E-Book, Englisch, Band 55, 625 Seiten
Fedden A Grammar of Mian
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-11-026419-7
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, Band 55, 625 Seiten
Reihe: Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-026419-7
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Acknowledgements;5
2;Abbreviations;23
3;1 The language and its speakers;27
3.1;1.0 Introduction;27
3.2;1.1 Mian wéng: The Mian language;28
3.3;1.2 The Ok languages;30
3.3.1;1.2.1 The Ok languages as a family;30
3.3.2;1.2.2 Previous linguistic research on the Ok languages;31
3.4;1.3 Typological profile;32
3.5;1.4 Note on the revised version;36
3.6;1.5 Fieldwork and consultants;37
3.7;1.6 The Miatén: The Mianmin people;38
3.7.1;1.6.1 Landscape and climate;38
3.7.2;1.6.2 Mianmin settlements;39
3.7.3;1.6.3 Food preparation;41
3.7.4;1.6.4 Political organization;42
3.8;1.7 Notes on examples and the orthography;42
3.8.1;1.7.1 Examples;42
3.8.2;1.7.2 Orthography in the examples;43
4;2 Phonology;45
4.1;2.0 Introduction;45
4.2;2.1 Consonants;46
4.2.1;2.1.1 Phonetic description and allophonic distribution of consonants;46
4.2.1.1;2.1.1.1 Stops;46
4.2.1.2;2.1.1.2 Nasals;47
4.2.1.3;2.1.1.3 Fricatives;48
4.2.1.4;2.1.1.4 The lateral glide /l/;48
4.2.1.5;2.1.1.5 Semivowels;49
4.2.2;2.1.2 Minimal pairs for consonants;50
4.2.3;2.1.3 Regular phonological processes for consonants;51
4.2.3.1;2.1.3.1 Final devoicing;51
4.2.3.2;2.1.3.2 Aspiration and withheld release;51
4.2.3.3;2.1.3.3 Word-final free variation of [ph], [p.], [f], and [f]
;52
4.2.3.4;2.1.3.4 Intervocalic lenition of /b/ and /k/;52
4.2.3.5;2.1.3.5 Homorganic nasal assimilation;53
4.2.3.6;2.1.3.6 Optional schwa-insertion into consonant clusters;53
4.2.4;2.1.4 Assimilation with following alveolar nasal /n/;54
4.3;2.2 Vowels;54
4.3.1;2.2.1 Phonetic description and allophonic distribution of vowels;55
4.3.2;2.2.2 Minimal and near-minimal pairs for Mian vowels;56
4.4;2.3 Vowel length;57
4.5;2.4 Pharyngealization;61
4.5.1;2.4.1 Contrasts involving pharyngealization;61
4.5.2;2.4.2 Creaky voice accompanying pharyngealized /a./
;63
4.5.3;2.4.3 Pharyngealized /a./ and word accent
;63
4.6;2.5 Phonologically conditioned allomorphy;64
4.6.1;2.5.1 The existential verb bi;64
4.6.2;2.5.2 The verb -lò ‘hit, kill’;64
4.6.3;2.5.3 The article =i ‘Animate plural’;64
4.6.4;2.5.4 The subject suffixes -i ‘lSG.SBJ’ and -ib(o) ‘2/3PL.AN.SBJ’;65
4.6.5;2.5.5 The subject suffix -o ‘3SG.F.SBJ’;65
4.6.6;2.5.6 -bio ‘General past’;65
4.6.7;2.5.7 -so ‘Hesternal past’;66
4.6.8;2.5.8 =a ‘Question’ and =e ‘(Content) Question’;66
4.7;2.6 Phonotactics;66
4.7.1;2.6.1 Syllable structure;66
4.7.2;2.6.2 Syllable-initial consonant clusters;68
4.7.3;2.6.3 Heterosyllabic consonant clusters;69
4.7.4;2.6.4 Vowel clusters;69
4.8;2.7 Vowel harmony;70
4.8.1;2.7.1 In classificatory prefixes;71
4.8.2;2.7.2 In the modal suffix /Vm/ ‘Deontic’;71
