Ferronsky Nuclear Geophysics

Applications in Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Science
2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-12451-3
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 522 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Springer Geophysics

The fundamentals of methods in nuclear geophysics and their practical applications in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, agriculture and environmental science are discussed in this book. The methods and apparatus based on absorption and scattering of gamma and neutron radiation for determination of density and soil moisture in natural conditions are presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. The theoretical fundamentals and installations of the penetration logging techniques where gamma, gamma-gamma and neutron logging in combination with static penetration form common complexes for engineering geology and hydrogeology exploration without boring holes are described. The developed constructions and practical use penetration logging installations for applications on land and marine shelves are described in Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8. The physical fundamentals for the use of the natural stable and radioactive isotopes for study of the global hydrological cycle are provided. The experimental data, origin and distribution of cosmogenic and radiogenic isotopes in the oceans, atmospheric moisture, surface and underground waters are presented in Chapters 9, 10, and 11. The sources and conditions of the radioactive contamination of the natural waters are discussed in Chapters 12 and 13.This book will be of interest to scientists and researchers who use nuclear geophysics methods in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology and hydrogeoecology. Lecturers, students, and postgraduates in these subjects will also find it useful.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ferronsky, V.I.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1  Introduction: Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics  1.1 Natural Stable and Radioactive Isotopes  1.2 Nuclear Reactions and Sources of Radioactivity  1.3 Laws of Radioactive Decay and Attenuation of Radiation  1.4 Measurement Techniques and Health Hazards Part I Use of Nuclear Techniques for Determination of Soil Properties 2  Methods Based on the Absorption of the Gamma-Ray Beam by Matter 2.1 Main Principles  2.2 Transmission of Narrow and Broad Gamma-Ray Beams through Matter 2.3 Mass Absorption Coefficients of Rocks  2.4 Sensitivity of the Method  2.5 Deviations from the Mean Density  2.6 Determination of Soil Density by Gamma-Ray Absorption  2.7 Studies of Moisture Content Dynamics in Soil  2.8 Determination of the Amount of Water Stored in Snow Cover  2.9 Studies of the Evaporation Process 3 The Gamma-Ray Back-Scattering Method  3.1 Principles and Range of Application  3.2 Optimal Parameters of Measuring Probe  3.3 Design of Gamma-Ray Density Gauges and the Range of their Application  3.3.1 Surface Type Gamma Ray Density Gauges  3.3.2 Gamma-Ray Density Gauges Used in Wells  3.3.3 Gamma-Ray Density Gauges for Direct Insertion into the Ground  3.4 Technological Aspects of Measurement and Calibration 4 Neutron Back-Scattering Method  4.1 Principles and Range of Application 4.2 Optimal Parameters of Measuring Probe 4.2.1 Sensitivity of the Method 4.2.2 Maximum Working Depth 4.2.3 Effects of Parameters of the Medium 4.3 Design of Neutron Moisture Gauges  4.4 Possible Errors in the Moisture Content Measured by the Neutron Method  4.5 Calibration of Neutron Moisture Gauges  Part II Penetration Logging Techniques  5  Penetration Logging Methods and Equipment  5.1 Essence of Penetration Logging Techniques and Conditions of Application  5.2 Experimental Penetration Logging Rig SUGP-10  5.3 The Penetration Logging Rig and Equipment SPK  5.4 The Submerged Penetration Logging Rig PSPK-69 Mounted on the Exploration Catamaran Type Ship “Geologist-1” 6  Theoretical Basis of Penetration Logging Tests  6.1 Solutions Based on the Theory of Ultimate Equilibrium  6.2 Imbedding of Spherical Probe into an Infinite Elastic Medium  6.3 Imbedding of Spherical Probe into Elastic-Creeping Medium 6.4 Two-Dimensional Axis-Symmetric Problem of Relaxation Stress  6.5 Conditions for Measuring Ground Parameters by Static Penetration 7  Experimental Studies and Interpretation of Penetration Logging Data 7.1 Density, Moisture, Porosity, Groundwater Level  7.2 Influence of Sounding Parameters on Ground Resistance and Friction 7.3 Modulus of