTION;49
10.6;4.6 IMAGE FORMED BY PLANE REFRACTING SURFACE;50
10.7;4.7 PRISMS;52
10.8;4.8 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN A PRISM;53
10.9;4.9 MINIMUM DEVIATION;55
10.10;4.10 NORMAL INCIDENCE AND EMERGENCE;57
10.11;4.11 OPHTHALMIC PRISMS;57
10.12;4.12 IMAGES SEEN THROUGH PRISMS;58
10.13;4.13 REFLECTING PRISMS;59
10.14;4.14 REFRACTOMETRY BY TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION (SEE ALSO SECTION 13.5);61
10.15;4.15 OPTICAL FIBRES;64
10.16;4.16 IMAGE CONDUITS AND FACE PLATES;65
11;Chapter 5. Curvature: refraction at a curved surface;70
11.1;5.1 CURVATURE;70
11.2;5.2 MEASUREMENT OF CURVATURE;71
11.3;5.3 CURVATURE OF WAVEFRONTS;75
11.4;5.4 SIGN CONVENTION;75
11.5;5.5 REFRACTION AT A PLANE SURFACE (CHANGE IN CURVATURE OF THE WAVEFRONT);77
11.6;5.6 REDUCED DISTANCE AND VERGENCE;78
11.7;5.7 REFRACTION AT A CURVED SURFACE;78
11.8;5.8 YOUNG'S CONSTRUCTION;78
11.9;5.9 SPHERICAL ABERRATION. CAUSTIC CURVE;80
11.10;5.10 PARAXIAL RAYS;81
11.11;5.11 REFRACTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE (CHANGE IN VERGENCE);81
11.12;5.12 REFRACTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE (CHANGE IN RAY PATH);83
11.13;5.13 CONJUGATE FOCI. PRINCIPAL FOCI. FOCAL LENGTHS;84
11.14;5.14 IMAGES OF OBJECT POINTS NOT ON THE AXIS;86
11.15;5.15 FURTHER RELATIONSHIPS;89
11.16;5.16 IMAGE OF A DISTANT OBJECT;90
12;Chapter 6. The thin lens;93
12.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;93
12.2;6.2 FORMS OF LENSES;93
12.3;6.3 REFRACTION BY A LENS;95
12.4;6.4 FOCAL POWER;95
12.5;6.5 CONJUGATE FOCI AND PRINCIPAL FOCI;97
12.6;6.6 FOCAL LENGTHS;98
12.7;6.7 CHROMATIC ABERRATION;98
12.8;6.8 IMAGES OF EXTRA-AXIAL POINTS;99
12.9;6.9 OBJECT OF FINITE SIZE. LATERAL MAGNIFICATION;100
12.10;6.10 NEWTON'S RELATION AND THE LAGRANGE INVARIANT;102
12.11;6.11 IMAGE OF A DISTANT OBJECT;102
12.12;6.12 MAGNIFICATION OF IMAGES IN THE DIRECTION OF THE AXIS;103
12.13;6.13 PRISMATIC EFFECT OF A LENS;104
12.14;6.14 SYSTEMS OF TWO OR MORE LENSES—ELEMENTARY TREATMENT;106
12.15;6.15 GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTIONS;107
12.16;6.16 THE G-DIAGRAM;110
12.17;6.17 EFFECTIVE POWER OF A LENS;111
12.18;6.18 THE MEASUREMENT OF FOCAL LENGTH AND POWER;111
12.19;6.19 THE OPTICAL BENCH;112
12.20;6.20 OPTICAL BENCH METHODS. POSITIVE LENSES;112
12.21;6.21 OPTICAL BENCH METHODS. NEGATIVE LENSES;114
13;Chapter 7. Reflection at curved surfaces;119
13.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;119
13.2;7.2 FOCAL POWER;120
13.3;7.3 REFLECTION REGARDED AS A SPECIAL CASE OF REFRACTION;122
13.4;7.4 CONJUGATE FOCI. PRINCIPAL FOCUS. FOCAL LENGTH;123
13.5;7.5 EXTRA-AXIAL POINTS. GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION. MAGNIFICATION;124
13.6;7.6 THE LENS MIRROR;126
13.7;7.7 MEASUREMENT OF FOCAL POWER AND FOCAL LENGTH;127
13.8;7.8 MEASUREMENT OF CURVATURE OF THE SURFACES OF A LENS;131
13.9;7.9 MIRRORS OF LARGE APERTURE;131
14;Chapter 8. Cylindrical and spherocylindrical lenses;138
14.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;138
14.2;8.2 THE CYLINDRICAL SURFACE;138
14.3;8.3 REFRACTION BY CYLINDRICAL LENS. LINE FOCUS;140
14.4;8.4 SPHERO-CYLINDRICAL LENSES;141
