(ETUI) Migration Waves in Eastern Europe [1990-2015]

A Selection from 16 Years of SEER
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-8452-7939-8
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 325 Seiten

Reihe: Sonderheft SEER

Die Artikel des Sonderbandes befassen sich mit unterschiedlichen Ost-West-Migrationswellen der letzten 20 Jahre. Gastarbeiter aus der Türkei und Jugoslawien, Flüchtlingswellen im Balkankrieg nach Europa, Migration und ethnische Konflikte an den Randgebieten der ehemaligen Sowjetunion und Arbeitskräftemobilität innerhalb eines vereinten Europas sind die wichtigsten Themenfelder. Mit Rückblick auf die Herausforderungen der letzten 20 Jahre erkennt man viele Gemeinsamkeiten mit den heutigen Problemen. Die Frage stellt sich nun: Hat Europa etwas aus der jüngsten Geschichte gelernt?
Mit Beiträgen von:
Prof. William Bagatelas; Martin Baldwin-Edwards, Dr. Jens Becker, Ass.Prof. Dr. Biljana Cavkoska, PhD; Prof. Dr. Birsen Ersel; Evangelos Evangelou; Dr. Deniz Genc; Stella Georgieva; Ágnes Hárs, PhD; Susanne Huth; Violeta Ivanova; Prof. Dr. Marion Moehle; Giacomo Morabito, PhD; Angela Munteanu; Prof. Dr. Rossitsa Rangelova; Dr. Lela Rekhviashvili, PhD; Dr. Anna Rocheva; Viorel Rotila, PhD; Stefano Ruvolo; Prof. Bruno Sergi; Arben Tabaku, MSc; Prof. Dr. Ilia Telo; Prof. Katia Vladimirova; Prof. Dr. Drenka Vukovic; Dr. Chris F. Wright; Dr. Kerstin Zimmer, PhD.

Autoren/Hrsg.

(ETUI), European Trade Union Institute

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2; Waves of migration from south-east Europe to the EU, as documented in 16 years of the South-East Europe Review;8
3; Employment structure, Migration and the informal economy in Albania;16
3.1; Introduction;16
3.2; Overall employment structure;16
3.3; Population, employment and migratory trends;17
3.4; The problem of emigration;20
3.5; The informal economy;21
3.6; Conclusions;21
4; The Labour Market Aspects of Migration between Italy and the Balkans;24
4.1; The Adriatic: a large river;25
4.2; Where do immigrants work in Italy?;27
4.3; Unemployment and immigration;28
5; Global asylum flows in the context of EU enlargement: The consequences of the safe third country rule;34
5.1; Introduction;34
5.2; Recent developments in global asylum flows and the European context: an overview;34
5.3; Trends in six countries in central and south-eastern Europe: illegal immigration and asylum applications;35
5.3.1; Poland;35
5.3.2; Hungary;36
5.3.3; Czech Republic;37
5.3.4; Slovak Republic;38
5.3.5; Romania;39
5.3.6; Bulgaria;39
5.3.6.1; The safe third country rule and the consequences for EU enlargement;40
5.3.6.2; On the way to a European asylum regime: problems of transition;41
6; Hungarian emigration and immigration perspectives – some economic considerations;46
6.1; Introduction;46
6.2; Indicators in the estimation of economic migration;48
6.2.1; Who are the actors in international migration?;48
6.2.2; The basic driver of migration: differences in earnings;48
6.2.3; Risk as a burden on and an incentive for migration;48
6.2.4; The importance of networks in migration;49
6.2.5; Regulations influencing migration;49
6.2.6; Time horizons of migration;49
6.3; Expected emigration from Hungary;51
6.3.1; Basic drivers of emigration: differences in wages versus living standards (W);51
6.3.1.1; Short-term commuting-type migration incentives: differences in wages based on exchange rates (Wc);51
6.3.1.2; Long-term permanent-type migration: differences in living standards as measured by GDP at purchasing power parity (Wp);52
6.3.2; Risks of migration in the home and the destination countries (Rk);53
6.3.2.1; Sufficient gain to compensate for the expected risk of commuting (Rkc);53
6.3.2.2; The expected stability of the domestic economy (Rkp);54
6.3.3; Contact networks and family strategies (N);55
6.3.4; Influence of regulations (R);56
6.3.4.1; Over-taxation in the sending country – undocumented economy in the receiving country (Rc);57
6.3.4.2; Corporate system – protectionism in the labour markets of the receiving countries (Rp);57
6.4; Expected immigration into Hungary;57
6.4.1; Basic drivers of emigration: differences in wages versus living standards (W);58
6.4.1.1; Short-term commuting-type migration incentives: differences in wages at exchange rates (Wc);58
