Buch, Englisch, 3700 Seiten, Format (B × H): 216 mm x 276 mm
Buch, Englisch, 3700 Seiten, Format (B × H): 216 mm x 276 mm
ISBN: 978-0-323-96026-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Technology
The atmosphere conveys routine and severe weather, is central to Earth’s climate system, and provides the gaseous environment for life. This encyclopedia conveys essential information about all three aspects of the atmosphere - its roles in weather, climate, and life. Its articles describe and explain all the principal processes and phenomena. Moreover, because of the need to predict the weather, project climate change, and characterize human impacts on the atmospheric environment, the atmosphere is measured and simulated more intensively than any other natural system. Chapters in this Encyclopedia describe how these measurements and modeling are carried out.
Beyond the advances that take place in any thriving scientific discipline, the past decade has seen particularly rapid change and progress within the atmospheric sciences in the following areas, for which new material is included:
1. Anthropogenic climate change has become central to all aspects of the atmospheric sciences. New material addresses topics such as how air quality, extreme weather, climate extremes (droughts and floods) will change on a warmer Earth and why. Among the climate-change topics, geoengineering is emerging as an important, if controversial subject.
2. High resolution numerical (computer) modeling of weather systems, for the purposes of achieving greater dynamical understanding and for short-range forecasting and storm warnings. The verisimilitude of such models has improved remarkably over the past decade.
3. Observational technologies: automated sensors, new radar technologies (e.g. dual polarization), sensors (ground and space based) that use GPS signals, lidars, and small satellites, among others.
4. In the area of planetary atmospheres, there is rapid growth in evidence regarding the composition of exoplanetary atmospheres, as well as new information obtained by recent missions to planets and moons within our solar system.
5. The use of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the atmospheric sciences is growing rapidly - this is addressed in the contexts of both forecasting and climate simulation.
6. Increased recognition and understanding of several important weather phenomena that were not included in the 2nd edition.
Because atmospheric phenomena are dynamic, we anticipate including multimedia animations of both observations (e.g. radar or satellite loops) and model simulations.
Weitere Infos & Material
List of sections and articles (new content in bold)
Aerosols & clouds
Aerosols
Aerosol-Cloud Interactions and Their Radiative Forcing
Aerosol Physics and Chemistry
Role in Climate Change
Soot
Climatology of Tropospheric Aerosols
Role in Radiative Transfer
Observations and Measurements
Climatology of Stratospheric Aerosols
Dust
Arctic Haze
PM 2.5
Secondary organic aerosol
Clouds
Classification of Clouds
Stratus and Stratocumulus
Cloud Microphysics
Fog
Climatology
Measurement Techniques In Situ
Cloud Modeling
Contrails
Cloud seeding
Isotope fractionation in clouds
Applied meteorology
Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology
Clear Air Turbulence
Aircraft Icing
Aviation Weather Hazards
Beaufort Wind Scale
Wind Chill
Air Pollution Meteorology
Forensic Meteorology
Inadvertent Weather Modification
Wildfire Weather
Weather/climate & public health
Heat indices
Atmospheric dynamics
Dynamical meteorology
Overview
Baroclinic Instability
Atmospheric Tides
Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability
Kelvin Waves
Waves
Stationary Waves (Orographic and Thermally Forced)
Potential Vorticity
Vorticity
Static Stability
Hydraulic Flow
Quasi-geostrophic Theory
Solitary Waves
Hamiltonian Dynamics
Wave Mean-Flow Interaction
Critical Layers
Coriolis Force
Cyclogenesis
Lagrangian Dynamics
Inertial Instability
Balanced Flow
Primitive Equations
Kinematics
Wave-CISK
Acoustic Waves
Laboratory Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Symmetric Stability
Rossby Waves
Frontogenetic theory
General circulation
Overview
Teleconnections
Mean Characteristics
Angular Momentum of the Atmosphere
Energy Cycle
Weather Regimes and Multiple Equilibria
Gravity waves
Overview
Buoyancy and Buoyancy Waves Theory
Convectively Generated Gravity Waves
Gravity Waves Excited by Jets and Fronts
Tropical systems
Hurricane Dynamics
Tropical Cyclogenesis
Equatorial Waves
Turbulence
Overview
Turbulent Diffusion
Two Dimensional tubulence
Atmospheric physics
Electricity
Lightning
Global Electrical Circuit
Ions in the Atmosphere
Sprites
Radiation transfer
Radiation, Solar
Cloud-Radiative Processes
Absorption and Thermal Emission
Scattering
Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Ultraviolet Radiation
Ultraviolet, Surface
Optical phenomena (rainbows, etc.)
