Evans MD FRCP / Evans / Heller Environmental Magnetism

Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics
1. Auflage 2003
ISBN: 978-0-08-050578-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 86, 299 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: International Geophysics

Magnetism is important in environmental studies for several reasons, the two most fundamental being that most substances exhibit some form of magnetic behavior, and that iron is one of the most common elements in the Earth's crust. Once sequestered in a suitable material, magnetic particles constitute a natural archive of conditions existing in former times. Magnetism provides a tracer of paleo-climatic and paleo-environmental conditions and processes.Environmental Magnetism details the occurrence and uses of magnetic materials in the natural environment. The first half of the volume describes the basic principles. The second half discusses the applications of magnetic measurements in various environmental settings on land, in lakes, in the ocean, and even various biological organisms.* Material is broadly applicable to environmental studies* Case histories illustrate key points* Extensive bibliography makes further research quick and easy

Autoren/Hrsg.

Evans MD FRCP, Mark

Evans, Mark

Heller, Friedrich

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover ;1
2;Contents ;6
3;Foreword;10
4;Preface ;12
5;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION;14
5.1;1.1 Prospectus;14
5.2;1.2 An Example;15
5.3;1.3 Scope of the Subject;17
6;CHAPTER 2. BASIC MAGNETISM;20
6.1;2.1 Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism;20
6.2;2.2 Magnetic Susceptibility;22
6.3;2.3 Magnetic Hysteresis;26
6.4;2.4 Grain Size Effects;27
6.5;2.5 Summary of Magnetic Parameters and Terminology;31
6.6;2.6 Enviromagnetic Parameters;33
6.7;2.7 Magnetic Units;40
6.8;2.8 Putting It All Together;42
7;CHAPTER 3. ENVIROMAGNETIC MINERALS;44
7.1;3.1 Introduction;44
7.2;3.2 Iron Oxides;45
7.3;3.3 Iron Oxyhydroxides;54
7.4;3.4 Iron Sulfides;54
7.5;3.5 Iron Carbonate;55
7.6;3.6 Some Examples;56
7.7;3.7 Room-Temperature Biplots ;60
8;CHAPTER 4. MEASUREMENT AND TECHNIQUES;63
8.1;4.1 Introduction;63
8.2;4.2 Measurement of Magnetic Parameters;63
8.3;4.3 Magnetic Parameters Used in Environmental Studies;81
8.4;4.4 Magnetic Parameters Unmixed;91
9;CHAPTER 5. PROCESSES AND PATHWAYS;97
9.1;5.1 Introduction;97
9.2;5.2 Soils and Paleosols;101
9.3;5.3 Marine Sediments;109
9.4;5.4 Rivers and Lakes;116
10;CHAPTER 6. TIME;124
10.1;6.1 Introduction;124
10.2;6.2 Temporal Characteristics of the Geomagnetic Field;130
10.3;6.3 Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy;143
10.4;6.4 Milankovitch Cycles;146
11;CHAPTER 7. MAGNETOCLIMATOLOGY AND PAST GLOBAL CHANGE;149
11.1;7.1 Introduction;149
11.2;7.2 Loess;149
11.3;7.3 Lake Sediments;172
11.4;7.4 Marine Sediments;177
12;CHAPTER 8. MASS TRANSPORT;187
12.1;8.1 Introduction;187
12.2;8.2 Dust Flux and Climate;187
12.3;8.3 Erosion and Sediment Yield;189
12.4;8.4 Permeating Fluids;192
12.5;8.5 Oceanic and Atmospheric Circulation;195
13;CHAPTER 9. MAGNETISM IN THE BIOSPHERE;198
13.1;9.1 Introduction;198
13.2;9.2 Biomineralization;201
13.3;9.3 Bacterial Magnetism;202
13.4;9.4 Other Organisms;219
14;CHAPTER 10. MAGNETIC MONITORING OF POLLUTION;224
14.1;10.1 Introduction;224
14.2;10.2 Soil Contamination;226
14.3;10.3 Rivers, Lakes, and Harbors;231
14.4;10.4 Atmospheric Contaminants;238
14.5;10.5 Roadside Pollution;240
14.6;10.6 Pneumomagnetism;242
15;CHAPTER 11. ARCHEOLOGICAL AND EARLY HOMINID ENVIRONMENTS;244
15.1;11.1 Introduction;244
15.2;11.2 Archeological Soils;245
15.3;11.3 Archeological Magnetic Prospection Surveys;248
15.4;11.4 Economy, Industry, and Art;252
15.5;11.5 Speleomagnetism;254
15.6;11.6 Hominid Evolution;256
16;CHAPTER 12. OUR PLANETARY MAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT;258
16.1;12.1 Introduction;258
16.2;12.2 The Geomagnetic Field;259
16.3;12.3 The Magnetosphere;262
17;Appendix;266
18;Glossary;267
19;References;274
20;Index;302
21;List of Volumes in the Series;308
22;Color Plate Section;314