6.4.1.2; Long-term permanent-type migration: differences in living standards measured by GDP at purchasing power parity (Wp);59
6.4.2; Risk of migration in the home and destination countries (Rk);59
6.4.2.1; Sufficient gain to compensate the expected risk of commuting (Rkc);59
6.4.2.2; The expected stability of the domestic economy (Rkp);59
6.4.3; Contact networks and family strategies (N);60
6.4.4; Influence of regulation (R);60
6.4.4.1; Undocumented economy in the receiving country (Rc);60
6.4.4.2; Entry regulations, migration policy (Rp);61
6.5; Some final conclusions;61
7; The position and problems of refugees in Serbia;66
7.1; Introduction;66
7.2; Demographic characteristics of refugees in Serbia;66
7.3; Refugees by former place of residence;68
7.4; Social position of refugees;70
7.5; Refugees’ needs and their uncertain future;72
8; Moldova without Moldovans: labour emigration – a loss or a gain?;76
8.1; Introduction;76
8.2; Private and ownerless;77
8.3; Public and predatory;78
8.4; Labour – ‘made in Moldova’;78
8.5; Conclusion;80
9; The social and political problems raised by the emigration of Turkish workers;82
9.1; Introduction;82
9.1.1; 1. General outlook;82
9.1.2; 2. The migration event and related social developments;83
9.1.3; 3. Causes of worker migration;84
9.1.3.1; a) Unemployment;84
9.1.3.2; b) Inequalities in the distribution of income;86
9.1.4; 4. General evaluation of approaches to the problems of worker migration during the period of the Five-Year development plans;87
9.1.4.1; a) First Five-Year Development Plan;87
9.1.4.2; b) Second Five-Year Development Plan;87
9.1.4.3; c) Third Five-Year Development Plan;88
9.1.4.4; d) Fourth Five-Year Development Plan;89
9.1.4.5; e) Fifth Five-Year Development Plan;90
9.1.4.6; f) Sixth Five-Year Development Plan;90
9.1.4.7; g) Seventh Five-Year Development Plan;91
9.1.5; 5. What have been the effects of migration?;92
9.1.6; 6. Characteristics of returning workers;93
9.1.6.1; a) Levels of education and training;93
9.1.6.2; b) Location of residence;93
9.1.6.3; c) Age groups;94
9.1.7; 7. Economic benefit from workers’ migration;94
9.1.7.1; a) Village development co-operatives;94
9.1.7.2; b) Workers’ companies;95
9.2; Conclusions;95
10; The Balkans ‘brain drain’ – its meaning and implications;98
10.1; Introduction;98
10.2; The logic of the ‘brain drain’ in Europe;99
10.3; Conclusions;102
11; Sustainable development and emigration: the contemporary Balkans and the European Union;104
11.1; The European Union’s relations with south-east Europe;106
11.2; The Thessaloniki Summit, 2003;107
11.3; Migration and economic development;108
12; Migration from central and eastern Europe: the case of Bulgaria;110
12.1; Introduction;110
12.2; Scale of migration from Bulgaria since 1989;111
12.3; Reasons for migration;111
12.4; Profile of potential emigrants from Bulgaria;114
12.5; Geographical destination of Bulgarian migrants;119
12.6; Labour market participation of emigrants from Bulgaria;123
12.6.1; Differences between Bulgarian emigrants in Greece and SpainMarkova, E (2004). The authors of this article know Dr. Markova from the commencement of her study, when she was a postgraduate student at the University of Athens (Greece) using a scholarship under the PHARE-ACE programme. We met her in 1997 in Athens, when she carried out the first stage of the survey. It should be stressed that the surveys conducted by Dr. Markova are unique and valuable studies of Bulgarian migrants although they are not statistically representative and thus serve mainly as an illustration of the processes of migration.;123
12.6.1.1; Statistics on Bulgarian emigrants in the two countries;123
12.6.1.2; The profile of interviewed migrants;124
12.7; Consequences of migration for Bulgaria;126
12.7.1; Economic;126
12.7.2; Positive;126
12.7.2.1; Money transfer (remittances) to relatives in Bulgaria;126
12.7.2.2; Moderation of labour market problems;127
12.7.2.3; Higher professional qualifications and labour market participation;127
12.7.2.4; Better prosperity;127
12.7.2.5; A more realistic idea of their own country;127
12.7.2.6; Emigrants form a Bulgarian lobby abroad;127
12.7.3; Negative;128
12.7.3.1; Lower return on investment in public education;128
12.7.3.2; Marginal impact of remittances on economic growth;128
12.7.3.3; Less tax returns in the country;128
12.7.3.4; Reduced rents from innovation;128
