Farshad Plastic Pipe Systems: Failure Investigation and Diagnosis

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-046393-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 224 Seiten

Industrial and domestic piping is increasingly made from various plastics and composites, and these materials withstand heavy use over long periods. They are, however, affected by environmental and other factors over time and can degrade, causing major problems within piping systems. Farshad's book deals with why plastic pipes and systems fail, and with how to investigate and diagnose such failures. Pipes may buckle, fracture, change in dimensions and colour, blister and delaminate, corrode through stress, be abraded and obstructed: all these cause problems and lead to loss of efficient operation of a system. The author's experience is backed up by a large data-base of results
* Wide target audience
* Only book covering the entire subject
* Unique approach based on long experience

Autoren/Hrsg.

Farshad, Mehdi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;About the author;10
4;Preface;12
5;1 Plastic pipe systems;14
5.1;1.1 Polymeric materials;14
5.1.1;1.1.1 Definition and origin of polymeric materials;14
5.1.2;1.1.2 Polymers and plastics;15
5.1.3;1.1.3 Physical properties of plastics;15
5.2;1.2 Plastic pipes;20
5.3;1.3 Pipes as systems;22
5.4;1.4 Classification of plastic pipes;23
5.4.1;1.4.1 Classification on the basis on geometrical parameters and resistance to internal pressure;24
5.4.2;1.4.2 Classification according to ring stiffness;24
5.5;1.5 Requirements for the piping systems;25
5.6;1.6 Environmental effects;26
5.7;1.7 Life cycle of plastic pipes;28
5.7.1;1.7.1 Service life engineering;28
5.7.2;1.7.2 The bathtub theory;29
5.8;1.8 Initial stresses in plastic pipes;31
5.9;1.9 Ageing of plastic pipes;32
5.9.1;1.9.1 Long-term behavior of plastic pipes;32
5.9.2;1.9.2 Ageing factors in pipe systems;34
5.10;1.10 Reliability of pipelines;36
5.10.1;1.10.1 Concepts and definitions;36
5.10.1.1;1.10.1.1 Limit states;36
5.10.1.2;1.10.1.2 Failure frequency;36
5.10.1.3;1.10.1.3 Estimation of the failure risk;36
5.10.2;1.10.2 Cost-use analysis;37
5.10.3;1.10.3 Risk management system for pipelines;37
5.11;1.11 General procedure for reliability assessment;38
5.12;1.12 General safety questions related to pipe systems;39
6;2 Failure investigation of plastic pipes;41
6.1;2.1 Failure phenomenon;41
6.2;2.2 Sources of potential failures;41
6.2.1;2.2.1 Material deficiencies;41
6.2.2;2.2.2 Insufficient design;42
6.2.3;2.2.3 Problems related to processing;42
6.2.4;2.2.4 Inappropriate storage, transport, and installation;42
6.2.5;2.2.5 Unfavorable service conditions;42
6.2.6;2.2.6 Third-party damage;43
6.2.7;2.2.7 Ageing and deterioration;43
6.3;2.3 Types of failures;43
6.3.1;2.3.1 Mechanical failure;44
6.3.2;2.3.2 Thermal failure;44
6.3.3;2.3.3 Chemical failure;44
6.3.4;2.3.4 Environmental failure;45
6.3.5;2.3.5 Brittle and ductile failures;45
6.4;2.4 Failure mechanisms in polymeric products;45
6.5;2.5 Failure analysis;45
6.6;2.6 Why failure analysis?;46
6.7;2.7 Parallel between engineering and medical diagnosis;47
6.8;2.8 Terminologies related to failure investigation;47
6.9;2.9 Steps in failure investigation;50
6.10;2.10 Details of steps in failure investigation;50
6.11;2.11 Testing of plastic pipes;55
6.12;2.12 Failure modes and potential causes;55
6.13;2.13 Qualitative risk estimation of plastic pipe connections;64
6.14;2.14 Lessons learned from pipeline failures;64
6.15;2.15 Failure case studies;65
7;3 Fracture of plastic pipes;66
