Fang / Smith / Qi Production of Hydrogen from Renewable Resources

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-94-017-7330-0
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 5, 368 Seiten

Reihe: Biofuels and Biorefineries

This book provides state-of-the-art reviews, current research and prospects of producing hydrogen using bio, thermal and electrochemical methods and covers hydrogen separation, storage and applications.  Hydrogen produced from biomass offers a clean and renewable energy source and a promising energy carrier that will supplement or replace fossil fuels in the future. The book is intended as a reference work for researchers, academics and industrialists working in the chemical and biological sciences, engineering, renewable resources and sustainability.  Readers will find a wealth of information in the text that is both useful for the practical development of hydrogen systems and essential for assessing hydrogen production by bioelectrochemical, electrochemical, fermentation, gasification, pyrolysis and solar means, applied to many forms of biomass. Dr. Zhen Fang is Professor in Bioenergy, Leader and founder of biomass group, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and is also adjunct Professor of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China. Dr. Richard L Smith, Jr. is Professor of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Japan. Dr. Xinhua Qi is Professor of Environmental Science, Nankai University, China.    

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fang, Zhen

Smith, Jr.

Qi, Xinhua

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgments;8
3;Contents;10
4;Contributors;12
5;About the Editors;16
6;Part I: Bioconversion;18
6.1;Chapter 1: Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass;19
6.1.1;1.1 Introduction;20
6.1.2;1.2 Fundamentals of Dark Hydrogen Fermentations;21
6.1.3;1.3 Advantages of Dark Hydrogen Fermentations;22
6.1.4;1.4 Effect of Process Parameters on Dark Hydrogen Fermentation;23
6.1.5;1.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass Sources;24
6.1.6;1.6 Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Dark Hydrogen Fermentations;26
6.1.7;1.7 Hydrogen Yields and Productivities from Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates;39
6.1.8;1.8 Coproduct Valorization;42
6.1.9;1.9 Challenges;43
6.1.10;1.10 Conclusions and Future Outlook;45
6.1.11;References;46
6.2;Chapter 2: Biohydrogen Production via Lignocellulose and Organic Waste Fermentation;57
6.2.1;2.1 Introduction to Feedstocks;58
6.2.1.1;2.1.1 Organic Wastes;59
6.2.1.2;2.1.2 Lignocelluloses;59
6.2.2;2.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Feedstock;61
6.2.2.1;2.2.1 Physical;61
6.2.2.2;2.2.2 Chemical;64
6.2.2.3;2.2.3 Physicochemical;65
6.2.2.4;2.2.4 Biological;66
6.2.2.5;2.2.5 Organosolv Pretreatment;67
6.2.3;2.3 Fermentative Hydrogen Production;67
6.2.3.1;2.3.1 Microorganisms;68
6.2.3.2;2.3.2 Fermenter Types;69
6.2.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 CSTR;69
6.2.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 UASB;70
6.2.3.2.3;2.3.2.3 Anaerobic Biofilm and Granule Reactor;70
6.2.3.2.4;2.3.2.4 Membrane Bioreactor;71
6.2.3.3;2.3.3 Environmental Operational Conditions;71
