Fedden A Grammar of Mian
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-11-026419-7
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, Band 55, 625 Seiten
Reihe: Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]
ISBN: 978-3-11-026419-7
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Mian is a non-Austronesian ('Papuan') language of the Ok family spoken in the Highlands fringe in western Papua New Guinea. Mian has approximately 1,400 speakers and is highly endangered. This grammar is the first comprehensive description of the language. It is based on primary field data consisting of a text corpus that covers different genres of the oral tradition, namely myths and ancestor stories, historical accounts, accounts of the initiation ritual, conversations, and procedural texts. The corpus was recorded by the author during a total of eleven months of field work from 2004 to 2008. The book provides a thorough description of all areas of Mian grammar and gives an in-depth analysis of many points of typological interest, such as the complex system of lexical tone, the interaction between a gender system and a system of classificatory prefixes on verbs of object movement, manipulation or handling, which allows the highlighting of certain characteristics of a referent in a given situation, the complex verbal morphology which allows fine-grained tense-aspect-mood distinctions, and a switch-reference system in which switch-reference suffixes on medial verbs are homophonous with and derived from suffixes functioning as tense and aspect markers in final verbs. The book is rounded off by a collection of traditional and contemporary texts (fully glossed and translated) and a word list comprising some 1,600 items, giving lexical tone, word class and meaning.
Zielgruppe
Descriptive and Theoretical Linguists of all Persuasions, Seasone
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Acknowledgements;5
2;Abbreviations;23
3;1 The language and its speakers;27
3.1;1.0 Introduction;27
3.2;1.1 Mian wéng: The Mian language;28
3.3;1.2 The Ok languages;30
3.3.1;1.2.1 The Ok languages as a family;30
3.3.2;1.2.2 Previous linguistic research on the Ok languages;31
3.4;1.3 Typological profile;32
3.5;1.4 Note on the revised version;36
3.6;1.5 Fieldwork and consultants;37
3.7;1.6 The Miatén: The Mianmin people;38
3.7.1;1.6.1 Landscape and climate;38
3.7.2;1.6.2 Mianmin settlements;39
3.7.3;1.6.3 Food preparation;41
3.7.4;1.6.4 Political organization;42
3.8;1.7 Notes on examples and the orthography;42
3.8.1;1.7.1 Examples;42
3.8.2;1.7.2 Orthography in the examples;43
4;2 Phonology;45
4.1;2.0 Introduction;45
4.2;2.1 Consonants;46
4.2.1;2.1.1 Phonetic description and allophonic distribution of consonants;46
4.2.1.1;2.1.1.1 Stops;46
4.2.1.2;2.1.1.2 Nasals;47
4.2.1.3;2.1.1.3 Fricatives;48
4.2.1.4;2.1.1.4 The lateral glide /l/;48
4.2.1.5;2.1.1.5 Semivowels;49
4.2.2;2.1.2 Minimal pairs for consonants;50
4.2.3;2.1.3 Regular phonological processes for consonants;51
4.2.3.1;2.1.3.1 Final devoicing;51
4.2.3.2;2.1.3.2 Aspiration and withheld release;51