14.5;8.5 REFRACTION BY SPHERO-CYLINDRICAL LENS. ASTIGMATIC BEAM;141
14.6;8.6 POSITIONS AND LENGTHS OF LINE FOCI, ETC.;143
14.7;8.7 IMAGE OF OBJECT OF FINITE SIZE;144
14.8;8.8 TORIC LENSES;144
15;Chapter 9. Lens systems and thick lenses — elementary;147
15.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;147
15.2;9.2 EQUIVALENT FOCAL LENGTH AND POWER. PRINCIPAL POINTS;147
15.3;9.3 GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION OF IMAGE FORMED BY A LENS SYSTEM;150
15.4;9.4 EXPRESSIONS FOR EQUIVALENT POWER, BACK VERTEX POWER, ETC. TWO THIN LENSES IN AIR;150
15.5;9.5 THICK LENS IN AIR;154
15.6;9.6 POSITION AND SIZE OF IMAGE;155
15.7;9.7 THE MEASUREMENT OF FOCAL LENGTH AND POWER;157
16;Chapter 10. The principles of optical instruments;176
16.1;10.1 THE EYE;176
16.2;10.2 ACCOMMODATION;178
16.3;10.3 EMMETROPIA AND AMETROPIA. FAR AND NEAR POINTS;178
16.4;10.4 THE CORRECTION OF AMETROPIA;180
16.5;10.5 VISUAL ANGLE AND APPARENT SIZE;181
16.6;10.6 APPARENT MAGNIFICATION OR MAGNIFYING POWER. THE MAGNIFIER OR SIMPLE MICROSCOPE;181
16.7;10.7 THE COMPOUND MICROSCROPE;183
16.8;10.8 THE TELESCOPE;184
16.9;10.9 MAGNIFICATION OR MAGNIFYING POWER OF TELESCOPES;185
16.10;10.10 ENTRANCE AND EXIT PUPILS. RAMSDEN CIRCLE;185
16.11;10.11 GRATICULES;186
16.12;10.12 REFLECTING TELESCOPES. CATADIOPTRIC SYSTEMS;186
16.13;10.13 EYEPIECES;187
16.14;10.14 ERECTING EYEPIECE. TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE;190
16.15;10.15 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC OBJECTIVE;191
16.16;10.16 PROJECTION SYSTEMS;192
17;Chapter 11. Photometry;196
17.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;196
17.2;11.2 LUMINOUS FLUX AND LUMINOUS INTENSITY;198
17.3;11.3 ILLUMINATION, ILLUMINANCE;199
17.4;11.4 LUMINANCE;203
17.5;11.5 STANDARD SOURCES OF LIGHT;205
17.6;11.6 COMPARISON PHOTOMETERS;205
17.7;11.7 PHOTOELECTRIC PHOTOMETERS;208
17.8;11.8 PHOTOMETRY OF SCREENS;210
17.9;11.9 THE PHOTOMETRY OF SOURCES, INTEGRATING SPHERES;210
17.10;11.10 INCANDESCENT LAMPS;212
17.11;11.11 LUMINESCENT SOURCES;213
17.12;11.12 THE MEASUREMENT OF ILLUMINATION AND LUMINANCE;213
17.13;11.13 THE ACTION OF FILTERS;216
17.14;11.14 CONTRAST;217
18;Chapter 12. The nature of light;222
18.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;222
18.2;12.2 THE DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT;222
18.3;12.3 WAVE MOTION;224
18.4;12.4 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION;225
18.5;12.5 WAVE TRAINS AND THEIR SUPERPOSITION;231
18.6;12.6 WAVEFRONTS;234
18.7;12.7 THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC THEORY;234
18.8;12.8 INCANDESCENCE AND CHARACTERISTIC COLOURS;235
18.9;12.9 THE QUANTUM THEORY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE;236
18.10;12.10 STIMULATED EMISSION AND OPTICAL PUMPING;237
18.11;12.11 COHERENCE AND RESONANT CAVITIES;238
18.12;12.12 GAS LASERS;238
18.13;12.13 PULSED LASERS;240
18.14;12.14 SEMI-CONDUCTOR LASERS;241
18.15;12.15 PHOTOMETRY OF LASERS—VISION HAZARDS;241
18.16;12.16 APPLICATION OF LASERS;242
18.17;12.17 THE MEASUREMENT OF THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT—HISTORICAL METHODS;242
18.18;12.18 THE MEASUREMENT OF THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT—MODERN METHODS;244