12.7.3.5; Undesirable specialisation of economic activity in the country of origin;129
12.7.3.6; Negative effects on entrepreneurship and business creation;129
12.7.3.7; Migration practice and demotivation;129
12.8; Demographic consequences;129
12.9; Social consequences;130
12.9.1; For parents;131
12.9.1.1; Impact on children;131
12.10; Concluding remarks;131
12.10.1; In terms of information on migration;131
12.10.2; In terms of migration policy;132
13; Migrations of the labour force from Serbia;134
13.1; Introduction;134
13.1.1; Migration background;134
13.2; Negative impacts of the transition crisis;135
13.3; Highly-skilled migration;137
13.4; Usage of the intellectual diaspora;140
13.5; Future trends in external migrations;142
13.6; Conclusion;144
14; Migration between Greece and Turkey: from the ‘Exchange of Populations’ to the non-recognition of borders;146
14.1; The Asia Minor atrocities and the ‘Exchange of Populations’;146
14.2; After Lausanne…;147
14.3; Illegal transit migration through Turkey into Greece;149
14.4; Distinguishing asylum-seekers from illegal migrants;150
14.5; Greek-Turkish rapprochement;151
14.6; The primacy of inter-state relations in migration management;152
15; The impact of the migration of health care workers on the countries involved: the Romanian situation;156
15.1; Introduction;156
15.2; The EU situation;157
15.3; Case study: Romania;157
15.4; Summary;167
15.4.1; The study on The quality of the professional life of health care employees and migration trends, 2006 showed the following conclusions:;167
15.4.2; The Quality of the professional life of health care employees and migration trends, 2006 study showed these main points:;168
15.4.3; The Consequences of health care workers’ migration from Romania: health care managers’ prospects, 2007 study indicated the following highlights:We should mention here that, despite the research being developed in conjunction with the Department of Heath, all parties having access to the totality of information developed, the Ministry does not recognise the results of the study: the Minister of Health, Mr. Eugen Nicolaescu, stated in the media that the study was inaccurate. This contradiction between the data shown by the studies and the statements of politicians concerning the state of the health care system comes from the desire to create a better image of the system than is actually the case, as well as from the economic interests of the politicians in this area.;168
15.5; The causes of migration;169
15.5.1; Decisive factors;169
15.5.2; Push factors;169
15.5.3; Pull factors;170
15.5.4; Facilitative and discouraging factors;170
15.5.5; Facilitative factors;170
15.5.6; Discouraging factors;171
15.5.7; The theoretical model;172
15.5.8; The effects of migration;174
15.5.9; The effects on departing countries;174
15.5.10; A decrease in the level of professional training of staff remaining in the country;174
15.5.11; Effects on society’s need for a functioning health care system capable of ensuring quality health care services;174
15.5.12; ‘Loss’ of investment made in the training of departed staff;175
15.5.13; Loss of important human resources, the training of which takes several years;175
15.5.14; The effect on destination countries;177
15.6; Trends;178
15.7; Practical policies;179
15.8; Conclusions;181
16; Ethnic Albanian rings of organised criminals and the trafficking and smuggling of human beings: an international, regional and local perspective;184
16.1; Introduction;184
16.2; Ethnic Albanian OC groups involved in the trafficking and smuggling of human beings;187
16.2.1; Modus operandi;188
16.2.2; Legitimisation of illegal proceeds;189
16.2.3; Re-trafficking and internal trafficking;190
16.2.4; Trafficking of women;190
16.3; Related offences to trafficking in human beings;191
16.4; Related offences to the smuggling of human beingsCriminal offences related to the smuggling of human beings are stipulated in Articles 297 (Illegal Border Crossing) and 298 (Providing Assistance for Illegal Border Crossing) of the Albanian Criminal Code.;192
16.5; Trafficking and smuggling routes;192
16.6; International dimension of Albanian OC groups;193
16.7; Some recommendations;194
17; Labour migration from east to west in the context of European Union integration;196
17.1; Introduction;196
