Evans / Kenning Craniopharyngiomas

Comprehensive Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-416723-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 612 Seiten

Craniopharyngiomas: A Comprehensive Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome is a comprehensive guide to the science, diagnosis and treatment of craniopharyngiomas, rare brain tumors that grow near the pituitary gland. Even though these tumors are generally benign, due to the location, prognosis was often bleak. This reference provides a resource for specialists requiring a comprehensive overview of this rare form of tumor, outlining new diagnostic, imaging and surgical techniques, including endoscopic endonasal cranial base surgery, which enable successful neurosurgical intervention. With a better prognosis, patients require multidisciplinary management from neurology, otolaryngology, radiation oncology, endocrinology, and neuropathology. - The only comprehensive guide to the science, diagnosis and treatment of craniopharyngiomas - Includes multidisciplinary management from neurology, otolaryngology, radiation oncology, endocrinology, and neuropathology - Detailed coverage of the impacts of new diagnostic, imaging and neurosurgical techniques including endoscopic endonasal cranial base surgery

Autoren/Hrsg.

Evans, James J.

Kenning, Tyler J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front
Cover;1
2;CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS: COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
AND OUTCOME;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Dedications;6
5;Contents;8
6;List of Contributors;12
7;Foreword;16
8;Preface;18
9;SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION;20
9.1;Chapter 1 - Introduction;22
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;22
9.1.2;EPIDEMIOLOGY;22
9.1.3;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;23
9.1.4;HISTORY;25
9.1.5;PRESENTATION AND THE MODERN DISEASE COURSE;29
9.1.6;CONCLUSION;31
9.1.7;References;31
9.2;Chapter 2 - Craniopharyngiomas: Anatomical Considerations;34
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;34
9.2.2;ANATOMY OF THE CRANIAL BASE;36
9.2.3;VASCULAR RELATIONSHIPS;51
9.2.4;CISTERNAL, NEURAL, AND VENTRICULAR ANATOMY;60
9.2.5;ANATOMY OF SURGICAL APPROACHES FOR CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS;66
9.2.6;References;75
9.3;Chapter 3 - Imaging of Craniopharyngiomas and Radiologic Differential Diagnosis;78
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;78
9.3.2;IMAGING – GENERAL CONCEPTS;81
9.3.3;LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION;89
9.3.4;ADAMANTINOMATOUS CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA;90
9.3.5;PAPILLARY CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA;92
9.3.6;UNUSUAL LOCATIONS OF CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA;93
9.3.7;RATHKE CLEFT CYST;94
9.3.8;RADIOLOGIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS;98
9.3.9;VASCULAR PEDICLE NASOSEPTAL FLAP;107
9.3.10;CONCLUSION;110
9.3.11;References;110
9.4;Chapter 4 - Craniopharyngioma: Embryology, Pathology, and Molecular Aspects;114
9.4.1;DEFINITION AND EMBRYOGENESIS;114
9.4.2;PATHOLOGY;115
9.4.3;MOLECULAR GENETICS;120
9.4.4;References;121
10;SECTION 2 MEDICAL EVALUATION;126
10.1;Chapter 5 - Craniopharyngioma: Neuroendocrine Evaluation and Management;128
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;128
10.1.2;PREVALENCE OF NEUROENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION;128
10.1.3;CLINICAL FEATURES AND FINDINGS;130
10.1.4;DIAGNOSIS;131
10.1.5;MANAGEMENT;134
10.1.6;SUMMARY – FUTURE DIRECTIONS;136
10.1.7;References;137
10.2;Chapter 6 - Neuro-Ophthalmic Manifestations of Craniopharyngiomas;140
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;140
10.2.2;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE VISUAL SYMPTOMS;141
10.2.3;SUMMARY;151
10.2.4;References;152