19;Chapter 13. Dispersion and colour — optical materials;247
19.1;13.1 DISPERSION;247
19.2;13.2 THE PRODUCTION OF A PURE SPECTRUM;247
19.3;133 THE SPECTROMETER;248
19.4;13.4 MEASUREMENT OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX WITH THE SPECTROMETER;250
19.5;13.5 REFRACTOMETRY;251
19.6;13.6 WAVE-LENGTH, COLOUR AND TEMPERATURE;252
19.7;13.7 SPECTRA AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS;254
19.8;13.8 SPECTROPHOTOMETERS;255
19.9;13.9 FRAUNHOFER LINES;256
19.10;13.10 DISPERSIVE POWER;256
19.11;13.11 THE ACHROMATIC LENS;258
19.12;13.12 CHROMATIC DIFFERENCE OF MAGNIFICATION, LATERAL COLOUR;261
19.13;13.13 THE ACHROMATIC PRISM;262
19.14;13.14 THE DIRECT VISION PRISM—AMICI PRISM;264
19.15;13.15 THE CONSTANT DEVIATION PRISM;264
19.16;13.16 IRRATIONALITY OF DISPERSION. SECONDARY SPECTRUM;265
19.17;13.17 TYPES OF OPTICAL GLASS;268
19.18;13.18 OTHER OPTICAL MATERIALS;269
19.19;13.19 ANOMALOUS DISPERSION;270
19.20;13.20 PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS;271
19.21;13.21 PHOTOCHROMIC SPECTACLES;271
19.22;13.22 THE ULTRA-VIOLET AND ITS APPLICATIONS;273
19.23;13.23 THE INFRA-RED AND ITS APPLICATIONS;274
19.24;13.24 COLOUR;276
19.25;13.25 COLOUR MIXING AND MEASUREMENT;277
19.26;13.26 COLOURED OBJECTS;281
19.27;13.27 COLOUR DUE TO THE SCATTERING OF LIGHT;282
20;Chapter 14. Interference and optical films;287
20.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;287
20.2;14.2 CONDITIONS FOR THE INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT;287
20.3;14.3 COHERENCE, INCOHERENCE AND MUTUAL COHERENCE;289
20.4;14.4 INTERFERENCE WITH INCOHERENT SOURCES;289
20.5;14.5 INTERFERENCE WITH COHERENT SOURCES;291
20.6;14.6 THE FORM OF INTERFERENCE FRINGES;292
20.7;14.7 MULTIPLE-BEAM INTERFERENCE;295
20.8;14.8 INTERFERENCE BY PARTIAL REFLECTION;297
20.9;14.9 THIN FILMS;298
20.10;14.10 NEWTON'S RINGS AND FIZEAU FRINGES;301
20.11;14.11 INTERFERENCE WITH THICK PLATES;303
20.12;14.12 CONTOUR AND INDEX MAPPING;304
20.13;14.13 EQUAL-PATH INTERFEROMETERS;305
20.14;14.14 UNEQUAL-PATH INTERFEROMETERS;307
20.15;14.15 SINGLE-LAYER ANTI-REFLECTION COATINGS;309
20.16;14.16 VACUUM COATING METHODS;311
20.17;14.17 FRONT-REFLECTION MIRRORS;312
20.18;14.18 MULTI-LAYER ANTI-REFLECTION (AR) COATINGS;313
20.19;14.19 MULTI-LAYER INTERFERENCE FILTERS;314
20.20;14.20 OPTICAL COATINGS AND INTERFERENCE—PERTINENT QUESTIONS;315
21;Chapter 15. Diffraction and holography;319
21.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;319
21.2;15.2 HALF-PERIOD ZONES—SPHERICAL WAVES;319
21.3;15.3 APPROXIMATE RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT;322
21.4;15.4 SIMPLE DIFFRACTION EFFECTS;323
21.5;15.5 HALF-PERIOD ZONES—CYLINDRICAL WAVES;324
21.6;15.6 CORNU'S SPIRAL, FRESNEL'S EQUATIONS;326
21.7;15.7 FRESNEL DIFFRACTION EFFECTS;327
21.8;15.8 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION;329
21.9;15.9 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION EFFECTS—RECTANGUL ARAPERTURES;330
21.10;15.10 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION EFFECTS—CIRCULAR APERTURES;333
21.11;15.11 LIMIT OF RESOLUTION, RESOLVING POWER;335
21.12;15.12 DIFFRACTION AND OPTICAL PROCESSING;339
