E-Book, Englisch, Band 58, 619 Seiten, eBook
Esser Progress in Botany
1997
ISBN: 978-3-642-60458-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, Band 58, 619 Seiten, eBook
ISBN: 978-3-642-60458-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
The present volume includes reviews on structural botany, plant taxonomy, physiology, genetics and geobotany.
Zielgruppe
Research
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
Review.- Fungal Genetics: From Fundamental Research to Biotechnology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Trends in Fundamental Research.- a) Chromosomal Genetics.- ?) Breeding Systems (first step, Fig. 1).- ?) Recombination (second step, Fig. 1).- ?) Gene Expression (third step, Fig. 1).- b) Extrachromosomal Genetics.- ?) Mitochondria (fourth step, Fig. 1).- ?) Plasmids (fifth step, Fig. 1).- ?) Genetic Engineering (sixth step, Fig. 1).- ?) General Importance.- 3. Trends in Biotechnology.- a) Chromosomal Genetics.- b) Extrachromosomal Genetics.- c) General Importance.- 4. Trends in the Future.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Morphogenesis and Cellular Differentiation.- a) New Aspects of Shape Determination: a Tubulin-Homologue in Bacteria.- b) “Two-Competing Site” (TCS) Model for Shape Regulation.- c) Caulobacter crescentus as Model Organism for Cellular Differentiation.- ?) Chemotactic Machinery.- ?) Assembly of the Flagellum.- ?) Regulation of Cell Division and Biosynthesis of Cell Appendages.- ?) Control of Chromosome Replication.- 2. New Aspects of Cellular Compartmentation: Influence of Membraneous Compartments on Enzyme Activity.- 3. New Aspects of the Structure of Polyhydroxyalcanoic Acid (PHA) Granules.- 4. Macromolecular Structures of the Cell Envelope.- a) New Aspects of S-Layer-Structure.- ?) S-Layer as Adhesion Site for Polymer-Degrading Exoenzymes.- ?) S-Layers as Molecular Sieves and Immobilization Structures for Macromolecules.- b) Two Unusual Filamentous Proteins of the Cell Envelope.- ?) Tetrabrachion.- ?) Omp?.- References.- II. Cell Morphogenesis of the Algae: Cell Coverings and Extracellular Mucilage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Locomotion and Adhesion.- a) Desmid Gliding and Rising.- b) Diatom Gliding and Stalk Formation.- 3. Cell Surface Modification and Cell-Cell Recognition.- a) Sexual Agglutination and Surface Motility in Chlamydomonas.- b) The Haptonema and Cell Surface Phenomena in Prymnesiophyte Algae.- c) Sexual Agglutination in Dinoflagellates.- d) Cell Surface Recognition During Red Algal Cell Repair.- e) Sperm/Egg Recognition and Fertilization-Induced Exocytosis in Phaeophyte Eggs.- f) Ejectisomes, Mucocysts, Red Algal Spermatangial Vesicles.- g) Cellular Adhesion Molecules (Algal-CAMs) in Volvox.- 4. Cell Wall.- a) Scales and Flagellar Hairs.- b) Silica Scale Case in the Synurophyceae.- c) Spine Scale Formation and Deployment in the Pedinellophyceae.- d) Calcified Scales in the Prymnesiophyceae.- e) Silica Wall Casings in Diatoms.- f) Glycoprotein Walls.- g) Mixed Polysaccharide Walls.- 5. Polarity, Morphogenesis, and Cell Fate.- a) Polarity and Cell Fate Determination in Phaeophyte Zygotes.- b) Putative Role of Actin in Cell Morphogenesis of Micrasterias.- c) Cell Wall Microfibril Orientation and Cell Expansion in Siphonoclads.- References.- III. Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Function of the Stem and Root of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interpretations of the Shoot (Organography).- 3. Shoot Architecture.- a) Patterns of Shoot Growth.- b) Biomechanics.- 4. Stem Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristems.- b) Structure and Function of Dicotyledons.- c) Structure and Function of Monocotyledons.- d) Parasitic Plants.- 5. Vascular Cambium and Secondary Growth.- 6. Root Architecture and Biomechanics.- 7. Root Anatomy and Function.- 8. Wood Anatomy.- 9. Hydraulic Conductivity.- a) Stems.- b) Roots.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. The in Situ Analysis of Intracellular Aluminium in Plants.- 1. Aluminium, Plant Growth, and Crop Productivity.- a) In Situ Analysis of Intracellular Al.- b) Might Intracellular Al Play a Direct Role in Al Toxicity?.- ?) Cell Biological Considerations.- ?) Whole Plant Physiological Objections.