6.2.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Substrate Concentration;71
6.2.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 Nutrients and Metals;74
6.2.3.3.3;2.3.3.3 pH;75
6.2.3.3.4;2.3.3.4 Temperature;76
6.2.3.3.5;2.3.3.5 HRT;77
6.2.4;2.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook;78
6.2.5;References;79
6.3;Chapter 3: High-Yield Production of Biohydrogen from Carbohydrates and Water Based on In Vitro Synthetic (Enzymatic) Pathways;92
6.3.1;3.1 Introduction;93
6.3.1.1;3.1.1 Hydrogen;93
6.3.1.2;3.1.2 Hydrogen Production Approaches;93
6.3.1.3;3.1.3 In Vitro (Cell-Free) Enzymatic Pathways for Water Splitting;94
6.3.2;3.2 Design of In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Pathways;95
6.3.3;3.3 Examples of Hydrogen Production from Carbohydrates;98
6.3.3.1;3.3.1 Hydrogen Production from Starch and Cellodextrins;98
6.3.3.2;3.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Xylose;99
6.3.3.3;3.3.3 Hydrogen Production from Sucrose;99
6.3.3.4;3.3.4 Hydrogen Production from Biomass Sugars;100
6.3.3.5;3.3.5 High-Rate Hydrogen Production from Glucose 6-Phosphate;100
6.3.4;3.4 Technical Obstacles to Low-Cost H2 Production;100
6.3.4.1;3.4.1 Enzyme Cost and Stability;101
6.3.4.2;3.4.2 Enzymatic Reaction Rates;103
6.3.4.3;3.4.3 Cofactor Cost and Stability;103
6.3.5;3.5 Conceptual Obstacles to Enzymatic H2 Production;105
6.3.6;3.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook;105
6.3.7;References;106
7;Part II: Thermoconversion;110
7.1;Chapter 4: Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification;111
7.1.1;4.1 Introduction;111
7.1.2;4.2 Biomass Gasification Technologies;112
7.1.3;4.3 Autothermal and Allothermal Gasification;113
7.1.4;4.4 Product Gas Quality;115
7.1.5;4.5 Supercritical Water Gasification Technology;118
7.1.6;4.6 Hydrogen Separation from Biomass Gasification;118
7.1.6.1;4.6.1 Membrane Separation;119
7.1.6.2;4.6.2 Membrane Integrated in the Gasification Reactor (Reformer);120
7.1.6.3;4.6.3 Reformer and Membrane Modules;120
7.1.6.4;4.6.4 Water-Gas Shift Reaction;122
7.1.6.5;4.6.5 Water-Gas Shift with Pressure Swing Adsorption;123
7.1.6.6;4.6.6 Adsorption Enhanced Reforming;124
7.1.6.7;4.6.7 Typical Hydrogen Production Process Integrated in Biomass Gasification Systems;125
7.1.7;4.7 Hydrogen Production by Reaction Integrated Novel Gasification;125
7.1.8;4.8 Economics of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification;127
7.1.9;4.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook;129
7.1.10;References;129
7.2;Chapter 5: Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis;132
7.2.1;5.1 Introduction;133
7.2.2;5.2 Fundamentals of Biomass Pyrolysis;134
7.2.2.1;5.2.1 Composition and Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass;134
7.2.2.2;5.2.2 Reaction Pathways and Types of Pyrolysis;135
7.2.2.3;5.2.3 Product Distribution and Characteristics;136
7.2.2.4;5.2.4 Pyrolysis Reactors;137
7.2.3;5.3 Catalysts;139
7.2.4;5.4 One-Step Processes;142
7.2.5;5.5 Multi-step Processes;147
7.2.5.1;5.5.1 Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil;148
7.2.5.2;5.5.2 Catalytic Cracking of Bio-Oil;152
7.2.5.3;5.5.3 Other Approaches;153
7.2.6;5.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook;154
7.2.7;References;154
7.3;Chapter 6: Low Carbon Production of Hydrogen by Methane Decarbonization;161
