Fast / Lester Marine Shrimp Culture

Principles and Practices
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9104-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 23, 879 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science

The commercial culture of marine shrimp in tropical areas has grown at a phenomenal rate during the last 10 to 15 years. This book provides a description of principles and practices of shrimp culture at one point in time and documents both historical events and conditions now. It also tries to look into the future. The volume provides both practical information about shrimp culture, as well as basic information on shrimp biology. It should be of value to researchers, consultant practitioners and potential investors in the marine shrimp culture industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fast, A. W.

Lester, L. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;9
5;Preface;6
6;Acknowledgements;12
7;Contributors;13
8;CHAPTER 1. Introduction;18
8.1;1.1 EARLY SHRIMP CULTURE;18
8.2;1.2 POND STOCKING WITH WILD SEED;18
8.3;1.3 CAPTIVE REPRODUCTION WITH WILD GRAVID SHRIMP;20
8.4;1.4 CAPTIVE REPRODUCTION FROM NON-GRAVID SHRIMP;20
8.5;1.5 EVOLUTION OF POND CULTURE;21
8.6;1.6 CRUSTACEAN AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION;22
8.7;1.7 FUTURE TRENDS;22
8.8;1.8 TERMINOLOGY: SHRIMP VS. PRAWNS;23
8.9;1.9 REFERENCES;24
9;CHAPTER 2. Penaeid Taxonomy, Biology and Zoogeography;26
9.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;26
9.2;2.2 TAXONOMY;27
9.3;2.3 THE APPENDAGES;29
9.4;2.4 MORPHOLOGY OF EIGHT CULTURED SPECIES;29
9.5;2.5. BIOLOGY;32
9.6;2.6 ZOOGEOGRAPHY;38
9.7;2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;40
9.8;2.8 REFERENCES;40
10;CHAPTER 3. Genetics of Penaeus Species;46
10.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;46
10.2;3.2 GENETICS OF WILD POPULATIONS;46
10.3;3.3 QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF COMMERCIAL TRAITS;59
10.4;3.4 DOMESTICATION AND GENETIC MANIPULATION;64
10.5;3.5 REFERENCES;66
11;CHAPTER 4. Endocrinology;70
11.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;70
11.2;4.2 ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF MOLTING;71
11.3;4.3 MALE SEX DETERMINATION AND REPRODUCTION;83
11.4;4.4 FEMALE REPRODUCTION;87
11.5;4.5 PIGMENTATION;90
11.6;4.6 METABOLISM AND WATER BALANCE;94
11.7;4.7 CONCLUSIONS;98
11.8;4.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;98
11.9;4.9 REFERENCES;98
12;CHAPTER 5. Reproduction of Penaeus Species in Captivity;110
12.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;110
12.2;5.2 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION;117
12.3;5.3 SEAWATER PARAMETERS FOR REPRODUCTION;139
12.4;5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES;144
12.5;5.5 NUTRITION;153
12.6;5.6 CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR REPRODUCTION;159
12.7;5.7 QUALITY OF OFFSPRING;164
12.8;5.8 References;167
13;CHAPTER 6. Penaeid Larviculture: Galveston Method;188
13.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE;188
13.2;6.2 ORIGINAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;189