4.2.3.3;2.1.3.3 Word-final free variation of [ph], [p.], [f], and [f]
;52
4.2.3.4;2.1.3.4 Intervocalic lenition of /b/ and /k/;52
4.2.3.5;2.1.3.5 Homorganic nasal assimilation;53
4.2.3.6;2.1.3.6 Optional schwa-insertion into consonant clusters;53
4.2.4;2.1.4 Assimilation with following alveolar nasal /n/;54
4.3;2.2 Vowels;54
4.3.1;2.2.1 Phonetic description and allophonic distribution of vowels;55
4.3.2;2.2.2 Minimal and near-minimal pairs for Mian vowels;56
4.4;2.3 Vowel length;57
4.5;2.4 Pharyngealization;61
4.5.1;2.4.1 Contrasts involving pharyngealization;61
4.5.2;2.4.2 Creaky voice accompanying pharyngealized /a./
;63
4.5.3;2.4.3 Pharyngealized /a./ and word accent
;63
4.6;2.5 Phonologically conditioned allomorphy;64
4.6.1;2.5.1 The existential verb bi;64
4.6.2;2.5.2 The verb -lò ‘hit, kill’;64
4.6.3;2.5.3 The article =i ‘Animate plural’;64
4.6.4;2.5.4 The subject suffixes -i ‘lSG.SBJ’ and -ib(o) ‘2/3PL.AN.SBJ’;65
4.6.5;2.5.5 The subject suffix -o ‘3SG.F.SBJ’;65
4.6.6;2.5.6 -bio ‘General past’;65
4.6.7;2.5.7 -so ‘Hesternal past’;66
4.6.8;2.5.8 =a ‘Question’ and =e ‘(Content) Question’;66
4.7;2.6 Phonotactics;66
4.7.1;2.6.1 Syllable structure;66
4.7.2;2.6.2 Syllable-initial consonant clusters;68
4.7.3;2.6.3 Heterosyllabic consonant clusters;69
4.7.4;2.6.4 Vowel clusters;69
4.8;2.7 Vowel harmony;70
4.8.1;2.7.1 In classificatory prefixes;71
4.8.2;2.7.2 In the modal suffix /Vm/ ‘Deontic’;71
4.8.3;2.7.3 In the bound pronouns of the ‘alone’-series;72
4.9;2.8 Tone;72
4.9.1;2.8.1 Introduction;73
4.9.2;2.8.2 Tonal phonology of nouns and adjectives;75
4.9.2.1;2.8.2.1 Tone association in monosyllables;77
4.9.2.2;2.8.2.2 Tone association in disyllables;81
4.9.2.3;2.8.2.3 Nominals with the accent on the first syllable;85
4.9.2.4;2.8.2.4 Tone association in trisyllables;86
4.9.3;2.8.3 Expanding the tonal domain;88
4.9.3.1;2.8.3.1 Tone in non-verbal predications;88
4.9.3.2;2.8.3.2 Cliticization of the article;92
4.9.3.3;2.8.3.3 Tone in noun-noun compounds;94
4.9.3.4;2.8.3.4 Contour delinking across word boundaries;97
4.9.4;2.8.4 Tonal phonology of the verb;98
4.9.4.1;2.8.4.1 Accent and tonal melodies;99
4.9.4.2;2.8.4.2 Unaccented verbs;100
4.9.4.3;2.8.4.3 Stem accented verbs;101
4.9.4.4;2.8.4.4 Off-stem accented verbs;103
4.9.4.5;2.8.4.5 The inherently accented irrealis suffixes;105
4.9.4.6;2.8.4.6 Tone of -ûb’- ‘give’ and of compounds with -ûb’- ‘give’;106
4.9.5;2.8.5 High tone in forms of the non-hodiernal past;108
4.9.6;2.8.6 High tone on the stem of the verb ge/gen ‘build, roll, fasten’;108
4.9.7;2.8.7 The LH melody in lexical reduplications;108
4.9.8;2.8.8 Tone and syllable prominence;109
4.10;2.9 Orthography;109
5;3 Word classes;111
5.1;3.0 Introduction;111
5.2;3.1 Nouns;111
5.2.1;3.1.1 Properties common to all nouns;112
5.2.2;3.1.2 Compound nouns;113
5.2.3;3.1.3 Additive co-compounds;117
5.2.4;3.1.4 Noun-to-verb derivation;117
5.2.5;3.1.5 Noun-to-adverb/adjective derivation;118
5.2.6;3.1.6 Adjective-to-noun derivation;119
5.2.7;3.1.7 Proper names and kin nouns;120
5.2.8;3.1.8 Dyads;121
5.2.8.1;3.1.8.1 dum ‘father and child’ and hat ‘mother and child’;123
5.2.8.2;3.1.8.2 mikim ‘siblings of opposite sex’ and dab ‘siblings of same sex’;124