7.1;3.1 Fracture;66
7.2;3.2 Fracture modes;66
7.3;3.3 Fracture process;67
7.3.1;3.3.1 Crazing;67
7.3.2;3.3.2 Cracking;68
7.3.3;3.3.3 Ductile versus brittle cracking;68
7.4;3.4 Fracture due to normal stress;69
7.5;3.5 Macroscopic observations on the fracture surfaces;70
7.6;3.6 Crack types;71
7.7;3.7 RCP in plastic pipes;71
7.8;3.8 Types of fractures in pipes;73
7.8.1;3.8.1 Types of crazing;74
7.8.2;3.8.2 Types of ductile cracks;75
7.9;3.9 Guideline for diagnosis of fractured pipe;76
7.10;3.10 Failure case studies;87
7.11;3.11 Preventive measures against fracture of plastic pipes;112
8;4 Buckling of plastic pipes;114
8.1;4.1 Stability and instability;114
8.2;4.2 Modes of elastic instability;114
8.2.1;4.2.1 Bifurcation of equilibrium;115
8.2.2;4.2.2 Limit equilibrium instability;115
8.2.3;4.2.3 Dynamic and flutter instabilities;116
8.3;4.3 Excessive deformation;117
8.4;4.4 General causes of buckling of plastic pipes;118
8.5;4.5 Buckling of buried pipes;118
8.6;4.6 Buckling during installation;120
8.7;4.7 Buckling due to elevated temperatures;120
8.8;4.8 Buckling of concrete-embedded pipes;121
8.9;4.9 Buckling of the pipe liners;123
8.10;4.10 Local buckling due to concentrated loads;123
8.11;4.11 Types of buckling and excessive deformation;123
8.12;4.12 Assessment of buckled pipes;125
8.13;4.13 Assessment of excessive deformations;125
8.14;4.14 Buckling failure cases;131
8.15;4.15 Preventive measures against buckling and excessive deformation;146
9;5 Weathering, color, and dimensional changes;147
9.1;5.1 Weathering;147
9.2;5.2 Color changes;149
9.3;5.3 Dimension changes;149
9.4;5.4 Assessment of color and dimensional changes;150
9.5;5.5 A case study related to color and dimensional changes;154
9.6;5.6 Preventive measures against weathering, color, and dimensional changes;157
10;6 Voids, blisters, and delaminations;158
10.1;6.1 Categories of local material failure;158
10.2;6.2 Assessment of local damages;158
10.3;6.3 Investigation of failure cases;162
10.4;6.4 Preventive measures against voids, blisters, and delaminations;165
11;7 Fatigue, corrosion, and wear;166
11.1;7.1 Introduction;166
11.2;7.2 Fatigue;166
11.2.1;7.2.1 Cyclic fatigue;166
11.2.2;7.2.2 Static fatigue or creep rupture;167
11.3;7.3 Corrosion;168
11.4;7.4 Wear;169
11.5;7.5 Assessment of fatigue, corrosion, and wear;170
11.6;7.6 A typical failure case study;176
11.7;7.7 Measures against fatigue, corrosion, and wear;178
12;8 Clogging of the pipe system;179
12.1;8.1 Causes of clogging;179
12.2;8.2 Types of clogging;180
12.3;8.3 Assessment of clogging;180
12.4;8.4 A failure case investigation;182
12.5;8.5 Preventive measures against clogging;182
13;9 The knowledge base of an expert system for failure diagnosis;185
13.1;9.1 Introduction;185
13.2;9.2 A short description of the expert system EFAP;186
13.2.1;9.2.1 Structure of the expert system;186
13.2.2;9.2.2 Modules of the expert program;189
13.3;9.3 Failure analysis procedure by EFAP;196
13.4;9.4 Failure analysis;196
13.5;9.5 Failure assessment;200
13.6;9.6 EFAP – An expert system software;203
14;Glossary of terms and definitions;204
14.1;A;204
14.2;B;204
14.3;C;204
14.4;D;205
14.5;E;205
14.6;F;206
14.7;G;206
14.8;H;206
14.9;I;206
14.10;L;206
14.11;M;207
14.12;O;207
14.13;P;207
14.14;R;207
14.15;S;208
14.16;T;208
14.17;U;208
14.18;V;208
14.19;W;208
15;Bibliography;209
16;Index;214
16.1;A;214
16.2;B;214
16.3;C;214
16.4;D;215
16.5;E;215
16.6;F;215
16.7;G;216
16.8;H;216
16.9;I;216
16.10;L;216
16.11;M;216
16.12;O;217
16.13;P;217
16.14;Q;217
16.15;R;217
16.16;S;218
16.17;T;218
16.18;U;218
16.19;V;218
16.20;W;218