4.8.3;2.7.3 In the bound pronouns of the ‘alone’-series;72
4.9;2.8 Tone;72
4.9.1;2.8.1 Introduction;73
4.9.2;2.8.2 Tonal phonology of nouns and adjectives;75
4.9.2.1;2.8.2.1 Tone association in monosyllables;77
4.9.2.2;2.8.2.2 Tone association in disyllables;81
4.9.2.3;2.8.2.3 Nominals with the accent on the first syllable;85
4.9.2.4;2.8.2.4 Tone association in trisyllables;86
4.9.3;2.8.3 Expanding the tonal domain;88
4.9.3.1;2.8.3.1 Tone in non-verbal predications;88
4.9.3.2;2.8.3.2 Cliticization of the article;92
4.9.3.3;2.8.3.3 Tone in noun-noun compounds;94
4.9.3.4;2.8.3.4 Contour delinking across word boundaries;97
4.9.4;2.8.4 Tonal phonology of the verb;98
4.9.4.1;2.8.4.1 Accent and tonal melodies;99
4.9.4.2;2.8.4.2 Unaccented verbs;100
4.9.4.3;2.8.4.3 Stem accented verbs;101
4.9.4.4;2.8.4.4 Off-stem accented verbs;103
4.9.4.5;2.8.4.5 The inherently accented irrealis suffixes;105
4.9.4.6;2.8.4.6 Tone of -ûb’- ‘give’ and of compounds with -ûb’- ‘give’;106
4.9.5;2.8.5 High tone in forms of the non-hodiernal past;108
4.9.6;2.8.6 High tone on the stem of the verb ge/gen ‘build, roll, fasten’;108
4.9.7;2.8.7 The LH melody in lexical reduplications;108
4.9.8;2.8.8 Tone and syllable prominence;109
4.10;2.9 Orthography;109
5;3 Word classes;111
5.1;3.0 Introduction;111
5.2;3.1 Nouns;111
5.2.1;3.1.1 Properties common to all nouns;112
5.2.2;3.1.2 Compound nouns;113
5.2.3;3.1.3 Additive co-compounds;117
5.2.4;3.1.4 Noun-to-verb derivation;117
5.2.5;3.1.5 Noun-to-adverb/adjective derivation;118
5.2.6;3.1.6 Adjective-to-noun derivation;119
5.2.7;3.1.7 Proper names and kin nouns;120
5.2.8;3.1.8 Dyads;121
5.2.8.1;3.1.8.1 dum ‘father and child’ and hat ‘mother and child’;123
5.2.8.2;3.1.8.2 mikim ‘siblings of opposite sex’ and dab ‘siblings of same sex’;124
5.2.8.3;3.1.8.3 kam ‘(married) couple’;124
5.2.9;3.1.9 Temporal nouns and noun phrases;125
5.2.10;3.1.10 Verbal nouns;126
5.3;3.2 Verbs;127
5.3.1;3.2.1 Notation conventions for verbs;131
5.3.2;3.2.2 Verb compounds;131
5.3.3;3.2.3 Denominal and deadjectival verbs derived with -an;134
5.3.4;3.2.4 Function verbs;135
5.4;3.3 Articles;135
5.4.1;3.3.1 The pronominal article and referentiality;135
5.4.2;3.3.2 The collective article =o;139
5.5;3.4 Adjectives;140
5.6;3.5 Prenominal modifiers;147
5.7;3.6 Adverbs;147
5.8;3.7 Pronouns;150
5.8.1;3.7.1 The free pronoun series;150
5.8.2;3.7.2 Possessive pronoun series;152
5.8.3;3.7.3 The bound pronoun series;154
5.8.4;3.7.4 Emphatic pronouns;156
5.8.5;3.7.5 The possessive pronouns with nominal function;158
5.8.6;3.7.6 The negative pronoun suffix -kob;159
5.8.7;3.7.7 The free ‘alone’-series;160
5.8.8;3.7.8 Reflexive pronouns;160
5.8.9;3.7.9 Demonstratives;162
5.8.10;3.7.10 Synopsis of pronouns;164
5.8.11;3.7.11 Interrogatives;165
5.8.12;3.7.12 Note on indefinites;165
5.9;3.8 Directionals;166
5.9.1;3.8.1 Demonstrative directionals;168
5.10;3.9 Postpositions;169