5.2.8.3;3.1.8.3 kam ‘(married) couple’;124
5.2.9;3.1.9 Temporal nouns and noun phrases;125
5.2.10;3.1.10 Verbal nouns;126
5.3;3.2 Verbs;127
5.3.1;3.2.1 Notation conventions for verbs;131
5.3.2;3.2.2 Verb compounds;131
5.3.3;3.2.3 Denominal and deadjectival verbs derived with -an;134
5.3.4;3.2.4 Function verbs;135
5.4;3.3 Articles;135
5.4.1;3.3.1 The pronominal article and referentiality;135
5.4.2;3.3.2 The collective article =o;139
5.5;3.4 Adjectives;140
5.6;3.5 Prenominal modifiers;147
5.7;3.6 Adverbs;147
5.8;3.7 Pronouns;150
5.8.1;3.7.1 The free pronoun series;150
5.8.2;3.7.2 Possessive pronoun series;152
5.8.3;3.7.3 The bound pronoun series;154
5.8.4;3.7.4 Emphatic pronouns;156
5.8.5;3.7.5 The possessive pronouns with nominal function;158
5.8.6;3.7.6 The negative pronoun suffix -kob;159
5.8.7;3.7.7 The free ‘alone’-series;160
5.8.8;3.7.8 Reflexive pronouns;160
5.8.9;3.7.9 Demonstratives;162
5.8.10;3.7.10 Synopsis of pronouns;164
5.8.11;3.7.11 Interrogatives;165
5.8.12;3.7.12 Note on indefinites;165
5.9;3.8 Directionals;166
5.9.1;3.8.1 Demonstrative directionals;168
5.10;3.9 Postpositions;169
5.11;3.10 Quantifiers;170
5.12;3.11 Conjunctions and subordinators;175
5.12.1;3.11.1 eka ‘and’;175
5.12.2;3.11.2 bleka ‘or’;176
5.12.3;3.11.3 otâne ‘but’;176
5.12.4;3.11.4 kesoa ‘because, since’;177
5.12.5;3.11.5 bita ‘until’;178
5.12.6;3.11.6 mole ‘if’;178
5.13;3.12 Ideophones;179
5.13.1;3.12.1 With function verb ge/ga ‘say’;180
5.13.2;3.12.2 With function verb ge/ga ‘say’ or existential verb n/bl~bi;181
5.13.3;3.12.3 With motion verbs;182
5.13.4;3.12.4 With function verb ge/ga ‘say’ or motion verb;182
5.13.5;3.12.5 With a semantically more specific verb;182
5.14;3.13 Clitics and particles;183
5.14.1;3.13.1 Illocutionary force clitics;183
5.14.2;3.13.2 Medial verb clitics;184
5.14.3;3.13.3 The negative clitic =ba;184
5.14.4;3.13.4 The negative clitic =mo;185
5.14.5;3.13.5 The interrogative clitic =mo
;186
5.14.6;3.13.6 The topic clitic =le;186
5.14.7;3.13.7 The noun phrase modifier =sa ‘too’;187
5.14.8;3.13.8 Interjections and formulaic utterances;188
5.15;3.14 Grammatical relations;189
5.15.1;3.14.1 Subject;189
5.15.2;3.14.2 Object;190
5.15.3;3.14.3 Ditransitives;193
6;4 Gender;195
6.1;4.0 Introduction;195
6.2;4.1 Agreement on the article;195
6.3;4.2 Gender assignment;197
6.3.1;4.2.1 Nouns referring to animates;197
6.3.1.1;4.2.1.1 Nouns of masculine gender referring to humans;199
6.3.1.2;4.2.1.2 Nouns of feminine gender referring to humans;199
6.3.2;4.2.2 Nouns referring to inanimates;200
6.3.2.1;4.2.2.1 Nouns of neuter 1 gender;200
6.3.2.2;4.2.2.2 Nouns of neuter 2 gender;201
6.4;4.3 Cross-classification;202
6.5;4.4 Gender assignment of Tok Pisin loans;203
6.6;4.5 Summary of the agreement patterns;204
6.7;4.6 Alternative analysis of the gender system;205
6.7.1;4.6.1 Two genders: Only masculine and feminine;205
6.7.2;4.6.2 Polarity;207
6.8;4.7 Evaluation;209
7;5 Classificatory verb prefixes;211
7.1;5.0 Introduction;211
7.2;5.1 Classificatory prefixes;211
7.3;5.2 The M-class: dob-/dol-;215
7.4;5.3 The F-class: om-/dol-;216