21.13;15.13 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION EFFECTS—MULTIPLE APERTURES;341
21.14;15.14 THE DIFFRACTION GRATING;344
21.15;15.15 GRATING IMAGES AND THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION;348
21.16;15.16 HOLOGRAPHY, DIFFRACTIVE OPTICS;350
22;Chapter 16. Polarization;357
22.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;357
22.2;16.2 LINEAR POLARIZATION BY ANISOTROPY—CRYSTALS AND GRIDS;359
22.3;16.3 LINEAR POLARIZATION BY ANISOTROPY—BIREFRINGENCE;361
22.4;16.4 LINEAR POLARIZATION BY ISOTROPY-SCATTERING AND REFLECTION;367
22.5;16.5 RETARDERS AND CIRCULARLY POLARIZED LIGHT;372
22.6;16.6 DEFINITIONS AND TYPICAL VALUES;374
22.7;16.7 METHODS OF CALCULATION;376
22.8;16.8 APPLICATIONS OF POLARIZED LIGHT;377
22.9;16.9 POLARIZATION AND VISION;378
22.10;16.10 OTHER ASPECTS OF POLARIZED LIGHT;379
23;Chapter 17. The effects of limitation of beams in optical systems;384
23.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;384
23.2;17.2 ENTRANCE AND EXIT PUPILS;385
23.3;17.3 FIELD OF VIEW;386
23.4;17.4 DEPTH OF FOCUS;390
23.5;17.5 THE TELECENTRIC PRINCIPLE;392
23.6;17.6 THE ILLUMINATION OF AN IMAGE;393
23.7;17.7 THE NATURE OF A BEAM;395
23.8;17.8 OBJECT ILLUMINATED BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT. CONDENSERS;396
24;Chapter 18. Aberrations and image quality;401
24.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;401
24.2;18.2 CHROMATIC ABERRATION AND CHROMATIC DIFFERENCE OF ABERRATION;405
24.3;18.3 SPHERICAL ABERRATION;405
24.4;18.4 OBLIQUE ABERRATIONS: 1—CURVATURE OF FIELD AND ASTIGMATISM;414
24.5;18.5 OBLIQUE ABERRATIONS: II—COMA;422
24.6;18.6 ABERRATIONS AND STOP POSITION—DISTORTION;427
24.7;18.7 RAY TRACING: 1—MERIDIONAL RAYS;430
24.8;18.8 RAY TRACING: 2—SKEW RAYS;433
24.9;18.9 LENS DESIGN;436
24.10;18.10 IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT—POINTS AND PATTERNS;439
24.11;18.11 LENS TESTING;441
25;Chapter 19. Lens systems — general;447
25.1;19.1 CENTRED SYSTEM OF SPHERICAL SURFACES. PARAXIAL REGION;447
25.2;19.2 CHANGE OF VERGENCE OF ADVANCING WAVEFRONT;448
25.3;19.3 CALCULATION FOR PARAXIAL PENCILS THROUGH A CENTRED SYSTEM;449
25.4;19.4 CARDINAL POINTS OF A CENTRED SYSTEM;450
25.5;19.5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE-SCHEMATIC EYE;451
25.6;19.6 SPECIAL CASE OF TWO SURFACES;452
25.7;19.7 BACK VERTEX POWER AND POSITIONS OF PRINCIPAL POINTS;453
25.8;19.8 CONJUGATE RELATIONS OF CENTRED SYSTEM;454
25.9;19.9 NODAL POINTS;456
25.10;19.10 COMBINATION OF TWO CENTRED SYSTEMS;457
25.11;19.11 LENS MIRROR OR THICK MIRROR;460
26;Chapter 20. The eye as an optical instrument;465
26.1;20.1 INTRODUCTION;465
26.2;20.2 MORE SCHEMATIC EYES;465
26.3;20.3 CHROMATIC ABERRATION OF THE EYE;468
26.4;20.4 DIFFRACTION AND THE EYE;469
26.5;20.5 ABERRATIONS OF THE LENS AND CORNEA;470
26.6;20.6 OPTICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE EYE;472
26.7;20.7 TOTAL PERFORMANCE OF THE EYE;476
26.8;20.8 VARIATION IN VISUAL PERFORMANCE WITH FOCUS;478
26.9;20.9 THE MEASUREMENT OF CONTRAST SENSITIVITY;480
26.10;20.10 THE MEASUREMENT OF ACCOMMODATION—THE LASER OPTOMETER;481
27;Appendices;486
28;Answers to exercises;494
29;Index;506