Propagation of visible light through the atmosphere
Thermodynamics
Saturated Adiabatic Processes
Moist (Unsaturated) Air
Humidity Variables
Atmospheric chemistry, composition, & structure
Aircraft emissions
Standard atmosphere composition & structure
Biogeochemical cycles
Sulfur Cycle
Iodine
Heavy Metals
Bromine
Carbon cycle
Atmospheric chemistry
Methane
Laboratory Kinetics
Observations for Chemistry (In Situ) Particles
Observations for Chemistry (In Situ) Water Vapor Sondes
Ion Chemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Principles of Chemical Change
Isotopes, Stable
Volcanoes Composition of Emissions
Tracers
Radioactivity Cosmogenic Radionuclides
Ozone and ozone depletion
Photochemistry of Ozone
Ozone Depletion Potentials
Stratospheric Ozone Recovery
Long-Term Ozone Changes
Surface Ozone Effects on Vegetation
Surface Ozone (Human Health)
Ozone as a UV Filter
Stratosphere-troposphere exchange
Global Aspects
Local Processes
Tropopause
Stratospheric chemistry
Stratospheric Water Vapor
Halogen Sources, Natural (Methyl Bromide and Related Gases)
Halogens
Overview
Reactive Nitrogen (NOx and NOy)
Halogen Sources, Anthropogenic
Hydrogen Budget
HOx
Tropospheric chemistry
Cloud Chemistry
Aerosols/Particles
Peroxyacetyl Nitrate
Volatile Organic Compounds Overview Anthropogenic
Hydroxyl Radical
Oxidizing Capacity
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Sulfur Chemistry, Organic
Biogenic Hydrocarbons
H2
Mercury
Climate and climate change
Air-sea interactions
Surface Waves
Sea Surface Temperature
Momentum, Heat, and Vapor Fluxes
Freshwater Flux
Climate variability & change
Overview
Greenhouse Effect
Carbon Dioxide
Volcanoes and climate
Climate Variability: North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillation
Global Impacts of the Madden-Julian Oscillation
Climate Feedbacks
Climate Variability: Seasonal and Interannual Variability
Energy Balance Climate Models
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Climate Variability Nonlinear and Random Effects
History of Scientific Work on Climate Change
Climate Prediction Empirical and Numerical
Nuclear Winter
Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Climate Models
Climate Variability Decadal to Centennial Variability
Sea Level Change
Biospheric Impacts and Feedbacks
Climate Record Surface Temperature Trends
Upper Atmospheric Change
Solar radiation geoengineering
Climate extremes in a warmer climate
Weather extremes in a warmer climate
Ice sheets under climate change
Ocean heat content & sea level
Human dimensions of climate change (political, economic, social justice, security)
Cryosphere and polar regions
Arctic Climate
Antarctic Climate
Permafrost
Glaciers, Topography, and Climate
Snow (Surface)
Sea Ice
Floods and drought
Deserts and Desertification
Groundwater and Surface Water
Soil Moisture
Flooding
Modeling and Prediction
Overview
Drought
Palmer Drought Severity Index
Drought in the Sahel
Southwest North America megadroughts
The Great Plains "dustbowl"
Oceans & climate
Ocean Mixed Layer
Thermohaline Circulation
Surface/Wind Driven Circulation
General Processes
Water Types and Water Masses
Paleoclimate
Varves
Ice Cores
Pleistocene climate variations (glacial/interglacial)
Deep time climate history
Speleothems
Deep sea sediment cores
Other records (palenology, dendrochronology, etc.)