7.5;5.4 The long class: tob-/tebel-;218
7.6;5.5 The bundle class: gol-/gulel-;218
7.7;5.6 The covering class: gam-/gemel-;219
7.8;5.7 The residue class: ob-/ol-;219
7.9;5.8 Verbs with obligatory classificatory prefix;220
7.10;5.9 Gender system vs. classification by prefix;221
7.11;5.10 Reclassification
;223
7.11.1;5.10.1 Plurals of inanimate nouns of neuter 1 gender;226
7.11.2;5.10.2 Use of feminine singular om- for broken and half objects;226
8;6 The noun phrase;229
8.1;6.0 Introduction;229
8.2;6.1 Pronouns as noun phrases;230
8.3;6.2 Minimal noun phrases;231
8.3.1;6.2.1 Bare nouns;231
8.3.2;6.2.2 Articles as noun phrase determiners;231
8.3.3;6.2.3 Emphatic pronouns as noun phrase determiners;233
8.4;6.3 Modified noun phrases;234
8.4.1;6.3.1 Adjectival modifiers;234
8.4.2;6.3.2 mak ‘certain, (an)other’;236
8.4.3;6.3.3 Prenominal modifiers;236
8.4.4;6.3.4 Reduplicated adjectives;237
8.4.5;6.3.5 Quantifiers;237
8.4.6;6.3.6 The intensifiers dót ‘very’, wekîb ‘very’, and klâ ‘really’;239
8.4.7;6.3.7 Demonstratives in the noun phrase;240
8.4.8;6.3.8 Relative clauses;241
8.5;6.4 Attributive possession;242
8.6;6.5 Taxonomic terms;246
8.7;6.6 Dyadic terms;249
8.8;6.7 Noun phrase coordination;251
8.9;6.8 Noun phrase apposition;254
8.10;6.9 Noun phrase topicalization;255
8.11;6.10 Focused noun phrases;257
9;7 The postpositional phrase;259
9.1;7.0 Introduction;259
9.2;7.1 Simple spatial postpositional phrases with a directional;260
9.3;7.2 Simple spatial postpositional phrases with a nominal postposition;262
9.4;7.3 Postpositional phrases with complex postpositions;265
9.5;7.4 Nouns in complex postpositions;266
9.6;7.5 Temporal postpositional phrases;268
10;8 Verb morphology;269
10.1;8.0 Introduction;269
10.2;8.1 Classification of verbs;270
10.3;8.2 Notation conventions for verbs;270
10.4;8.3 Perfective and imperfective verb stems;271
10.4.1;8.3.1 Biaspectual verbs: Stem alternation;273
10.4.1.1;8.3.1.1 Suffixation;273
10.4.1.2;8.3.1.2 Apophony;276
10.4.1.3;8.3.1.3 Suppletion;277
10.4.2;8.3.2 Irregular aspectual stem alternation;277
10.4.2.1;8.3.2.1 tl~te/tle~te ‘come’;277
10.4.2.2;8.3.2.2 un~on/une ‘go’;279
10.4.3;8.3.3 Trans-aspectual verbs;280
10.4.4;8.3.4 Defective verbs;281
10.5;8.4 Conjugation classes;284
10.6;8.5 Argument marking;286
10.6.1;8.5.1 Pronominal affixes;286
10.6.2;8.5.2 Subject suffix;288
10.6.3;8.5.3 Object prefix (accusative alignment);291
10.6.4;8.5.4 Object (or subject) prefix (absolutive alignment);293
10.6.4.1;8.5.4.1 Classificatory prefixes;293
10.6.4.2;8.5.4.2 Stem apophony in perfective ‘cut and break’-verbs;294
10.6.5;8.5.5 Object suffix (indirective alignment);295
10.6.5.1;8.5.5.1 The zero root ‘transfer’;297
10.6.5.2;8.5.5.2 Compounds with -ûb’- ‘give (PFV)’ in the perfective;299
10.6.5.3;8.5.5.3 Recipient marking in the imperfective;303
10.6.5.4;8.5.5.4 Semantic spectrum of the suffixed object;304
10.6.5.5;8.5.5.5 Verbs with obligatory object suffix;308
10.6.5.6;8.5.5.6 Verbs which never have an object suffix;308
10.7;8.6 TAM morphology of final verbs;308
10.7.1;8.6.1 TAM markers (pre-subject slot);309
10.7.1.1;8.6.1.1 -nab ‘Near past’;310