7.3.1;6.1 Introduction;161
7.3.2;6.2 Socioeconomic Benefits of Methane Decarbonization;163
7.3.3;6.3 Methane Pyrolysis Reaction;166
7.3.4;6.4 Technical Options for Methane Decarbonization;171
7.3.5;6.5 Concept Proposals;172
7.3.6;6.6 Economic Analysis;176
7.3.7;6.7 Application to Industrial Processes;179
7.3.7.1;6.7.1 Ammonia Production;180
7.3.7.2;6.7.2 Biofuel Production;180
7.3.8;6.8 Main Technological Problems;181
7.3.9;6.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook;185
7.3.10;References;187
7.4;Chapter 7: Hydrogen Production by Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass;190
7.4.1;7.1 Introduction;191
7.4.2;7.2 Supercritical Fluids and Supercritical Water;193
7.4.2.1;7.2.1 The Physical Properties of Supercritical Water;193
7.4.2.2;7.2.2 The Role of Supercritical Water in Chemical Reactions;195
7.4.2.3;7.2.3 Gasification Reactions in Supercritical Water Media;196
7.4.3;7.3 Hydrogen Production by Supercritical Water Gasification;198
7.4.3.1;7.3.1 Influence of Process Parameters on Hydrogen Production;199
7.4.3.1.1;7.3.1.1 Temperature;200
7.4.3.1.2;7.3.1.2 Pressure;202
7.4.3.1.3;7.3.1.3 Residence Time;205
7.4.3.1.4;7.3.1.4 Feedstock Concentration;207
7.4.3.1.5;7.3.1.5 Oxidant Concentration;210
7.4.3.1.6;7.3.1.6 Use of Catalyst;211
7.4.3.1.6.1;Alkali Catalysts;212
7.4.3.1.6.1.1;NaOH;213
7.4.3.1.6.1.2;KOH;213
7.4.3.1.6.1.3;Na2CO3;214
7.4.3.1.6.1.4;K2CO3;214
7.4.3.1.6.2;Metal-Based Catalysts;215
7.4.3.1.6.2.1;Nickel;216
7.4.3.1.6.2.2;Ruthenium;217
7.4.3.1.6.2.3;Other Metal Catalysts;219
7.4.3.2;7.3.2 Literature Studies;221
7.4.4;7.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook;221
7.4.5;References;227
8;Part III: Electrochemical and Solar Conversions;232
8.1;Chapter 8: Hydrogen Production from Water and Air Through Solid Oxide Electrolysis;233
8.1.1;8.1 Introduction;233
8.1.2;8.2 Water Electrolysis;235
8.1.2.1;8.2.1 Alkaline Electrolyzer;236
8.1.2.2;8.2.2 PEM Electrolyzer;237
8.1.2.3;8.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells;237
8.1.3;8.3 Assessment and Application Status;239
8.1.3.1;8.3.1 Technical Assessment;239
8.1.3.2;8.3.2 Economic Assessment;241
8.1.3.3;8.3.3 Co-electrolysis of Steam and CO2;242
8.1.4;8.4 Key Materials for SOECs;243
8.1.4.1;8.4.1 Electrolyte;243
8.1.4.2;8.4.2 Oxygen Electrode;243
8.1.4.3;8.4.3 Hydrogen Electrode;244
8.1.5;8.5 Performance Degradation of SOEC Electrodes;245
8.1.5.1;8.5.1 Oxygen Electrodes;245
8.1.5.1.1;8.5.1.1 LSM;245
8.1.5.1.2;8.5.1.2 MIEC Oxygen Electrodes;247
8.1.5.1.3;8.5.1.3 Degradation by Contaminants;248
8.1.5.1.4;8.5.1.4 Improved Durability via Reversible Operations;249
8.1.5.1.5;8.5.1.5 Development of Robust Oxygen Electrodes;250
8.1.5.2;8.5.2 Ni Cermet Hydrogen Electrodes;251
8.1.6;8.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook;252
8.1.7;References;252
8.2;Chapter 9: Bioelectrochemical Production of Hydrogen from Organic Waste;259
8.2.1;9.1 What Is Bioelectrochemical Production of Hydrogen?;259
8.2.2;9.2 MEC Principles and Advantages;260
8.2.3;9.3 MEC Architecture;261
8.2.4;9.4 Factors Affecting MEC Performance;264
8.2.4.1;9.4.1 Anode Electrode Materials and Anodic Biocatalysts;264
8.2.4.2;9.4.2 Cathode Electrode Materials and Cathodic Catalysts;265
8.2.4.3;9.4.3 Chamber Volume, Electrode Size, and Electrode Position;268