Tropical climate
Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change
Walker Circulation
Hadley Circulation
El Nino and the Southern Oscillation Theory
El Nino and the Southern Oscillation Observation
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Tropical Climates
Monsoon Overview
Monsoon Dynamical Theory
Intraseasonal Oscillation (Maddenâ?"Julian Oscillation)
Madden-Julian Oscillation Skeleton and Conceptual Models
Monsoon ENSO-Monsoon Interactions
Middle, upper, & planetary atmospheres
Upper atmosphere
Magnetosphere
Noctilucent clouds
Aurora
Ionosphere
Thermosphere
Stratosphere & mesosphere
Polar Summer Mesopause
Atomic Species in the Mesopause Region
Metal Layers
Planetary Waves
Polar Vortex
Stratospheric Sudden Warmings
Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
Transport Circulation
Zonal Mean Climatology
Semiannual Oscillation
Polar stratospheric clouds
Downward influence of the stratosphere
Solar system & other atmospheres
Planetary Atmospheres Mars
Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere
Solar Winds
Solar Terrestrial Interactions Climate Impact
Planetary Atmospheres Venus
Meteors
Atmospheres of the gas giant planets
Exoplanet atmospheres
Atmospheres of solar system moons & Pluto
Modeling & prediction
Data assimilation & predictability
Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation
Data Assimilation
Ensemble prediction
Hurricane predicability
Predictability and Chaos
Numerical models
Boundary layer modeling & parameterization
General Circulation Models
Model Physics Parameterization
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models Physical Processes
Large-Eddy Simulation
Chemistry Models
Parameter Estimation
Numerical methods
Cloud-System Resolving Modeling and Aerosols
Parameterization: Turbulence and Mixing
Parameterization: Clouds
Parameterization: Gravity Wave Fluxes
Convective Storm Modeling
Regional Prediction Models
Mesoscale Atmospheric Modeling
Spectral Models
Ocean models
Land-surface models
Convection permitting climate modeling
Sea-ice models
Large-ensemble climate modeling
Predication & forecasting
Synoptic forecasting
Severe Weather Forecasting
Operational forecasting
Marine forecasting
Severe storm warning
Machine learning for prediction
Forecast skill (& progress therein)
Seasonal and Interannual Weather Prediction
Observational methods
In-situ boundary layer observations
Optical observations of gravity waves
Optical Remote Sensing Instruments
Airglow Instrumentation
SODAR
Observations of chemical constituents
Lidar
IR/FIR (Satellite, Balloon and Ground)
Ozone Sondes
Microwave
Lidar
Differential Absorption Lidar
Backscatter
Atmospheric Sounding Introduction
Doppler
Raman
Resonance
Observational platforms
Balloons
Radiosondes
Buoys
Rockets
Kites
Autonomous platforms (drones/gliders/saildrones)
Radar
Precipitation Radar
Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar
Synthetic Aperture Radar (Land Surface Applications)
Mesosphere-Stratosphere Troposphere Radars and Wind Profilers
Incoherent Scatter Radar
Meteor Radar
Cloud Radar
Satellite remote sensing
Temperature Soundings
Aerosol Measurements
Precipitation
Measuring Ozone from Space â?" TOMS and SBUV
Remote Sensing Cloud Properties
Orbits
Research
Earth's Radiation Budget
GPS Meteorology
Surface Wind and Stress
Water Vapor
Hyperspectral remote sensing
Cube-sat/nano-sat observation
Satellite geodesy
Remote sensing of the ocean
Land surface observations (vegetation, soil moisture, etc.(
Statistical methods
Time Series Analysis
Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Singular Vectors
Self-organizing maps
Weather phenomena
Boundary layer
Overview
Stably Stratified Boundary Layer
Urban Heat Islands
Microclimate
Complex Terrain
Convective Boundary Layer
Coherent Structures
Diurnal Cycle
Surface Layer
Mesoscale
Mesoscale Convective Systems
Convective Storms Overview
Severe Storms
Hail and Hailstorms
Mesoscale overview
Cloud and Precipitation Bands
Microbursts
Density Currents
Waterspouts
Gust Fronts
Bow Echoes and Derecho
Mountain meteorology overview
Lee Waves and Mountain Waves
Valley Winds
Downslope Winds
Orographic Effects Lee Cyclogenesis
Lee Vortices
Katabatic Winds
Land and Sea Breezes
Cold Air Damming
Dust storms & haboobs
Sting jets
Mei-yu front
Great Plains low level jet
Synoptic
Fronts
Extratropical Cyclones
Anticyclones
Jet Streaks
Lake-Effect Storms
Frontogenesis
Polar Lows
Weather Maps
Fronts in the Lower Stratosphere
Thermal Low
Tropical systems & cyclones
Hurricanes Observation
Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific
Tropical Cyclones Secondary Eyewall Formation
Tropical cyclones overview and theory
Monsoon breaks
African easterly waves
Extratropical transition of tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclone landfall
?