10.7.1.2;8.6.1.2 -b(H) ‘Non-hodiernal past’;310
10.7.1.3;8.6.1.3 -s ‘Remote past’;312
10.7.1.4;8.6.1.4 -b ‘Imperfective’;313
10.7.1.5;8.6.1.5 -l ‘Imperfective’;314
10.7.1.6;8.6.1.6 -m ‘Inchoative imperfective’;314
10.7.1.7;8.6.1.7 -n ~ -Ø ‘Realis’;316
10.7.1.8;8.6.1.8 -(a)mab ~ -aamab and -omab ‘Irrealis’;318
10.7.1.9;8.6.1.9 -aa(m) ‘Deontic’ in C-stems;321
10.7.2;8.6.2 Tense markers (post-subject slot);321
10.7.2.1;8.6.2.1 -bio ‘General past’;322
10.7.2.2;8.6.2.2 -so ‘Hesternal past’;323
10.7.3;8.6.3 Perfective stems serialized with na ‘do’;324
10.7.4;8.6.4 A note on the verb -êb ‘take’;325
10.7.5;8.6.5 Inflection of the existential verb;325
10.7.6;8.6.6 Negation (with the existential verb);328
10.7.7;8.6.7 Auxiliary-serialized verbs;329
10.7.7.1;8.6.7.1 Auxiliary-serialization with imperfective stems;330
10.7.7.2;8.6.7.2 Habitual forms;331
10.7.7.3;8.6.7.3 Auxiliary-serialization with perfective stems;332
10.7.7.4;8.6.7.4 Auxiliary-serialized irrealis forms of perfective stems;334
10.7.7.5;8.6.7.5 Auxiliary-serialized verb forms plus -Vm ‘Deontic’;335
10.7.7.6;8.6.7.6 Prohibitive;336
10.7.8;8.6.8 Hortative;337
10.7.8.1;8.6.8.1 Perfective hortatives;337
10.7.8.2;8.6.8.2 Imperfective hortatives;338
10.7.8.3;8.6.8.3 Stem change in hortative forms;339
10.7.9;8.6.9 Imperative;340
10.8;8.7 Non-finite verb forms;341
10.8.1;8.7.1 M-forms;341
10.8.1.1;8.7.1.1 Perfective M-forms;341
10.8.1.2;8.7.1.2 Imperfective M-forms;341
10.8.1.3;8.7.1.3 Imperfective M-forms of N-Stems;342
10.8.2;8.7.2 Verbal nouns;342
10.8.2.1;8.7.2.1 Perfective verbal nouns;344
10.8.2.2;8.7.2.2 Imperfective verbal nouns;344
10.8.2.3;8.7.2.3 Imperfective verbal nouns of N-stems;345
10.8.2.4;8.7.2.4 The verbal noun of basic motion verbs;346
10.8.2.5;8.7.2.5 The verbal noun of the function verbs;346
10.8.2.6;8.7.2.6 The verbal noun of the existential verb;347
10.9;8.8 Iteratives;347
10.10;8.9 Function verb constructions;349
10.10.1;8.9.1 With ge/ga ‘say’;349
10.10.2;8.9.2 With ke ‘do’;350
10.11;8.10 Noun-verb idioms;353
10.12;8.11 The ‘Immediate action’ construction;354
11;9 Argument structure and the syntax of the clause;357
11.1;9.0 Introduction;357
11.2;9.1 Intransitives;358
11.2.1;9.1.1 Motion verbs;359
11.2.2;9.1.2 Directly inflected directionals as intransitives verbs;362
11.2.3;9.1.3 Locative adjuncts;363
11.2.4;9.1.4 Noun phrases as locative adjuncts;363
11.2.5;9.1.5 Classificatory prefixes in intransitive verbs;364
11.2.6;9.1.6 Denominal and deadjectival inchoative verbs;365
11.2.7;9.1.7 Underivable intransitives;365
11.3;9.2 Transitives;366
11.3.1;9.2.1 Transitives with classificatory prefix (absolutive alignment);366
11.3.2;9.2.2 Transitives with object prefix (accusative alignment);367
11.3.3;9.2.3 Transitives with object suffix (indirective aligment);368
11.3.4;9.2.4 Transitives without object affix;370
11.4;9.3 Ambitransitives;372
11.5;9.4 Derived transitives;374
11.5.1;9.4.1 Productive derivation of transitives;375
11.5.2;9.4.2 Idiosyncratic derivation;376
11.6;9.5 Ditransitives;377
11.7;9.6 Derived ditransitives;379
11.7.1;9.6.1 Productive derivation of ditransitives;379