- c) Studying Early Effects at Low Exogenous Al Levels.- ?) Relevance of Initial Effects to Whole-Plant Response.- ?) Prolonged Al Exposure, Cell Damage, and Physiological Conditions.- d) Microlocalized Monitoring of Al Effects.- 2. Previous Studies of Intracellular Al.- a) Bulk Analysis of Tissues.- b) Staining and Fluorescent Microscopy.- c) Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis.- d) Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry.- 3. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.- a) Sensitivity.- b) Lateral Resolution.- ?) Designating SIMS Image Areas as Intracellular.- c) Quantification Methods.- d) Root Background, Trace Levels, and Contamination.- 4. Absorption of Al into Root Cells.- 5. Future Directions.- References.- II. Regulatory Interaction of Carbon- and Nitrogen Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Storage of C- and N Compounds May Buffer Fluctuations in C- and N Supply.- 3. How N Regulates C.- a) PEP Carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31).- ?) Regulation of PEPC Gene Expression.- ?) Allosteric Properties and Posttranslational Modulation of PEPC.- b) Sucrose Synthesis.- c) Starch Synthesis.- d) Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Cycle.- 4. How C Regulates N.- a) Nitrate Uptake.- b) Nitrate Reduction.- ?) Regulation of NR Gene Expression.- ?) Posttranslational Control of NR.- 5. Prospects.- References.- III. Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Plants: First Molecular Approaches.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.- 3. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in Plants.- a) Adenylation and Phosphorylation.- b) Reduction.- c) Cysteine Formation.- 4. Glutathione Synthesis.- a) The Pathway of Glutathione Synthesis.- b) Regulation of Glutathione Synthesis.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: The Carbon Metabolisms of Unstressed and Stressed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production of Photosynthate, and Some Comments on its Movement and Deposition.- a) RuBP Carboxylase.- b) Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes.- c) Plastids and Their Envelope Transporters.- d) Starch and Fructans.- e) Sucrose Production.- f) Sucrose Movement and Deposition.- g) Mitochondrial Respiration and Chlororespiration.- 3. The “Stress” of Inadequate CO2.- a) Uptake of Inorganic Carbon by Eukaryotic Cells.- b) C4 Plants.- c) Photorespiration.- d) Experiments with High-CO2 Atmospheres.- 4. Other Stresses, and Stress-Relief Mechanisms.- a) Ascorbate, Zeaxanthin and Photoinhibition.- b) The Stress of Low Temperature.- c) The Stress of Low Water Availability.- d) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- e) The Stress of Ultraviolet Radiation.- f) The Stress of Pathogens.- References.- V. Functions and Responses of the Leaf Apoplast Under Stress.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Basic Biochemistry of the Leaf Apoplast.- a) Volumes of the Apoplast and Intercellular Gas Space of Leaves.- b) Composition of the Intercellular Gas Space.- c) Solute Composition of the Leaf Apoplast.- d) Apoplasmic Proteins.- e) Cell Wall Structure.- 3. Abiotic Stress.- a) Oxidative Stress and Air Pollutants.- ?) Ozone.- ?) Redox Control of the Apoplasmic Ascorbate System.- ?) Sulfur Dioxide.- b) Nutrient Status.- c) Heavy Metal Toxicity.- d) Salt Stress.- e) Drought and Cold Stress.- f) Xenobiotics.- 4. Apoplasmic Responses to Biotic Stress: Pathogenesis, Elicitors and Wounding.- 5. Outlook.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Diterpenes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abietane.- 3. Tobacco Diterpenes.- 4. Casbene.- 5. Rice Phytoalexins.- 6. Kaurene.- 7. Taxane.- References.- VII. The Pore/Plasmodesm Unit: Key Element in the Interplay Between Sieve Element and Companion Cell.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Diverse Tasks of the SE/CC in the Successive Sections of the Phloem.- 3. The Plasmodesmatal (Dis)continuity of the SE/CC in Transport Phloem.- 4. The Interaction of SE and CC in Transport Phloem.- 5. The Pore/Plasmodesm Units (PPUs).- 6. Transfer of Energy Through the PPU.- 7. Phloem-Specific Proteins.- 8. Trafficking of Nuclear Information Through the PPU.- 9. Protein and mRNA Movement Through Plasmodesmata Between Parenchymatous Cells.