11;SECTION 3 SURGICAL APPROACHES;154
11.1;Chapter 7 - Surgical Approaches: Introduction and Outcomes;156
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;156
11.1.2;OUTCOMES;160
11.1.3;References;167
11.2;Chapter 8 - Endoscopic Resection of Craniopharyngiomas;174
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;174
11.2.2;ENDOSCOPIC OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE;174
11.2.3;OUTCOMES;180
11.2.4;CONCLUSION;181
11.2.5;References;181
11.3;Chapter 9 - The Microscopic Transsphenoidal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas;184
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;184
11.3.2;RATIONALE FOR CHOICE OF SURGICAL APPROACH;185
11.3.3;TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACH;185
11.3.4;SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;189
11.3.5;POST-OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS AND OUTCOMES;195
11.3.6;PROSPECTS;197
11.3.7;References;198
11.4;Chapter 10 - Pterional Approach for the Resection of Craniopharyngioma;202
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;202
11.4.2;PTERIONAL CRANIOTOMY;203
11.4.3;PTURBO PTERIONAL;203
11.4.4;ILLUSTRATIVE CASE;208
11.4.5;EXPERIENCE;208
11.4.6;References;210
11.5;Chapter 11 - The Frontolateral Approach to Adult Craniopharyngiomas;212
11.5.1;SURGICAL ANATOMY;212
11.5.2;PRE-OPERATIVE STUDIES;213
11.5.3;GOALS OF SURGERY;214
11.5.4;CHOICE OF OPERATIVE APPROACH;214
11.5.5;FRONTOLATERAL APPROACH;215
11.5.6;CLOSURE;218
11.5.7;COMPLICATIONS;218
11.5.8;OUR SERIES;219
11.5.9;CONCLUSIONS;224
11.5.10;Acknowledgments;224
11.5.11;References;224
11.6;Chapter 12 - Supraorbital Eyebrow Approach for Craniopharyngiomas;226
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;226
11.6.2;CLINICAL HISTORY;227
11.6.3;PHYSICAL EXAMINATION;227
11.6.4;INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS;227
11.6.5;PREOPERATIVE PLANNING;228
11.6.6;SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;228
11.6.7;POST-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT;231
11.6.8;COMPLICATIONS;231
11.6.9;RESULTS;232
11.6.10;SURGICAL PEARLS;234
11.6.11;PITFALLS;235
11.6.12;References;236
11.7;Chapter 13 - Surgical Approaches: Transcortical-Transventricular Removal of Craniopharyngioma;238
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;238
11.7.2;HISTORY;239
11.7.3;SURGICAL APPROACHES;239
11.7.4;OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE;241
11.7.5;TRANSCALLOSAL-TRANSVENTRICULAR APPROACH;245
11.7.6;COMPLICATIONS;246
11.7.7;SUMMARY;247
11.7.8;Acknowledgments;247
11.7.9;References;247
11.8;Chapter 14 - Petrosal Approach for Retrochiasmatic Craniopharyngiomas;250
11.8.1;INTRODUCTION;250
11.8.2;NEUROIMAGING EVALUATION;252
11.8.3;SURGICAL APPROACHES;252
11.8.4;PATIENT SELECTION;254
11.8.5;SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;254
11.8.6;COMPLICATION MANAGEMENT;261
11.8.7;References;262
11.9;Chapter 15 - Endoscopic Transventricular Approach to Craniopharyngiomas;266
11.9.1;INTRODUCTION;266
11.9.2;INDICATIONS;266
11.9.3;SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;270
11.9.4;COMPLICATIONS;275
11.9.5;CONCLUSION;276
11.9.6;References;276
11.10;Chapter 16 - Surgical Approaches: Ommaya Reservoir for Cystic Craniopharyngiomas;278
11.10.1;INTRODUCTION;278
11.10.2;HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND ROLE OF CYST DRAINAGE;279
11.10.3;OUR SERIES;281
11.10.4;CASE ILLUSTRATIONS;284
11.10.5;CONCLUSION;287
11.10.6;References;287
11.11;Chapter 17 - Endonasal Resection of Craniopharyngiomas: Post-operative Management;290
11.11.1;BACKGROUND;290
11.11.2;GENERAL MEASURES;291
11.11.3;INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS;292
11.11.4;POST-OPERATIVE IMAGING;292
11.11.5;CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAK PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT;293
11.11.6;ADJUVANT THERAPIES;294
11.11.7;ENDOCRINE MANAGEMENT;295
11.11.8;CONCLUSIONS;296
11.11.9;References;296