11.7.2;9.6.2 Idiosyncratic derivation of ditransitives;381
11.7.2.1;9.6.2.1 -Ø.- ‘give (PFV)’ from -Ø. 'take (PFV)’
;381
11.7.2.2;9.6.2.2 -ka- ‘give (IPFV)’ from -ka ‘put (IPFV)’;381
11.7.2.3;9.6.2.3 dei- -/– ‘leave sth for sb’ (PFV) from dei-/– ‘leave sb/sth (PFV)’;382
11.8;9.7 Possessor raising;383
11.9;9.8 Impersonal verbs;385
11.10;9.9 Reflexivization;385
11.11;9.10 Constituent order;388
11.11.1;9.10.1 Argument order in transitive clauses;388
11.11.2;9.10.2 Argument order in ditransitive clauses;390
11.11.3;9.10.3 Position of non-arguments;392
11.11.4;9.10.4 Position of adverbs;393
11.11.5;9.10.5 Position of postpositional adjuncts;394
11.11.6;9.10.6 Position of nominal adjuncts;395
11.11.7;9.10.7 Position of temporal nouns;395
11.11.8;9.10.8 Position of adverbial clauses;396
11.12;9.11 Non-verbal clauses;397
11.12.1;9.11.1 Identity;398
11.12.2;9.11.2 Property;399
11.12.3;9.11.3 Possession;400
11.12.4;9.11.4 Negation in non-verbal clauses;400
11.13;9.12 Reciprocal constructions;401
11.13.1;9.12.1 The bare reciprocal construction;402
11.13.2;9.12.2 The sese-construction;402
11.13.3;9.12.3 The morphological status of -sese;404
11.13.4;9.12.4 A variant of the sese-construction;405
11.13.5;9.12.5 Reciprocals in the imperfective;407
11.14;9.13 A note on causatives;407
12;10 Question formation;411
12.1;10.0 Introduction;411
12.2;10.1 Polar questions;411
12.2.1;10.1.1 Polar questions with the interrogative clitic =a;412
12.2.2;10.1.2 Polar questions with bleka ‘or‘ at the end of the sentence;415
12.2.3;10.1.3 Alternative questions with bleka ‘or’;415
12.3;10.2 Content questions;416
12.3.1;10.2.1 The interrogative word fab;417
12.3.2;10.2.2 fab ‘where?’;418
12.3.3;10.2.3 ‘fatnà- ‘do what?’;420
12.3.4;10.2.4 The verbal noun fatnàmin ‘what’;422
12.3.5;10.2.5 Fatnàmin with derivational suffixes;423
12.3.6;10.2.6 Fatnàmin plus the nominal postposition dim ‘on’;424
12.3.7;10.2.7 The interrogative word wan;424
12.3.8;10.2.8 Is wan an interrogative verb?;428
12.4;10.3 Topic-only questions;428
13;11 Chaining constructions;431
13.1;11.0 Introduction;431
13.2;11.1 Serial verb constructions;431
13.2.1;11.1.1 Core-level serial verb constructions;432
13.2.1.1;11.1.1.1 Serialization of intransitive verbs;432
13.2.1.2;11.1.1.2 Serialization of a transitive and an intransitive verb;433
13.2.1.3;11.1.1.3 Serialization of transitive verbs and argument sharing;434
13.2.1.4;11.1.1.4 Auxiliary-serialized stems inside a core SVC;437
13.2.1.5;11.1.1.5 Directionals inside a core SVC;437
13.2.2;11.1.2 Nuclear serial verb constructions;438
13.2.3;11.1.3 Verb serialization versus compounding (synopsis);440
13.2.4;11.1.4 The morphological status of the auxiliary;442
13.2.5;11.1.5 Causative serialization;444
13.2.6;11.1.6 Purposive serialization;445
13.3;11.2 Medial verb morphology and clause chaining;447
13.3.1;11.2.1 Introduction and terminology;447
13.3.2;11.2.2 Medial versus final verbs;448
13.3.3;11.2.3 Switch reference morphology in directly inflected verbs;450
13.3.3.1;11.2.3.1 Unusual behaviour of -n ‘(SS.)SEQ’;452
13.3.3.2;11.2.3.2 -b ‘DS.SIM’;453
13.3.3.3;11.2.3.3 The DS sequential markers and -Ø and -s;455