8.2.4.4;9.4.4 Separator;268
8.2.4.5;9.4.5 Power Supply;270
8.2.4.6;9.4.6 Substrates;271
8.2.4.7;9.4.7 Electrolyte;273
8.2.4.8;9.4.8 Other Operational Factors;274
8.2.5;9.5 Hydrogen Yield of Organic Waste-Fed and Scaled-Up MECs;274
8.2.5.1;9.5.1 Hydrogen Yield from Organic Waste in MECs;274
8.2.5.2;9.5.2 Hydrogen Yield in Scaled-Up MECs;276
8.2.6;9.6 Anodic Bacterial Community;278
8.2.7;9.7 Technological Challenges for Practical Implementation;280
8.2.7.1;9.7.1 Challenges Associated with the Anode and Electrolyte;280
8.2.7.1.1;9.7.1.1 Metabolic Diversity;280
8.2.7.1.2;9.7.1.2 Electron Losses by Methanogens;281
8.2.7.1.3;9.7.1.3 Electrode Resistance;281
8.2.7.1.4;9.7.1.4 Electrolyte Buffer Capacity and Conductivity;282
8.2.7.2;9.7.2 Challenges Associated with the Cathode;282
8.2.7.2.1;9.7.2.1 Expensive Catalysts and High Potential Losses;282
8.2.7.3;9.7.3 Challenges Associated with Cell Design and Separator;283
8.2.7.3.1;9.7.3.1 pH Imbalance Between Anode and Cathode Chambers;283
8.2.7.3.2;9.7.3.2 Biofouling on Surface of Membranes;283
8.2.7.3.3;9.7.3.3 Gas Crossover Through Membranes;283
8.2.7.3.4;9.7.3.4 Membraneless Single-Chambered Design;283
8.2.8;9.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook;284
8.2.9;References;284
8.3;Chapter 10: Solar Hydrogen Production;292
8.3.1;10.1 Introduction;292
8.3.2;10.2 The Growing Energy Demand Challenge;293
8.3.3;10.3 Solar Technologies;294
8.3.4;10.4 Solar Hydrogen Production;299
8.3.5;10.5 Thermochemical Processes;301
8.3.6;10.6 Materials for Hydrogen Production;305
8.3.7;10.7 Solar Reactor Concepts;307
8.3.8;10.8 Solar Fuels;313
8.3.9;10.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook;314
8.3.10;References;316
9;Part IV: Separations and Applications with Fuel Cells;321
9.1;Chapter 11: Separation and Purification of Hydrogen Using CO2-Selective Facilitated Transport Membranes;322
9.1.1;11.1 Introduction;323
9.1.2;11.2 Membranes for H2 Purification;324
9.1.3;11.3 Polymeric Facilitated Transport Membranes for H2 Purification;326
9.1.4;11.4 Membranes for Low-Pressure H2 Purification;328
9.1.4.1;11.4.1 CO2 Transport Properties;328
9.1.4.2;11.4.2 H2S Transport Properties;331
9.1.4.3;11.4.3 Membrane Stability;332
9.1.4.4;11.4.4 Water-Gas-Shift (WGS) Membrane Reactor;333
9.1.4.5;11.4.5 Pilot-Scale Membrane Fabrication;334
9.1.5;11.5 Membranes for High-Pressure H2 Purification;336
9.1.5.1;11.5.1 Mixed Matrix Membranes;337
9.1.6;11.6 Potential Industrial Applications;339
9.1.6.1;11.6.1 Low-Pressure H2 Purification for Fuel Cells;339
9.1.6.2;11.6.2 High-Pressure H2 Purification;340
9.1.7;11.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook;341
9.1.8;Nomenclature;341
9.1.8.1;Greek Letter;342
9.1.8.2;Subscripts;342
9.1.8.3;Abbreviations;342
9.1.9;References;342
9.2;Chapter 12: Hydrogen Production for PEM Fuel Cells;346
9.2.1;12.1 Introduction;346
9.2.2;12.2 Membrane Reactors;348
9.2.2.1;12.2.1 Membrane Categories;348
9.2.2.2;12.2.2 Palladium-Based Membranes;350
9.2.3;12.3 High-Grade Hydrogen Generation for Fuel Cells from Reforming of Renewables in MRs;354
9.2.3.1;12.3.1 Ethanol Steam Reforming in MRs;354
9.2.3.2;12.3.2 Methanol Steam Reforming in MRs;356
9.2.4;12.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook;358
9.2.5;References;360
10;Index;364