Tentative list of new articles for 3rd Edition:
Atmospheric physics
Optical phenomena (rainbows, sundogs, etc.)
Transmission of visible light through the atmosphere
Climate & climate change
Pleistocene climate variations (glacial/interglacial)
Deep time climate history
Speleothems
Deep sea sediment cores
Other proxy records (palenology, dendrochronology, etc.)
Solar radiation geoengineering
Climate extremes in a warmer climate
Weather extremes in a warmer climate
Ice sheets under climate change
Ocean heat content & sea level
Human dimensions of climate change (political, economic, social justice, global security)
Drought in the Sahel
Southwest North America megadroughts
The Great Plains "dustbowl"
Middle, upper, & planetary atmosphere
Auroras
Polar stratospheric clouds
Atmospheres of the gas giant planets
Exoplanet atmospheres
Downward influence of the middle atmosphere
Atmospheres of solar system moons & Pluto
Modeling & prediction
Severe storm prediction & warning
Machine learning for prediction
Land surface models
Forecast skill (& progress therein)
Convectiion permitting climate modeling
Large ensemble cliamte modeling
Ocean models
Sea-ice models
Observational methods
SODAR
Hyperspectral remote sensing
Cube-sat/nano-sat observation
Satellite geodesy
Autonomous platforms (drones/gliders/sail drones)
Remote sensing of the ocean
Land surface observations (vegetation, soil moisture, etc.)
Weather phenomena
African easterly waves
Mei-yu front
Great Plains low level jet
Sting jets
Dust storms/sand storms/ haboobs
Tropical cyclone landfall
Extratropical transition of tropical cyclones
?
List of potential Section Editors:
- Prof. Markus Petters (NC State Univ.): Atmospheric physics, aerosols, & clouds
- Prof. Tiffany Shaw (Univ. of Chicago) or Prof. Yang Zhang (Nanjing University, China) or Prof. Huang-Hsiung Hsu (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) or Prof. Takeshi Horinouchi (Hokkaido University, Japan): Atmospheric dynamics
- Prof. William Brune (Penn. State Univ.): Atmospheric chemistry, composition, & structure
- Prof. Mingfang Ting (Columbia Univ.) or Dr. Clara Deser (National Center for Atmospheric Research) or Dr. David Karoly (Climate Science Centre, Australia): Climate & climate change
- Prof. Dora Pancheva (Bulgarian Acad. Sci) or Prof. Kaoru Sato (Tokyo University, Japan): Middle, upper, & planetary atmospheres
- Prof. David Randall (Colorado State Univ.) or Dr. Joe Klemp (National Center for Atmospheric Research): Modeling, prediction, & applied meteorology
- Prof. Fawwaz Ulaby (Univ. of Michigan) or Prof. Steven Ackerman (U. Wisconsin): Observations
Prof. David Schultz (Univ. of Manchester - UK): Weather phenomena