13.3.3.4;11.2.3.4 -m ‘Inchoative imperfective’ plus -s ‘DS.SEQ’;457
13.3.3.5;11.2.3.5 -nab ‘DS.SEQ.SHORT INTERVAL’;457
13.3.4;11.2.4 The existential verb n/bi~bl as a medial verb;458
13.3.5;11.2.5 Auxiliary-serialization in medial verbs;459
13.3.5.1;11.2.5.1 -bi ‘Imperfective auxiliary’;459
13.3.5.2;11.2.5.2 -bi ‘Imperfective auxiliary’ plus -Ø ‘DS.SIM’;461
13.3.5.3;11.2.5.3 -biaan ‘Imperfective SS.SIM auxiliary’;461
13.3.5.4;11.2.5.4 Imperfective auxiliaries and perfective stems;463
13.3.6;11.2.6 Complications in the Mian S/R system;464
13.3.6.1;11.2.6.1 Inconsistencies in S/R marking;464
13.3.6.2;11.2.6.2 Accounting for the inconsistencies in S/R marking;471
13.3.7;11.2.7 Tense marking in medial verbs;474
13.3.8;11.2.8 Tense marking with -bio ‘General past’ in medial verbs;476
13.3.9;11.2.9 Tense marking with -so ‘Hesternal past’ in medial verbs;479
13.3.10;11.2.10 Postposed locative adjuncts;482
13.3.11;11.2.11 Referential overlap;483
13.3.12;11.2.12 Repetition, repair and elaboration in clause chains;487
13.3.13;11.2.13 Shortened medial clauses;490
13.4;11.3 Topicalized medial clauses;491
13.5;11.4 Tail-head linkage;492
13.6;11.5 Medial verbs in utterance-final position;493
13.7;11.6 Non-verbal clauses in clause chains;495
14;12 Operator scope in clause chaining constructions;497
14.1;12.0 Introduction;497
14.2;12.1 Illocutionary force;498
14.3;12.2 Polarity;501
14.4;12.3 Tense;502
14.4.1;12.3.1 Pre-subject slot tense suffixes;503
14.4.2;12.3.2 Post-subject slot tense suffixes;503
14.5;12.4 Mood;505
14.5.1;12.4.1 -n ~ -Ø ‘Realis’;505
14.5.2;12.4.2 -(a)mab/-omab ‘Irrealis’;506
14.5.3;12.4.3 -(V)m ‘Deontic’;507
14.6;12.5 Aspect;508
14.6.1;12.5.1 Scope of habitual marking;509
15;13 Embedding;511
15.1;13.0 Introduction;511
15.2;13.1 Embedded quotatives;512
15.2.1;13.1.1 Quotatives as sentential complements;512
15.2.2;13.1.2 Embedded questions;517
15.3;13.2 Adverbial clauses;517
15.3.1;13.2.1 Conditional adverbial clauses with mole ‘if’;518
15.3.2;13.2.2 Causal adverbial clauses with kesoa ‘because’;519
15.3.3;13.2.3 Temporal adverbial clauses with bita ‘until’;520
15.3.4;13.2.4 Adverbial clauses with the article =o;521
15.3.5;13.2.5 Topicalized adverbial clauses;522
15.3.6;13.2.6 Adverbial clauses with the postpositions temwât ‘while’ and dim ‘at the time when’;523
15.3.7;13.2.7 The semantic difference between temwât ‘while’ and dim ‘at the time when’;525
15.4;13.3 Relative clauses;526
15.4.1;13.3.1 Prenominal relative clauses;526
15.4.2;13.3.2 Head-internal relative clauses;530
15.4.3;13.3.3 Omission of the internal head in head-internal relative clauses;532
15.4.4;13.3.4 Use of resumptive pronouns after head-internal relative clauses;533
15.4.5;13.3.5 Other markers of head-internal relative clauses;534
15.4.6;13.3.6 Complex head-internal relative clauses and switch reference;535
15.4.7;13.3.7 An analytical issue in head-internal relative clauses;537
16;Appendix I Texts;541
16.1;1 The origin of the Afoksitgabáam fruit;541
16.2;2 Danenok and his brother;550
16.3;3 Rolling smokes;567
17;Appendix II Mian-English wordlist;571
18;Notes;605
19;References;611
20;Index;623