11.12;Chapter 18 - Surgical Approaches: Complications of Surgical Management;300
11.12.1;INTRODUCTION;300
11.12.2;ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS;301
11.12.3;VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS;301
11.12.4;VISUAL LOSS;303
11.12.5;NEUROENDOCRINE COMPLICATIONS;307
11.12.6;APPROACH-SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS;314
11.12.7;PERI-OPERATIVE MORTALITY;315
11.12.8;CONCLUSIONS – PRIMUM NON NOCERE;318
11.12.9;References;318
12;SECTION 4 RADIOTHERAPY;322
12.1;Chapter 19 - Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery for Craniopharyngiomas;324
12.1.1;OVERVIEW;324
12.1.2;GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;325
12.1.3;CONVENTIONAL RADIOTHERAPY;326
12.1.4;STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY (SRS);329
12.1.5;FRACTIONATED STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY (FSRT);333
12.1.6;PROTON BEAM;333
12.1.7;COMPLICATIONS OF RADIATION THERAPY;334
12.1.8;SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DEBATES;338
12.1.9;CONCLUSION;341
12.1.10;References;341
12.2;Chapter 20 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery as Part of Multimodality Craniopharyngioma Management;346
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;346
12.2.2;RADIATION THERAPY;347
12.2.3;STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY;348
12.2.4;INTRACAVITARY IRRADIATION;351
12.2.5;CONCLUSION;352
12.2.6;References;352
12.3;Chapter 21 - Linear Accelerator-Based Fractionated Radiotherapy;354
12.3.1;PRINCIPLES OF FRACTIONATED RADIOTHERAPY (FRT);354
12.3.2;EVOLUTION OF FRACTIONATED RADIOTHERAPY TECHNOLOGY;356
12.3.3;CURRENT FRACTIONATED RADIOTHERAPY TECHNIQUE;358
12.3.4;LONG-TERM OUTCOMES WITH FRACTIONATED RADIOTHERAPY;360
12.3.5;FOLLOW-UP RECOMMENDATIONS;362
12.3.6;References;363
12.4;Chapter 22 - The Role of Proton Therapy in the Treatment of Craniopharyngioma;366
12.4.1;DOSIMETRIC RATIONALE FOR PROTON THERAPY;369
12.4.2;CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND OUTCOMES;371
12.4.3;TOXICITY OUTCOMES;372
12.4.4;PREPARATION FOR PROTON THERAPY;376
12.4.5;PROTON THERAPY TECHNIQUES;378
12.4.6;SUMMARY;381
12.4.7;Acknowledgments;382
12.4.8;References;382
12.5;Chapter 23 - Craniopharyngioma: Radiation Toxicities;384
12.5.1;INTRODUCTION;384
12.5.2;ACUTE;385
12.5.3;SUB-ACUTE;385
12.5.4;LATE EFFECTS;386
12.5.5;CONCLUSION;401
12.5.6;References;402
13;SECTION 5 INTRACAVITARY THERAPY;408
13.1;Chapter 24 - Intracavitary Therapy: Radioisotopes 32P, 90Y, and 186Re;410
13.1.1;INDICATIONS FOR INTRACAVITARY THERAPY;411
13.1.2;SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;411
13.1.3;OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS;415
13.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;419
13.1.5;References;420
13.2;Chapter 25 - Intracavitary Therapy: Intracavitary Chemotherapy;424
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;424
13.2.2;PATHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS;425
13.2.3;INTRACYSTIC DEVICES;425
13.2.4;INTRACYSTIC BLEOMYCIN;427
13.2.5;INTRACYSTIC INTERFERON ALPHA;431
13.2.6;CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;432
13.2.7;References;433
14;SECTION 6 MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENCE;436
14.1;Chapter 26 - Management of the Recurrence of Craniopharyngiomas;438
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;438
14.1.2;RECURRENCE;439
14.1.3;TREATMENT;440
14.1.4;OUTCOMES;442
14.1.5;CONCLUSION;442
14.1.6;References;442
15;SECTION 7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS;446
15.1;Chapter 27 - Craniopharyngioma – Pediatric Management;448
15.1.1;INTRODUCTION;448
15.1.2;EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY;448
15.1.3;CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS;449
15.1.4;IMAGING STUDIES;450
15.1.5;TREATMENT STRATEGIES;452
15.1.6;SEQUELAE;455
15.1.7;ADULT-ONSET CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA;465