- 10. Differences Between Parenchymatous Plasmodesmata and PPUs.- 11. Protein Movement Through the PPU.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: Arrest of Prokaryotic DNA Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bacillus subtilis.- a) The Replication Terminus.- b) The Inverted Repeat Region and RTP.- c) RTP-Mediated Arrest of Replication.- 3. Escherichia coli.- a) Termination Sites in the Chromosome.- b) Ter Sites in Plasmids.- c) The Tus Protein.- d) Tus and the Terminators.- 4. Helicase Inhibition and the Mechanism of Replication Arrest.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- II. Recombination: Meiotic Recombination in Fungi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cytological Aspects.- a) Chromosome Pairing.- b) Formation of the Synaptonemal Complex.- c) Recombination Nodules and Chiasmata.- d) Cross-Over and Chromosome Segregation.- 3. Genetic Evidence for Recombination.- a) Segregation Patterns.- b) Polarity of Gene Conversion.- 4. Recombination Models.- a) The Holliday Model.- b) The Meselson-Radding Model.- c) The Double-Strand Break and Gap Repair Model.- 5. Molecular Events in Meiotic Recombination.- a) Recombination Intermediates.- b) Hotspots.- c) Coldspots.- d) Proteins and Genes Involved in Recombination.- ?) Proteins in Chromosomal Structure.- ?) Proteins of the “Recombinosome”.- ?) DNA Strand Exchange.- ?) hDNA and Mismatch Repair Proteins.- ?) Proteins of the SC.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- III. Mutation: Site-Directed Mutagenesis for Structure-Function Analyses of the Photosystem II Reaction Center Protein D1.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phylogenetic Conservation of the D1 Amino Acid Sequence.- 3. Folding Pattern for the D1 Protein.- 4. Structure-Function Analyses of Organisms with Mutated D1 Proteins.- a) The Water-Plastoquinone Oxido-Reductase Activity.- b) D1 Protein Turnover.- c) Translocation and Assembly.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material Molecular Biology of Environmentally Stressed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Analytical Strategies for Responses to Stress.- 3. Current Understanding.- a) Drought.- ?) ABA Responsive Genes Induced by Drought.- ?) Genes Regulated During Drought Stress Independently of ABA.- b) Flooding.- c) Heat Shock.- ?) Small Heat Shock Proteins.- ?) The HSP70 class.- ?) The HSP82/90 class.- ?) The HSP100 class.- d) Cold Response and Cold Acclimation.- e) High Salinity/Osmotic Stress.- f) UV Light.- g) Oxidative Stress.- 4. Conclusions and Strategies to Improve Stress Tolerance.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Genetics and Biogenesis of Mitochondria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mitochondrial Genomes.- 3. Mitochondrial Transcription.- a) Components for Mitochondrial Transcription: a Universal Picture from Yeast to Plants.- b) Problem of Promoter Consensus Sequences and Species Specificity.- c) Other Mechanisms for Regulation of Plant Mitochondrial Gene Expression.- 4. RNA Editing in Mitochondria.- a) General Aspects.- b) Partial Editing.- c) Mechanism of RNA Editing.- 5. Protein Import into Mitochondria.- a) The General Import Pathway.- b) The Mitochondrial Protein Import Pathway of Higher Plants.- ?) Cytosol.- ?) Outer Membrane.- ?) Inner Membrane.- ?) Matrix.- ?) Targeting Sequences.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- VI. Genetics of Phytopathogenic Bacteria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phytotoxins.- a) Phaseolotoxin.- b) Coronatine.- c) Tabtoxin.- d) Syringomycin.- 3. Phytohormones.- 4. hrp Genes.- a) Isolation and Function of hrp Genes.- b) Harpins.- c) Regulation of Expression of hrp Genes.- 5. Outlook.- References.- VI. Biotechnology with Plants - an Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Gene Transfer and Expression of Foreign DNA in Higher Plants.- a) Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation.- b) Transformation of Protoplasts.- c) Biolistic Transformation.- d) Other Techniques and Targeted Gene Expression.- e) Unsolved Issues.- 3. Improvements in Agriculture.- a) Enhancing Plant Resistance.- b) Herbicide Resistance.- c) Transgenic Male Sterile Plants.- 4. Production of New of Modified Carbohydrates.- a) Lipids and Starch.- b) Biodegradable Plastics.