13.3;6.3 CURRENT METHODOLOGY;192
13.4;6.4 REFERENCES;207
14;CHAPTER 7. Penaeid Larviculture: Taiwanese Method;210
14.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;210
14.2;7.2 ACQUIRING AND MAINTAINING BROODSTOCK;212
14.3;7.3 MATURATION AND SPAWNING;212
14.4;7.4 HATCHERIES;217
14.5;7.5 LARVAL REARING;217
14.6;7.6 PROBLEMS IN LARVAL REARING;224
14.7;7.7 RECOMMENDATIONS;228
14.8;7.8 REFERENCES;229
15;CHAPTER 8. Penaeid Larviculture: Small-Scale Asian Hatcheries;234
15.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;234
15.2;8.2 HATCHERY METHODS;235
15.3;8.3 SHRIMP/PRAWN SPECIES ALTERNATIVES;235
15.4;8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS;236
15.5;8.5 SMALL-SCALE HATCHERY LAY-OUT;237
15.6;8.6 GRAVID FEMALES/BROODSTOCK;237
15.7;8.7 NAUPLII;239
15.8;8.8 LARVAL REARING;239
15.9;8.9 REFERENCES;241
16;CHAPTER 9. Optimized Feeding Regimes in Shrimp Hatcheries;242
16.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;242
16.2;9.2 DIET SELECTION CRITERIA;242
16.3;9.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION;255
16.4;9.4 RECOMMENDED FEEDING REGIMES;257
16.5;9.5 REFERENCES;259
17;CHAPTER 10. Shrimp Hatchery Design: Engineering Considerations;262
17.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;262
17.2;10.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS;264
17.3;10.3 PROCESS CRITERIA;265
17.4;10.4 SITE CONSIDERATIONS;267
17.5;10.5 LAYOUT;270
17.6;10.6 DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS;273
17.7;10.7 DESIGN OF SEAWATER PROCESSING EQUIPMENT;276
17.8;10.8 DESIGN OF HATCHERY SUPPORT SYSTEMS;280
17.9;10.9 DESIGN OF HATCHERY PRODUCTION SUB-SYSTEMS;281
17.10;10.10 OPERATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND POLICIES;289
17.11;10.11 OPERATIONAL PROBLEM AREAS;294
17.12;10.12 SUMMARY COMMANDMENTS FOR HATCHERY SEAWATER SYSTEMS;298
17.13;10.13 REFERENCES;300
18;CHAPTER 11. Use of One-Liter Imhoff Cones in Larviculture Production;304
18.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;304
18.2;11.2 DESCRIPTION OF CONE CULTURE APPARATUS;309
18.3;11.3 METHODOLOGY FOR CONE CULTURE;310
18.4;11.4 REFERENCES;316
19;CHAPTER 12. Penaeid PL Harvest, Transport, Acclimation and Stocking;318
19.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;318
19.2;12.2 PL HARVEST AT THE HATCHERY;318
19.3;12.3 PL TRANSPORT TO FARMS;324
19.4;12.4 ACCLIMATION;331
19.5;12.5 REFERENCES;336
20;CHAPTER 13. Intensification of Penaeid Nursery Systems;338
20.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;338
20.2;13.2 INTENSIFICATION OF NURSERY PONDS;339
20.3;13.3 INTENSIVE NURSERY RACEWAYS;344
20.4;13.4 SUMMARY AND ECONOMIC REVIEW;354
20.5;13.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;357
20.6;13.6 REFERENCES;357
21;CHAPTER 14. Penaeid Growout Systems: An Overview;362
21.1;14.1 INTRODUCnON;362
21.2;14.2 PRODUCTION LEVEL;365
21.3;14.3 STOCKING;365
21.4;14.4 FEED;366
21.5;14.5 WATER;367
21.6;14.6 POND SIZE;367
21.7;14.7 AERATION;367
21.8;14.8 POND DEPTH;367
21.9;14.9 SURVIVAL;368
21.10;14.10 ENERGY;368
21.11;14.11 MANAGEMENT AND LABOR;368
21.12;14.12 DISEASE;368