5.11;3.10 Quantifiers;170
5.12;3.11 Conjunctions and subordinators;175
5.12.1;3.11.1 eka ‘and’;175
5.12.2;3.11.2 bleka ‘or’;176
5.12.3;3.11.3 otâne ‘but’;176
5.12.4;3.11.4 kesoa ‘because, since’;177
5.12.5;3.11.5 bita ‘until’;178
5.12.6;3.11.6 mole ‘if’;178
5.13;3.12 Ideophones;179
5.13.1;3.12.1 With function verb ge/ga ‘say’;180
5.13.2;3.12.2 With function verb ge/ga ‘say’ or existential verb n/bl~bi;181
5.13.3;3.12.3 With motion verbs;182
5.13.4;3.12.4 With function verb ge/ga ‘say’ or motion verb;182
5.13.5;3.12.5 With a semantically more specific verb;182
5.14;3.13 Clitics and particles;183
5.14.1;3.13.1 Illocutionary force clitics;183
5.14.2;3.13.2 Medial verb clitics;184
5.14.3;3.13.3 The negative clitic =ba;184
5.14.4;3.13.4 The negative clitic =mo;185
5.14.5;3.13.5 The interrogative clitic =mo
;186
5.14.6;3.13.6 The topic clitic =le;186
5.14.7;3.13.7 The noun phrase modifier =sa ‘too’;187
5.14.8;3.13.8 Interjections and formulaic utterances;188
5.15;3.14 Grammatical relations;189
5.15.1;3.14.1 Subject;189
5.15.2;3.14.2 Object;190
5.15.3;3.14.3 Ditransitives;193
6;4 Gender;195
6.1;4.0 Introduction;195
6.2;4.1 Agreement on the article;195
6.3;4.2 Gender assignment;197
6.3.1;4.2.1 Nouns referring to animates;197
6.3.1.1;4.2.1.1 Nouns of masculine gender referring to humans;199
6.3.1.2;4.2.1.2 Nouns of feminine gender referring to humans;199
6.3.2;4.2.2 Nouns referring to inanimates;200
6.3.2.1;4.2.2.1 Nouns of neuter 1 gender;200
6.3.2.2;4.2.2.2 Nouns of neuter 2 gender;201
6.4;4.3 Cross-classification;202
6.5;4.4 Gender assignment of Tok Pisin loans;203
6.6;4.5 Summary of the agreement patterns;204
6.7;4.6 Alternative analysis of the gender system;205
6.7.1;4.6.1 Two genders: Only masculine and feminine;205
6.7.2;4.6.2 Polarity;207
6.8;4.7 Evaluation;209
7;5 Classificatory verb prefixes;211
7.1;5.0 Introduction;211
7.2;5.1 Classificatory prefixes;211
7.3;5.2 The M-class: dob-/dol-;215
7.4;5.3 The F-class: om-/dol-;216
7.5;5.4 The long class: tob-/tebel-;218
7.6;5.5 The bundle class: gol-/gulel-;218
7.7;5.6 The covering class: gam-/gemel-;219
7.8;5.7 The residue class: ob-/ol-;219
7.9;5.8 Verbs with obligatory classificatory prefix;220
7.10;5.9 Gender system vs. classification by prefix;221
7.11;5.10 Reclassification
;223
7.11.1;5.10.1 Plurals of inanimate nouns of neuter 1 gender;226
7.11.2;5.10.2 Use of feminine singular om- for broken and half objects;226
8;6 The noun phrase;229
8.1;6.0 Introduction;229
8.2;6.1 Pronouns as noun phrases;230
8.3;6.2 Minimal noun phrases;231
8.3.1;6.2.1 Bare nouns;231
8.3.2;6.2.2 Articles as noun phrase determiners;231
8.3.3;6.2.3 Emphatic pronouns as noun phrase determiners;233
8.4;6.3 Modified noun phrases;234
8.4.1;6.3.1 Adjectival modifiers;234
8.4.2;6.3.2 mak ‘certain, (an)other’;236
8.4.3;6.3.3 Prenominal modifiers;236
8.4.4;6.3.4 Reduplicated adjectives;237
8.4.5;6.3.5 Quantifiers;237