15.1.8;QUESTIONS AND TREATMENT PERSPECTIVES;465
15.1.9;CONCLUSIONS;468
15.1.10;References;469
15.2;Chapter 28 - Surgery of Craniopharyngiomas in Children;478
15.2.1;INTRODUCTION;478
15.2.2;INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY;479
15.2.3;PATHOLOGY;479
15.2.4;CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION;480
15.2.5;STAGING;482
15.2.6;MANAGEMENT;483
15.2.7;NEUROSURGICAL TREATMENT;485
15.2.8;TRANSCRANIAL APPROACHES;486
15.2.9;TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACH;489
15.2.10;NEUROSURGICAL TREATMENT OF CYSTIC CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS;490
15.2.11;ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY IN CHILDREN;492
15.2.12;OUTCOME;492
15.2.13;CONCLUSION;493
15.2.14;References;493
15.3;Chapter 29 - Pediatric Radiation;498
15.3.1;SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHILDREN;498
15.3.2;MANAGEMENT OPTIONS/TREATMENT GOALS;499
15.3.3;IMMOBILIZATION/ANESTHESIA;500
15.3.4;RADIATION ONCOLOGY MODALITIES;501
15.3.5;CLINICAL TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES;506
15.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;508
15.3.7;References;508
15.4;Chapter 30 - Management of Giant Craniopharyngiomas;510
15.4.1;PRE-OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS;511
15.4.2;SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS;512
15.4.3;SURGICAL OUTCOMES;515
15.4.4;CONCLUSION;518
15.4.5;Acknowledgment;518
15.4.6;References;518
15.5;Chapter 31 - Ectopic Occurrence of Craniopharyngiomas;520
15.5.1;INTRODUCTION;520
15.5.2;EPIDEMIOLOGY;520
15.5.3;CLINICAL PRESENTATION;521
15.5.4;DIAGNOSIS;521
15.5.5;PATHOLOGY;522
15.5.6;EMBRYOLOGY;522
15.5.7;ECTOPIC CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS;522
15.5.8;CONCLUSIONS;527
15.5.9;References;527
15.6;Chapter 32 - Malignant Transformation of Craniopharyngioma;530
15.6.1;INTRODUCTION;530
15.6.2;MALIGNANT CHANGES IN CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA;532
15.6.3;CLINICAL FEATURES;539
15.6.4;PATHOLOGY;540
15.6.5;MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME;543
15.6.6;PATHOGENESIS OF MALIGNANCY IN CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS;544
15.6.7;CONCLUSION;547
15.6.8;Acknowledgment;547
15.6.9;References;547
16;SECTION 8 CONTROVERSIES;554
16.1;Chapter 33 - Incomplete Resection of Craniopharyngiomas;556
16.1.1;References;559
16.2;Chapter 34 - Complete Resection of Craniopharyngiomas;564
16.2.1;EFFECT OF EXTENT OF RESECTION ON RECURRENCE AND SURVIVAL;565
16.2.2;LIMITATIONS OF COMPARING SURGICAL APPROACHES FOR CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS;567
16.2.3;EFFECT OF EXTENT OF RESECTION ON SECONDARY OUTCOMES AND MORBIDITY;567
16.2.4;EXTENT OF RESECTION FOR TUMORS INVOLVING THE HYPOTHALAMUS;569
16.2.5;EXTENT OF RESECTION FOR TUMORS NOT INVOLVING THE HYPOTHALAMUS;570
16.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;571
16.2.7;References;571
16.3;Chapter 35 - Controversies: Extended Endoscopic vs. Open Transcranial Approaches;574
16.3.1;INTRODUCTION;574
16.3.2;THE INTRODUCTION OF ENDOSCOPY: A GAME CHANGER;575
16.3.3;THE SHORTCOMINGS OF ENDOSCOPY;577
16.3.4;ENDOSCOPY-ASSISTED MICROSCOPIC EXTENDED TRANSSPHENOIDAL RESECTION;579
16.3.5;OPEN TRANSCRANIAL APPROACHES;579
16.3.6;MINIMALLY INVASIVE TRANSCRANIAL APPROACHES;582
16.3.7;DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSCRANIAL APPROACHES;582
16.3.8;CONCLUSION;582
16.3.9;References;583
16.4;Chapter 36 - Controversies: Endoscopic Resection;586
16.4.1;INTRODUCTION;586
16.4.2;SURGICAL APPROACH;587
16.4.3;TRANSCRANIAL VS. TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACH;588
16.4.4;ENDOSCOPIC VS. MICROSCOPIC TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACHES;590
16.4.5;GROSS TOTAL RESECTION VS. SUBTOTAL RESECTION AND RADIATION;591
16.4.6;ENDOSCOPIC CLOSURES: WHICH TECHNIQUE IS BEST?;593
16.4.7;THE USE OF LUMBAR DRAINS;595
16.4.8;CONCLUSIONS;596
16.4.9;References;596
17;Index;600