21.13;14.13 PROFITS;369
21.14;14.14 REFERENCES;369
22;CHAPTER 15. Penaeid Extensive Growout Systems;372
22.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;372
22.2;15.2 WATER EXCHANGE;374
22.3;15.3 CONTROL GATES;375
22.4;15.4 TAIWANESE EXTENSIVE PONDS;376
22.5;15.5 PHILIPPINE AND INDONESIAN EXTENSIVE PONDS;377
22.6;15.6 THAI EXTENSIVE PONDS;381
22.7;15.7 BANGLADESHI AND INDIAN EXTENSIVE PONDS;382
22.8;15.8 ECUADOREAN EXTENSIVE PONDS;383
22.9;15.9 SUMMARY;384
22.10;15.10 REFERENCES;384
23;CHAPTER 16. Penaeid Semi-intensive Growout Systems;386
23.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;386
23.2;16.2 ECUADOREAN SEMI-INTENSIVE PONDS;386
23.3;16.3 THAI SEMI-INTENSIVE PONDS;391
23.4;16.4 PHILIPPINE SEMI-INTENSIVE PONDS;391
23.5;16.5 INTENSIFICATION OF EXTENSIVE TO SEMI-INTENSIVECULTURE;392
23.6;16.6. REFERENCES;397
24;CHAPTER 17. Penaeid Intensive Growout Systems;398
24.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;398
24.2;17.2 TAIWANESE INTENSIVE PONDS;398
24.3;17.3 JAPANESE INTENSIVE CULTURE;405
24.4;17.4 REFERENCES;407
25;CHAPTER 18. Penaeid Ultra-intensive Growout Systems;408
25.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;408
25.2;18.2 ROUND POND ULTRA-INTENSIVE CULTURE;410
25.3;18.3 MOE ULTRA-INTENSIVE CULTURE;411
25.4;18.4 INTENSIFICATION OF TAIWANESE CULTURE;412
25.5;18.5 RISKS;414
25.6;18.6 REFERENCES;415
26;CHAPTER 19. Pond Harvesting Techniques;416
26.1;19.1 INTRODUCTION;416
26.2;19.2 PARTIAL HARVEST;419
26.3;19.3 COMPLETE HARVEST;426
26.4;19.4 REFERENCES;431
27;CHAPTER 20. Shrimp Pond Engineering Considerations;432
27.1;20.1 INTRODUCTION;432
27.2;20.2 SITE SELECTION;433
27.3;20.3 POND DESIGN;434
27.4;20.4 POND CONSTRUCTION;439
27.5;20.5 POND MAINTENANCE AND WATER MANAGEMENT;442
27.6;20.6 REFERENCES;445
28;CHAPTER 21. Pond Dynamic Processes;448
28.1;21.1 INTRODUCTION;448
28.2;21.2 TROPHIC DYNAMICS AND NUTRIENT CYCLES;448
28.3;21.3 OXYGEN DYNAMICS;453
28.4;21.4 REFERENCES;471
29;CHAPTER 22. Water Circulation, Aeration and Other Management Practices;474
29.1;22.1 INTRODUCTION;474
29.2;22.2 POND CIRCULATION;482
29.3;22.3 POND AERATION;485
29.4;22.4 MINIMUM OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS OF SHRIMP;498
29.5;22.5 AERATOR SIZING;501
29.6;22.6 WATER EXCHANGE;506
29.7;22.7 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT;508
29.8;22.9 REFER;510
30;CHAPTER 23. Pond Monitoring and Management;514
30.1;23.1 INTRODUCTION;514
30.2;23.2 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES;514
30.3;23.3 POND MONITORING;517
30.4;23.4 POND MANAGEMENT;522
30.5;23 5 REFERENCES;529
31;CHAPTER 24. Penaeid Temperature and Salinity Responses;532
31.1;24.1 INTRODUCTION;532
31.2;24.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS;534
31.3;24.3 SALINITY EFFECTS;542
31.4;24.4 TEMPERATURE-SALINITY INTERACTION;547
31.5;24.5 CONCLUSIONS;549
31.6;24.6 REFERENCES;550
32;CHAPTER 25. Penaeid Shrimp Nutrition;552
32.1;25.1 INTRODUCTION;552
32.2;25.2 DIGESTIBILITY;553
32.3;25.3 PROTEIN;556
32.4;25.4 ENERGY;560
32.5;25.5 LIPID;560
32.6;25.6 CARBOHYDRATE;564
32.7;25.7 FIBER;565
32.8;25.8 VITAMINS;565
32.9;25.9 MINERALS;571