8.4.6;6.3.6 The intensifiers dót ‘very’, wekîb ‘very’, and klâ ‘really’;239
8.4.7;6.3.7 Demonstratives in the noun phrase;240
8.4.8;6.3.8 Relative clauses;241
8.5;6.4 Attributive possession;242
8.6;6.5 Taxonomic terms;246
8.7;6.6 Dyadic terms;249
8.8;6.7 Noun phrase coordination;251
8.9;6.8 Noun phrase apposition;254
8.10;6.9 Noun phrase topicalization;255
8.11;6.10 Focused noun phrases;257
9;7 The postpositional phrase;259
9.1;7.0 Introduction;259
9.2;7.1 Simple spatial postpositional phrases with a directional;260
9.3;7.2 Simple spatial postpositional phrases with a nominal postposition;262
9.4;7.3 Postpositional phrases with complex postpositions;265
9.5;7.4 Nouns in complex postpositions;266
9.6;7.5 Temporal postpositional phrases;268
10;8 Verb morphology;269
10.1;8.0 Introduction;269
10.2;8.1 Classification of verbs;270
10.3;8.2 Notation conventions for verbs;270
10.4;8.3 Perfective and imperfective verb stems;271
10.4.1;8.3.1 Biaspectual verbs: Stem alternation;273
10.4.1.1;8.3.1.1 Suffixation;273
10.4.1.2;8.3.1.2 Apophony;276
10.4.1.3;8.3.1.3 Suppletion;277
10.4.2;8.3.2 Irregular aspectual stem alternation;277
10.4.2.1;8.3.2.1 tl~te/tle~te ‘come’;277
10.4.2.2;8.3.2.2 un~on/une ‘go’;279
10.4.3;8.3.3 Trans-aspectual verbs;280
10.4.4;8.3.4 Defective verbs;281
10.5;8.4 Conjugation classes;284
10.6;8.5 Argument marking;286
10.6.1;8.5.1 Pronominal affixes;286
10.6.2;8.5.2 Subject suffix;288
10.6.3;8.5.3 Object prefix (accusative alignment);291
10.6.4;8.5.4 Object (or subject) prefix (absolutive alignment);293
10.6.4.1;8.5.4.1 Classificatory prefixes;293
10.6.4.2;8.5.4.2 Stem apophony in perfective ‘cut and break’-verbs;294
10.6.5;8.5.5 Object suffix (indirective alignment);295
10.6.5.1;8.5.5.1 The zero root ‘transfer’;297
10.6.5.2;8.5.5.2 Compounds with -ûb’- ‘give (PFV)’ in the perfective;299
10.6.5.3;8.5.5.3 Recipient marking in the imperfective;303
10.6.5.4;8.5.5.4 Semantic spectrum of the suffixed object;304
10.6.5.5;8.5.5.5 Verbs with obligatory object suffix;308
10.6.5.6;8.5.5.6 Verbs which never have an object suffix;308
10.7;8.6 TAM morphology of final verbs;308
10.7.1;8.6.1 TAM markers (pre-subject slot);309
10.7.1.1;8.6.1.1 -nab ‘Near past’;310
10.7.1.2;8.6.1.2 -b(H) ‘Non-hodiernal past’;310
10.7.1.3;8.6.1.3 -s ‘Remote past’;312
10.7.1.4;8.6.1.4 -b ‘Imperfective’;313
10.7.1.5;8.6.1.5 -l ‘Imperfective’;314
10.7.1.6;8.6.1.6 -m ‘Inchoative imperfective’;314
10.7.1.7;8.6.1.7 -n ~ -Ø ‘Realis’;316
10.7.1.8;8.6.1.8 -(a)mab ~ -aamab and -omab ‘Irrealis’;318
10.7.1.9;8.6.1.9 -aa(m) ‘Deontic’ in C-stems;321
10.7.2;8.6.2 Tense markers (post-subject slot);321
10.7.2.1;8.6.2.1 -bio ‘General past’;322
10.7.2.2;8.6.2.2 -so ‘Hesternal past’;323
10.7.3;8.6.3 Perfective stems serialized with na ‘do’;324
10.7.4;8.6.4 A note on the verb -êb ‘take’;325
10.7.5;8.6.5 Inflection of the existential verb;325
10.7.6;8.6.6 Negation (with the existential verb);328