Ground Compressibility  7.4 Ground Shear and Rheology Parameters 7.5 Normal Pressure 7.6 Lithology Stratification 8  Application of Penetration Logging Techniques in Geoengineering Exploration 8.1Geological and Geographical Conditions for Application of Penetration Logging 8.2 Practical Applications  8.3 Engineering Geological and Hydrogeological Mapping 8.3.1 Study for Irrigation Land Projects  8.3.2 Study for Drainage Land Projects 8.3.3 Geoengineering Studies in a Region of Glacial Sediments  8.3.4 Prospecting for Building Construction  8.3.5 Study of a Landslide Slope 8.3.6 Study of Bottom Marine Sediments at Novorossiysk Port  8.3.7 Study of Novorossiysk Oil Jetty Structures 8.4 Combined Application of Penetration Logging and Traditional Geophysical Methods Part III  Natural Isotopes in Environmental Studies 9 Stable Isotopes in Study of Global Hydrological Cycle 9.1 Separation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes at Phase Transition of Water  9.2 Isotopic Composition of Ocean Water  9.3 Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Moisture  9.4 Isotopic Composition of Continental Surface Waters  9.5 Isotopic Composition of Water in Evaporating Basins  9.6 Isotopic Composition of Water in Unsaturated and Saturated Zones 9.7. Isotopic Composition of Formation Waters  9.8  Isotopic Composition of Groundwater in Volcanic Regions  9.8.1 Isotopes in Studying the Origin of Thermal Waters 9.8.2 Isotopic Geothermometers 10  Cosmogenic Radioisotopes for Study of the Genesis and Dynamics of Water  10.1 Origin and Distribution of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes  10.2 Sources of Tritium Discharge into Natural Waters  10.3 Global Circulation of Tritium Water  10.3.1 Tritium in Atmospheric Hydrogen and Methane  10.3.2  Tritium in Atmospheric Water Vapour 10.3.3  Tritium in Precipitation 10.3.4 Formation of Tritium Concentrations in the Atmosphere 10.4 Tritium in Ocean Waters  10.5 Tritium in Continental Surface Waters 10.5.1 Tritium Contents in River Water  10.5.2 Tritium in Lakes and Reservoirs  10.6  Tritium in Groundwaters 10.7 Dating by Tritium 10.7.1 Piston Flow Model 10.7.2 Dispersive Model  10.7.3 Complete Mixing Model  10.7.4 Symmetrical Binominal Age Distribution Model  10.7.5 Model of Mixing Waters of Different Ages  10.7.6 Complicated Model  10.8 Radiocarbon in Natural Waters  10.8.1 Origin and Distribution of Radiocarbon in Nature 10.8.2  Natural Variations of Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Biosphere  10.8.3 Natural Radiocarbon in Oceans  10.8.4 Technogenic Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Oceans  10.8.5  Forecast of Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Atmosphere 10.8.6  Principles of Radiocarbon Dating  10.8.7 Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater  10.9 Other Cosmogenic Radioisotopes  11  Radiogenic Isotopes in Dating of Natural Waters and Sediments  11.1 Production and Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes  11.2 Separation of Radiogenic Isotopes  11.2.1 Separation of Uranium Isotopes  11.2.2 Separation of Thorium Isotopes  11.2.3 Separation of Radium Isotopes 11.3  Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes in Natural Waters  11.3.1 Uranium Isotopes in Natural Waters  11.3.2 Thorium Isotopes in Natural Waters  11.4 Dating of Surface and Groundwaters  11.4.1 Dating of Closed Reservoirs  11.4.2 Dating of Groundwater  11.5 Dating of Sediments  11.5.1 Uranium-Uranium Method  11.5.2 Uranium-Ionium Method  11.6 Radiogenic Isotopes as Indicators of Hydrologic Processes  Part IV Other Applications 12  Radioactive Contamination of Natural Waters  12.1 Sources of Radioactive Contamination of Water  12.1.1 Nature and Properties of Radioactive Effluents  12.1.2 Future Developments in Nuclear Technology and  Disposal of Effluents  12.2 Migration of Radioactive-Effluent Components through Soil and Ground  12.2.1 Migration Activity  12.2.2 Natural Mineral Sorbents  12.2.3 Natural Organic Sorbents  12.3 Estimation of Absorbing Properties of Soil and Ground and Migration  Activity of Radioactive Micro-components 12.3.1 Determining the Absorption Capacity 12.3.2 Absorption Capacity of Soil and Ground for Components of  Contaminants  12.3.3 Absorption of Radioactive Components under Dynamic Conditions 13  Induced-Activity Method for Analysis of Rocks and Groundwaters  13.1 Principles and Range of Application  13.2 Activation Reactions in Principal Rock-Forming Elements and Water  13.3 Theory of the Method  13.4 Laboratory Activation Analysis for Aluminium and Silicon  ConclusionsSubject index