Leseproben

List of Contributors

Paulo Abdo do Seixo Kadri,     Department de Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande-Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Matthew A. Adamo,     Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA

Jennifer Adamski,     Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Osama Al-Mefty,     Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Arif N. Ali,     Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Kristian Aquilina,     Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

James A. Balogun,     Division of Neurosurgery, the Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Garni Barkhoudarian,     Brain Tumor Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA

Ute Bartels,     Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Wenya Linda Bi,     Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Eric Bouffet,     Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Julie A. Bradley,     University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Henry Brem,     Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Paolo Cappabianca,     Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

Ricardo L. Carrau,     Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

William T. Couldwell,     Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Walter J. Curran,     Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Maria Laura Del Basso De Caro,     Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

Dale Ding,     Lars Leksell Gamma Knife Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Alberto Di Somma,     Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

Leo F.S. Ditzel Filho,     Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

Brian J. Dlouhy

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA

Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Ian F. Dunn,     Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

James J. Evans

Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA

Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Manuel Ferreira Jr. ,     Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA

David P. Friedman,     Jefferson Medical College and Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Takeshi Funaki,     Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Ashish R. Gandhe,     Jefferson Medical College and Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Ravi H. Gandhi,     Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA

M. Reid Gooch,     Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA

Daniel J. Indelicato,     University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA

George Jallo,     Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Ali O. Jamshidi,     Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

John Jane Jr. ,     Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Rachel Jimenez,     Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

David Jones,     Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/Affiliated Pathology Services, Albany Medical College/Center Hospital, Albany, NY, USA

Daniel F. Kelly,     Brain Tumor Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA

Tyler J. Kenning,     Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA

Edward E. Kerr,     Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

Irene Kim

Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Anne Klibanski

Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Douglas Kondziolka,     Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Khaled M. Krisht,     Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Edward R. Laws Jr. ,     Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Cheng-Chia Lee,     Lars Leksell Gamma Knife Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Robert G. Louis

Brain Tumor Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA

Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada

L. Dade Lunsford,     Center for Image Guided Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Shannon M. MacDonald

Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Alessandra Mantovani,     Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA

Konstantinos Margetis

Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Department of Neurological Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Luigi Maria Cavallo,     Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

Carolina Martins,     Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Heather J. McCrea,     Departments of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA

Gautam U. Mehta

Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Edward A. Monaco III ,     Center for Image Guided Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Hermann...