10.7.7;8.6.7 Auxiliary-serialized verbs;329
10.7.7.1;8.6.7.1 Auxiliary-serialization with imperfective stems;330
10.7.7.2;8.6.7.2 Habitual forms;331
10.7.7.3;8.6.7.3 Auxiliary-serialization with perfective stems;332
10.7.7.4;8.6.7.4 Auxiliary-serialized irrealis forms of perfective stems;334
10.7.7.5;8.6.7.5 Auxiliary-serialized verb forms plus -Vm ‘Deontic’;335
10.7.7.6;8.6.7.6 Prohibitive;336
10.7.8;8.6.8 Hortative;337
10.7.8.1;8.6.8.1 Perfective hortatives;337
10.7.8.2;8.6.8.2 Imperfective hortatives;338
10.7.8.3;8.6.8.3 Stem change in hortative forms;339
10.7.9;8.6.9 Imperative;340
10.8;8.7 Non-finite verb forms;341
10.8.1;8.7.1 M-forms;341
10.8.1.1;8.7.1.1 Perfective M-forms;341
10.8.1.2;8.7.1.2 Imperfective M-forms;341
10.8.1.3;8.7.1.3 Imperfective M-forms of N-Stems;342
10.8.2;8.7.2 Verbal nouns;342
10.8.2.1;8.7.2.1 Perfective verbal nouns;344
10.8.2.2;8.7.2.2 Imperfective verbal nouns;344
10.8.2.3;8.7.2.3 Imperfective verbal nouns of N-stems;345
10.8.2.4;8.7.2.4 The verbal noun of basic motion verbs;346
10.8.2.5;8.7.2.5 The verbal noun of the function verbs;346
10.8.2.6;8.7.2.6 The verbal noun of the existential verb;347
10.9;8.8 Iteratives;347
10.10;8.9 Function verb constructions;349
10.10.1;8.9.1 With ge/ga ‘say’;349
10.10.2;8.9.2 With ke ‘do’;350
10.11;8.10 Noun-verb idioms;353
10.12;8.11 The ‘Immediate action’ construction;354
11;9 Argument structure and the syntax of the clause;357
11.1;9.0 Introduction;357
11.2;9.1 Intransitives;358
11.2.1;9.1.1 Motion verbs;359
11.2.2;9.1.2 Directly inflected directionals as intransitives verbs;362
11.2.3;9.1.3 Locative adjuncts;363
11.2.4;9.1.4 Noun phrases as locative adjuncts;363
11.2.5;9.1.5 Classificatory prefixes in intransitive verbs;364
11.2.6;9.1.6 Denominal and deadjectival inchoative verbs;365
11.2.7;9.1.7 Underivable intransitives;365
11.3;9.2 Transitives;366
11.3.1;9.2.1 Transitives with classificatory prefix (absolutive alignment);366
11.3.2;9.2.2 Transitives with object prefix (accusative alignment);367
11.3.3;9.2.3 Transitives with object suffix (indirective aligment);368
11.3.4;9.2.4 Transitives without object affix;370
11.4;9.3 Ambitransitives;372
11.5;9.4 Derived transitives;374
11.5.1;9.4.1 Productive derivation of transitives;375
11.5.2;9.4.2 Idiosyncratic derivation;376
11.6;9.5 Ditransitives;377
11.7;9.6 Derived ditransitives;379
11.7.1;9.6.1 Productive derivation of ditransitives;379
11.7.2;9.6.2 Idiosyncratic derivation of ditransitives;381
11.7.2.1;9.6.2.1 -Ø.- ‘give (PFV)’ from -Ø. 'take (PFV)’
;381
11.7.2.2;9.6.2.2 -ka- ‘give (IPFV)’ from -ka ‘put (IPFV)’;381
11.7.2.3;9.6.2.3 dei- -/– ‘leave sth for sb’ (PFV) from dei-/– ‘leave sb/sth (PFV)’;382
11.8;9.7 Possessor raising;383
11.9;9.8 Impersonal verbs;385
11.10;9.9 Reflexivization;385
11.11;9.10 Constituent order;388
11.11.1;9.10.1 Argument order in transitive clauses;388
11.11.2;9.10.2 Argument order in ditransitive clauses;390