17.2; Population mobility from the ‘new’ to the ‘old’ EU countries;197
17.3; Economic effects of immigrants on the host EU country’s labour market;203
17.4; Migration and its consequences for the sending country’s labour market;205
17.5; Labour immigration in the new EU member states;210
17.6; Labour migration policies in the EU;212
17.7; Concluding remarks;217
18; The regulation of European labour mobility: National policy responses to the free movement of labour transition arrangements of recent EU enlargements;220
18.1; Introduction;220
18.2; Policy responses of EU member states to the 2004 enlargement;222
18.2.1; Strategic interactions between member states;222
18.2.2; Domestic state structures and political pressures;226
18.2.3; Structural economic factors;230
18.3; Policy responses of EU member states to the 2007 enlargement;233
18.3.1; The fallout from A8 enlargement and ‘policy spillovers’;234
18.3.2; Domestic political pressures;235
18.3.3; Economic factors;238
18.4; Conclusion;239
19; A paradox in EU migration management;242
19.1; Introduction;242
19.2; Security and securitisation;243
19.3; Migration to Europe;246
19.4; The securitisation of migration in the European Union;248
19.4.1; Migration versus internal security;249
19.4.2; Migration versus cultural security;250
19.4.3; Migration versus welfare systems;251
19.5; Conclusion;252
20; Adaptation of labour migrants as a function of social management;254
20.1; Introduction;254
20.2; Material and methods;255
20.3; Theoretical basis of research into adaptation;257
20.4; Research results;260
20.5; Conclusions;262
21; The implementation of migration policy in Ukraine: autonomous or directed?;264
21.1; Introduction;264
21.2; Transit migration and immigration to Ukraine;266
21.3; Ukrainian refugee policy;267
21.4; Problems of refugees in Ukraine;269
21.5; Xenophobia and racism;270
21.6; Conclusion;272
22; Survival strategies of the poor and marginalised – The case of internally displaced people in Georgia;276
22.1; Introduction;276
22.2; Data and limitations of the research;277
22.3; Transformation and socio-economic developments;278
22.4; Internally displaced people and continued vulnerability;279
22.5; Coping strategies of internally displaced people;280
22.5.1; Circumstances which shape coping strategies;280
22.5.2; Hope of return;281
22.5.3; Expectations of the government;282
22.5.4; Attitudes towards internally displaced people and the problems of integration;283
22.6; Existing coping strategies;285
22.6.1; Occupational choices and income generation and social networks;285
22.6.2; Trade and services;286
22.6.3; Emigration;286
22.6.4; International aid and civic activism;287
22.6.5; Social networks;287
22.7; Conclusion;288
23; Freedom of movement of workers as a condition for implementing the Europe 2020 strategy for employment and growth;290
23.1; Introduction;290
23.2; Free movement of workers in the EU – what does it mean?;291
23.2.1; Direct effect of Article 39 TEC;291
23.2.2; Rights of migrant workers;292
23.3; The problems with EU worker mobility over the years;292
23.4; The EU 2020 Strategy for Employment and Growth;293
23.5; How will freedom of movement of workers influence the goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy for Employment and Growth?;295
24; Information bridge: Bulgaria-Cyprus – Trade union co-operation for immigrant labour rights;300
24.1; Introduction;300
24.2; Information Bridge project;301
24.3; General characteristics of the study;302
24.3.1; Methodology of study, target groups;303
24.4; Results from the study on the problems of Bulgarian workers in Cyprus;303
24.4.1; Overall duration of working time;303
24.4.2; Working conditions and payment;305
24.4.2.1; Annual paid leave;305
24.4.2.2; Levels of payment;305
24.4.2.3; Termination of the employment relationship;306
24.5; Main conclusions from the survey of the attitudes and opinions of Bulgarian workers;306
24.6; Results of the survey of the attitudes, motives and needs of Cypriot employers in hiring foreign workers, and Bulgarian citizens in particular;307
25; Migration and remittances: the rise and fall of Albania and Kosovo;310
25.1; Introduction;310
25.2; Migration flows: between the past and the future;311
25.3; High unemployment: a threat to the Albanian economy;315
25.4; The Keynes solution;317
25.5; Conclusions;318
26; About the Authors;322