32.10;25.10 FEED INGREDIENTS;575
32.11;25.11 FEED ADDITIVES;578
32.12;25.12 LEAST-COST FEED FORMULATIONS;581
32.13;25.12 REFERENCES;583
33;CHAPTER 26. Penaeid Virus Diseases of the Shrimp Culture Industry of the Americas;586
33.1;26.1 INTRODUCTION;586
33.2;26.2 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES;586
33.3;26.3 HOSTS AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION;598
33.4;26.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;601
33.5;26.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;603
33.6;26.6 REFERENCES;603
34;CHAPTER 27. Penaeid Markets and Economics;606
34.1;27.1 INTRODUCTION;606
34.2;27.2 PRODUCTION ECONOMICS;606
34.3;27.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS;612
34.4;27.4 SHRIMP MARKETING;614
34.5;27.5 CONCLUSION;619
34.6;27.6 REFERENCES;620
35;CHAPTER 28. Supply Relations and Costs of Shrimp Mariculture and Shrimp Fisheries;622
35.1;28.1 INTRODUCTION;622
35.2;28.2 COST OF SHRIMP FARMING;625
35.3;28.3 COST OF SHRIMP FISHING;629
35.4;28.4 COST COMPARISONS OF SHRIMP FARMING AND FISHING;630
35.5;28.7 CONCLUSIONS;636
35.6;28.8 REFERENCES;637
36;CHAPTER 29. An Overview of Asian Marine Shrimp Culture;640
36.1;29.1 INTRODUCTION;640
36.2;29.2 CULTURED SPECIES;640
36.3;29.3 STATUS OF SHRIMP CULTURE BY COUNTRY;642
36.4;29.4 MANGROVE FOREST CONVERSIONS;653
36.5;29.5 SEED PRODUCTION;654
36.6;29.6 PRICE STABILITIES AND MARKETS;655
36.7;29.7 REFERENCES;657
37;CHAPTER 30. Shrimp Culture Industry in Japan;658
37.1;30.1 INTRODUCTION;658
37.2;30.2 SHRIMP CULTURE OVERVIEW;658
37.3;30.3 CULTURE TECHNIQUE;662
37.4;30.4 PACKING AND MARKETING;666
37.5;30.5 COST ANALYSIS;667
37.6;30.6 MARKET TREND AND PROSPECT;667
37.7;30.7 SUMMARY;669
37.8;30.8 REFERENCES;669
38;CHAPTER 31. Marine Prawn Culture Industry of Taiwan;670
38.1;31.1 INTRODUCTION;670
38.2;31.2 COMMERCIALLY CULTURED SPECIES;670
38.3;31.3 CULTURE AREA;677
38.4;31.4 HISTORY AND STATUS OF HATCHERIES;679
38.5;31.5 HISTORY AND STATUS OF FEED DEVELOPMENT;682
38.6;31.6 CULTURE TECHNIQUES;684
38.7;31.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE TAIWAN PRAWN INDUSTRY;689
38.8;31.8 REFERENCES;691
39;CHAPTER 32. Shrimp Culture Industry in China;694
39.1;32.1 INTRODUCTION;694
39.2;32.2 SHRIMP SPECIES CULTURED;694
39.3;32.3 SHRIMP CULTURE HISTORY IN CHINA;698
39.4;32.4 PENAEUS CHINENSIS REPRODUCTION AND LARVICULTURE;700
39.5;32.5 PENAEUS CHINENSIS POND GROWOUT;702
39.6;32.6 HARVESTING AND PROCESSING;704
39.7;32.7 SUMMARY;705
39.8;32.8 REFERENCES;705
40;CHAPTER 33. Shrimp Culture Industry in Thailand;708
40.1;33.1 INTRODUCTION;708
40.2;33.2 PRESENT SHRIMP PRODUCTION AND FUTURE TREND;708
40.3;33.3 PRESENT SHRIMP EXPORT AND FUTURE TREND;711
40.4;33.4 CONCLUSIONS;716
40.5;33.5 REFERENCES;716
41;CHAPTER 34. Prawn/Shrimp Culture Industry in the Philippines;718
41.1;34.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;718
41.2;34.2 COUNTRY PROFILE;720
41.3;34.3 SEED SUPPLY;724
41.4;34.4 GROWOUT;725
41.5;34.5 PROBLEMS;734
41.6;34.6 RECOMENDATIONS;739
41.7;34.7 CONCLUSION;742
41.8;34.8 REFERENCES;742
42;CHAPTER 35. Shrimp Culture Industry in Vietnam;746