11.11.3;9.10.3 Position of non-arguments;392
11.11.4;9.10.4 Position of adverbs;393
11.11.5;9.10.5 Position of postpositional adjuncts;394
11.11.6;9.10.6 Position of nominal adjuncts;395
11.11.7;9.10.7 Position of temporal nouns;395
11.11.8;9.10.8 Position of adverbial clauses;396
11.12;9.11 Non-verbal clauses;397
11.12.1;9.11.1 Identity;398
11.12.2;9.11.2 Property;399
11.12.3;9.11.3 Possession;400
11.12.4;9.11.4 Negation in non-verbal clauses;400
11.13;9.12 Reciprocal constructions;401
11.13.1;9.12.1 The bare reciprocal construction;402
11.13.2;9.12.2 The sese-construction;402
11.13.3;9.12.3 The morphological status of -sese;404
11.13.4;9.12.4 A variant of the sese-construction;405
11.13.5;9.12.5 Reciprocals in the imperfective;407
11.14;9.13 A note on causatives;407
12;10 Question formation;411
12.1;10.0 Introduction;411
12.2;10.1 Polar questions;411
12.2.1;10.1.1 Polar questions with the interrogative clitic =a;412
12.2.2;10.1.2 Polar questions with bleka ‘or‘ at the end of the sentence;415
12.2.3;10.1.3 Alternative questions with bleka ‘or’;415
12.3;10.2 Content questions;416
12.3.1;10.2.1 The interrogative word fab;417
12.3.2;10.2.2 fab ‘where?’;418
12.3.3;10.2.3 ‘fatnà- ‘do what?’;420
12.3.4;10.2.4 The verbal noun fatnàmin ‘what’;422
12.3.5;10.2.5 Fatnàmin with derivational suffixes;423
12.3.6;10.2.6 Fatnàmin plus the nominal postposition dim ‘on’;424
12.3.7;10.2.7 The interrogative word wan;424
12.3.8;10.2.8 Is wan an interrogative verb?;428
12.4;10.3 Topic-only questions;428
13;11 Chaining constructions;431
13.1;11.0 Introduction;431
13.2;11.1 Serial verb constructions;431
13.2.1;11.1.1 Core-level serial verb constructions;432
13.2.1.1;11.1.1.1 Serialization of intransitive verbs;432
13.2.1.2;11.1.1.2 Serialization of a transitive and an intransitive verb;433
13.2.1.3;11.1.1.3 Serialization of transitive verbs and argument sharing;434
13.2.1.4;11.1.1.4 Auxiliary-serialized stems inside a core SVC;437
13.2.1.5;11.1.1.5 Directionals inside a core SVC;437
13.2.2;11.1.2 Nuclear serial verb constructions;438
13.2.3;11.1.3 Verb serialization versus compounding (synopsis);440
13.2.4;11.1.4 The morphological status of the auxiliary;442
13.2.5;11.1.5 Causative serialization;444
13.2.6;11.1.6 Purposive serialization;445
13.3;11.2 Medial verb morphology and clause chaining;447
13.3.1;11.2.1 Introduction and terminology;447
13.3.2;11.2.2 Medial versus final verbs;448
13.3.3;11.2.3 Switch reference morphology in directly inflected verbs;450
13.3.3.1;11.2.3.1 Unusual behaviour of -n ‘(SS.)SEQ’;452
13.3.3.2;11.2.3.2 -b ‘DS.SIM’;453
13.3.3.3;11.2.3.3 The DS sequential markers and -Ø and -s;455
13.3.3.4;11.2.3.4 -m ‘Inchoative imperfective’ plus -s ‘DS.SEQ’;457
13.3.3.5;11.2.3.5 -nab ‘DS.SEQ.SHORT INTERVAL’;457
13.3.4;11.2.4 The existential verb n/bi~bl as a medial verb;458
13.3.5;11.2.5 Auxiliary-serialization in medial verbs;459