- 5. Production of Alkaloids - Medical Plants.- 6. Antibodies in Higher Plants.- 7. Current Use of Genetically Engineered Plants and Future Aspects.- References.- VIII. Genetics of Grapevine Breeding.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vitis Germplasm.- a) Wild Species.- b) Mutations.- 3. Genetic Variability.- a) Abiotic Stress Tolerance.- ?) Winter Hardiness.- ?) Drought Tolerance.- ?) Tolerance to Chlorosis.- ?) Salt Tolerance.- b) Biotic Stress Resistance.- 4. Improvement of Grapevine Cultivars.- 5. Final Remarks.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics of the Bryophytes.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Morphology, Anatomy.- 3. Chemotaxonomy.- 4. Systematics and Evolution.- a) Hepatics and Hornworts.- b) Mosses.- c) Fossil Bryophytes.- d) Nomenclature.- 5. Floristics.- a) General.- b) Floras.- c) Atlases.- d) Checklists.- e) Conservation.- 6. Geography.- 7. Ecology.- a) General.- b) Pollution.- References.- II. Molecular Systematics: 1994–1995.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progress from 1994 to 1995.- 3. Advances in Methodology.- a) DNA Extraction.- b) PCR/Sequencing Innovations.- c) Genome Analysis.- d) Data Analysis.- 4. Systematic Progress in Nonangiosperms.- 5. Systematic Progress in Angiosperms.- a) Magnolids.- b) Rununculids.- c) Caryophillids.- d) Rosids.- e) Asterids.- f) Monocots.- 6. Hybridization/Introgression.- 7. Polyploid Origins.- 8. Biogeography.- 9. Interfacing Ecology and Systematics.- 10. Future Prospects and Problems.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. Vegetation Science in Northern Europe.- 1. General.- 2. Plant Community and Site Complexes.- a) Forests.- b) Aquatic and Littoral Vegetation.- c) Mire Vegetation.- d) Coastal Vegetation.- e) The Vegetation of the Alpine Belt and Arctic Regions.- f) Oligohemerobic Sites in the Cultural Landscape.- g) Plant Communities on Euhemerobic Sites.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Mycorrhizae: Ectotrophic and Ectendotrophic Mycorrhizae.- 1. Ectomycorrhizae.- a) Symbiotic Organisms and Morphology/Anatomy of the Symbiotic Organs.- ?) Comprehensive Descriptions of Selected Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Unidentified Ectomycorrhizae Named Binominally.- ?) Verification of the Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Fungi, Including Short Descriptions.- ?) Unusual Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Strain Variability of Fungi Regarding Ectomycorrhiza Formation.- ?) Verification of the Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Some Selected Plants.- ?) Influence of Tree Clones on Ectomycorrhiza Formation (see also Sect, l.a.e).- b) Ontogeny and Ultrastructure (see also Sects, 1.e.i, and 1.f.?).- c) Protein Pattern, Pigments.- d) Nucleic Acid Research.- e) Physiology.- ?) Formation of Protoplasts.- ?) Substances Assumed as Important for Formation of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Recognition (cf. also Sect, l.f.?).- ?) Enzymes.- ?) Carbon Nutrition of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Growth Responses of Plants.- ?) Phosphate Nutrition.- ?) Nitrogen Nutrition (cf. also Sect, l.e.?).- ?) Other Macronutrients (see also Sect. l.e.?.?,).- ?) Micronutrients.- ?) Water.- f) Ecology.- ?) Host Specificity (cf. also Sect l.e.?).- ?) Ecological Laboratory Research.- ?) Research in Natural Habitats (see also Sect, l.d).- ?) Coexistence with Other Organisms.- ?) Influence by Man.- g) Methods.- h) Additional Reviews.- 2. Ecentdomycorrhiza (see also Sect, l.e.?) - Arbutoid Mycorrhiza - Monotropoid Mycorrhiza.- 3. Some Highlights of This Report Period.- References.- II. Mycorrhizae: Endomycorrhizae.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae.- a) AM Spores.- b) Spore Germination and Culture.- c) Early Events of Symbiosis.- d) Intraradical Colonization.- e) Soil Hyphae.- f) Phosphorus Uptake and Transport.- g) Nitrogen Uptake and Transport.- h) Hormones.- i) Carbon Metabolism.- k) Micronutrients.- l) Identification.- m) Systematics and Taxonomy.- n) Ecological Aspects.- o) Bioassays.- p) Coexistence of AM Fungi with Other Organisms.- q) Ecotoxicology.- r) Practical Use of AM in Agriculture and Horticulture.- 3. Ericoid Mycorrhizae.- 4. Orchid Mycorrhizae.- References.