42.1;35.1 INTRODUCTION;746
42.2;35.2 GEOGRAPHICAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS;747
42.3;35.3 SHRIMP SPECIES: COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION;751
42.4;35.4 TRADITIONAL AND EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE;751
42.5;35.5 AQUACULTÜRE PRACTICES;757
42.6;35.6 SHRIMP CULTURE INTENSIFICATION;764
42.7;35.7 MARKETING;769
42.8;35.8 CONCLUSION: SOME PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE;770
42.9;35.9 REFERENCES;771
43;CHAPTER 36. Shrimp Culture Industry in Australia;774
43.1;36.1 INTRODUCTION;774
43.2;36.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT;774
43.3;36.3 CULTURED SPECIES;776
43.4;36.4 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY;777
43.5;36.5 ARTIFICIAL FEEDS;780
43.6;36.6 ADVANTAGES AND CONSTRAINTS;780
43.7;36.7 CONCLUSION;783
43.8;36.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;783
43.9;36.9 REFERENCES;784
44;CHAPTER 37. Overview of Shrimp Farming in the Western Hemisphere;788
44.1;37.1 HISTORY;788
44.2;37.2 SPECIES;790
44.3;37.3 SEEDSTOCK SOURCE;791
44.4;37.4 GROWOUT METHODS;792
44.5;37.5 PRODUCTION AND MARKETING;793
44.6;37.6 FINANCIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT;794
44.7;37.7 ECONOMIC IMP ACT;795
44.8;37.8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;796
44.9;37.9 REGULATIONS;796
44.10;37.10 ACTIVITY BY AREA;797
44.11;37.11 CONCLUSION;798
44.12;37.12 REFERENCES;799
45;CHAPTER 38. Shrimp Culture Industry in Ecuador;800
45.1;38.1 INTRODUCTION;800
45.2;38.2 HISTORY OF SHRIMP CULTURE INDUSTRY;800
45.3;38.3 NAUPLIUS PRODUCTION;801
45.4;38.4 PL PRODUCTION;806
45.5;38.5 POND PRODUCTION;813
45.6;38.6 FEED;826
45.7;38.7 DISEASE;827
45.8;38.8 PROCESSING;829
45.9;38.9 ESTABLISHMENT OF A SUPPORT INDUSTRY;830
45.10;38.10 FUTURE SHRIMP INDUSTRY IN ECUADOR;830
45.11;38.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;832
45.12;38.12 REFERENCES;832
46;CHAPTER 39. Shrimp Culture in the United States;834
46.1;39.1 INTRODUCTION;834
46.2;39.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS;834
46.3;39.3 REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS;837
46.4;39.4 SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;841
46.5;39.5 U.S. SHRIMP CAPTURE FISHERIES;843
46.6;39.6 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT;844
46.7;39.7 ECONOMIC VIABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL;850
46.8;39.8 REFERENCES;850
47;CHAPTER 40. Future of World Shrimp Culture;856
47.1;40.1 INTRODUCTION;856
47.2;40.2 SHRIMP CULTURE SYSTEMS;857
47.3;40.3 POND DYNAMICS;859
47.4;40.4 MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS;860
47.5;40.5 OCEAN SHRIMP FISHERIES;860
47.6;40.6 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION;861
47.7;40.7 REPRODUCTION AND SEED PRODUCTION;861
47.8;40.8 NUTRITION AND FEEDS;862
47.9;40.9 SELECTION AND GENETICS;862
47.10;40.10 DISEASE CONTROL;863
47.11;40.11 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND POLICIES;864
47.12;40.12 COUNTRY AND REGIONAL PRODUCTION TRENDS;865
47.13;40.13 MARKET DEVELOPMENT;867
47.14;40.14 LITERATURE CITED;867
48;Index;870