13.3.5.1;11.2.5.1 -bi ‘Imperfective auxiliary’;459
13.3.5.2;11.2.5.2 -bi ‘Imperfective auxiliary’ plus -Ø ‘DS.SIM’;461
13.3.5.3;11.2.5.3 -biaan ‘Imperfective SS.SIM auxiliary’;461
13.3.5.4;11.2.5.4 Imperfective auxiliaries and perfective stems;463
13.3.6;11.2.6 Complications in the Mian S/R system;464
13.3.6.1;11.2.6.1 Inconsistencies in S/R marking;464
13.3.6.2;11.2.6.2 Accounting for the inconsistencies in S/R marking;471
13.3.7;11.2.7 Tense marking in medial verbs;474
13.3.8;11.2.8 Tense marking with -bio ‘General past’ in medial verbs;476
13.3.9;11.2.9 Tense marking with -so ‘Hesternal past’ in medial verbs;479
13.3.10;11.2.10 Postposed locative adjuncts;482
13.3.11;11.2.11 Referential overlap;483
13.3.12;11.2.12 Repetition, repair and elaboration in clause chains;487
13.3.13;11.2.13 Shortened medial clauses;490
13.4;11.3 Topicalized medial clauses;491
13.5;11.4 Tail-head linkage;492
13.6;11.5 Medial verbs in utterance-final position;493
13.7;11.6 Non-verbal clauses in clause chains;495
14;12 Operator scope in clause chaining constructions;497
14.1;12.0 Introduction;497
14.2;12.1 Illocutionary force;498
14.3;12.2 Polarity;501
14.4;12.3 Tense;502
14.4.1;12.3.1 Pre-subject slot tense suffixes;503
14.4.2;12.3.2 Post-subject slot tense suffixes;503
14.5;12.4 Mood;505
14.5.1;12.4.1 -n ~ -Ø ‘Realis’;505
14.5.2;12.4.2 -(a)mab/-omab ‘Irrealis’;506
14.5.3;12.4.3 -(V)m ‘Deontic’;507
14.6;12.5 Aspect;508
14.6.1;12.5.1 Scope of habitual marking;509
15;13 Embedding;511
15.1;13.0 Introduction;511
15.2;13.1 Embedded quotatives;512
15.2.1;13.1.1 Quotatives as sentential complements;512
15.2.2;13.1.2 Embedded questions;517
15.3;13.2 Adverbial clauses;517
15.3.1;13.2.1 Conditional adverbial clauses with mole ‘if’;518
15.3.2;13.2.2 Causal adverbial clauses with kesoa ‘because’;519
15.3.3;13.2.3 Temporal adverbial clauses with bita ‘until’;520
15.3.4;13.2.4 Adverbial clauses with the article =o;521
15.3.5;13.2.5 Topicalized adverbial clauses;522
15.3.6;13.2.6 Adverbial clauses with the postpositions temwât ‘while’ and dim ‘at the time when’;523
15.3.7;13.2.7 The semantic difference between temwât ‘while’ and dim ‘at the time when’;525
15.4;13.3 Relative clauses;526
15.4.1;13.3.1 Prenominal relative clauses;526
15.4.2;13.3.2 Head-internal relative clauses;530
15.4.3;13.3.3 Omission of the internal head in head-internal relative clauses;532
15.4.4;13.3.4 Use of resumptive pronouns after head-internal relative clauses;533
15.4.5;13.3.5 Other markers of head-internal relative clauses;534
15.4.6;13.3.6 Complex head-internal relative clauses and switch reference;535
15.4.7;13.3.7 An analytical issue in head-internal relative clauses;537
16;Appendix I Texts;541
16.1;1 The origin of the Afoksitgabáam fruit;541
16.2;2 Danenok and his brother;550
16.3;3 Rolling smokes;567
17;Appendix II Mian-English wordlist;571
18;Notes;605
19;References;611
20;Index;623
