Elfergani / Hussaini / Rodriguez Antenna Fundamentals for Legacy Mobile Applications and Beyond

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-63967-3
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 335 Seiten

This book highlights technology trends and challenges that trace the evolution of antenna design, starting from 3rd generation phones and moving towards the latest release of LTE-A. The authors explore how the simple monopole and whip antenna from the GSM years have evolved towards what we have today, an antenna design that is compact, multi-band in nature and caters to multiple elements on the same patch to provide high throughput connectivity. The scope of the book targets a broad range of subjects, including the microstrip antenna, PIFA antenna, and the monopole antenna to be used for different applications over three different mobile generations. Beyond that, the authors take a step into the future and look at antenna requirements for 5G communications, which already has the 5G drive in place with prominent scenarios and use-cases emerging. They examine these, and put in place the challenges that lie ahead for antenna design, particularly in mm-Wave design. The book provides a reference for practicing engineers and under/post graduate students working in this field.

Jonathan Rodriguez received his Master's degree in Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Ph.D from the University of Surrey (UK), in 1998 and 2004 respectively. In 2005, he became a researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicacoes (IT) - Portugal where he was a member of the Wireless Communications Scientific Area. In 2008, he became a Senior Researcher where he established the 4TELL Research Group (http://www.av.it.pt/4TELL/) targeting next generation mobile networks with key interests on green communications, cooperation, and electronic circuit design. He has served as project coordinator for major international research projects that includes Eureka LOOP and FP7 C2POWER, whilst serving as technical manager for FP7 COGEU and FP7 SALUS. Since 2009, he became an Invited Assistant Professor at the University of Aveiro (Portugal), and Associate in 2015. He is author of more than 300 scientific works, that includes 6 book editorials. His professional affiliations include: Senior Member of the IEEE and Chartered Engineer (CEng) since 2013, and Fellow of the IET (2015).
Raed A. Abd-Alhameed is Professor of Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Engineering at the University of Bradford, UK. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Basrah University, in 1982 and 1985 respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Bradford, UK, in 1997, all in electrical engineering. He has long years' research experience over 25 years in the areas of Radio Frequency, antennas and electromagnetic computational techniques, and has published over 500 academic journal and conference papers; in addition he is co-author of three books and several book chapters. He is the senior academic responsible for electromagnetics research in the communications research group, in which a new antenna design configurations and computational techniques have been developed including several patents were considered and filed. Jointly with Prof. Excell (now he is the Dean of Engineering School in Wrexham University), he has developed the principle of the 'hybrid' method for electromagnetic field computation, which is able to combine the most appropriate method for differing regions of a problem (e.g. the human head and a mobile telephone). This method is recognized as being a leading area of research in Bioelectromagnetic field computation. He also investigates the reduction of the size of antennas for personal mobile communications. The development of this kind of antenna is under active investigation (three patent applications submitted). He has also developed the mathematical tools needed for the simulation of non-linear circuits, including energy-storing devices. Moreover, He has written three different programs for electromagnetic scattering problems (Wire Antenna design; Dielectrically-loaded antennas and Microstrip Wire antennas) and one code for analysis of nonlinear circuits using Volterra series. Interest has been shown by publishing houses in finding ways of disseminating this work.
Issa Elfergani received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronic from The High and Intermediate Centre for Comprehensive Professional (Libya) in 2002 and his MSc, and PhD in Electrical Engineering with Power Electronics (EEPE) from University of Bradford (UK) in 2008 and 2012, with a specialization in Tunable Antenna design for mobile handset and UWB applications as well as Tunable Filters. He is now a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações - Aveiro (Portugal), working with European research funded projects. He is a TPC member and reviewer for APACE, ISWTA and IEEE international conferences. He is the author of several journal and conference publications. His research interests include Tunable filter design and tunable antennas for current and beyond3G systems with specific emphasis on efficiency, high-Q factor, and miniature.
Abubakar Sadiq Hussaini received his Diploma in Electrical/Electronic Engineering from the Bayero University (Nigeria) in 2003 with a specialization in Microwave/RF power amplifiers design and Tunable Filters. He carried out his MSc in Radio Frequency Communication Engineering and his PhD in Telecommunications Engineering from University of Bradford in 2007 and 2012, respectively. He is a member of the IEEE, IET, Optical Society of America; and authors of over 50 scientific works on electronic devices. His research interests include RF design, MEMS Tunable Filters and antennas.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Elfergani, Issa

Hussaini, Abubakar Sadiq

Rodriguez, Jonathan

Abd-Alhameed, Raed

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgments;11
3;Contents;12
4;About the Editors;14
5;Part I: Evolution of the Mobile Antenna: 3G, 4G and Beyond;17
5.1;Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Antenna Design, Technologies and Applications;18
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;18
5.1.2;1.2 Multi-Band Antennas;19
5.1.2.1;1.2.1 Multi-Band Antenna Concept, Requirements and Techniques;20
5.1.3;1.3 Wideband Antennas;22
5.1.3.1;1.3.1 Wideband Antenna Design, Requirement and Challenges for Mobile Applications;22
5.1.3.2;1.3.2 Wideband Antenna Techniques;23
5.1.3.3;1.3.3 Ultra-Wideband Antenna Requirements and Classifications;25
5.1.3.4;1.3.4 Methodology to Join Mobile Services and UWB Services Antenna for Mobile Application;26
5.1.3.5;1.3.5 Notch Techniques for UWB Antenna;29
5.1.4;1.4 MIMO Antenna;32
5.1.4.1;1.4.1 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Technology;32
5.1.4.2;1.4.2 MIMO Antenna Concept, Requirements and Challenges;33
5.1.4.3;1.4.3 Decoupling Techniques for Compact MIMO Antennas;34
5.1.5;1.5 Balanced Antennas;37
5.1.5.1;1.5.1 Balanced Antenna Concept, Requirements and Challenges;37
5.1.6;1.6 mm-wave Antenna;40
5.1.6.1;1.6.1 Millimetre-Wave Technology and Operation;41
5.1.6.2;1.6.2 Millimetre-Wave Antenna Requirements, Challenges and Solutions as Potential Candidate for 5G-Enabled Applications;42
5.1.7;1.7 Summary;45
5.1.8;References;46
6;Part II: Multi-Band Antennas;52
6.1;Chapter 2: Dual-Band Planar Inverted F-L Antenna Structure for Bluetooth and ZigBee Applications;53
6.1.1;2.1 Introduction;53
6.1.2;2.2 Antenna Design Structure and Procedures;54
6.1.3;2.3 Parametric Analysis;56
6.1.3.1;2.3.1 The Influence of the F-Shaped Radiator Length (L1);57
6.1.3.2;2.3.2 The Influence of the L-Shaped Radiator Length (L2);57
6.1.3.3;2.3.3 The Influence of the F-Shaped Radiator Height (h1);58
6.1.3.4;2.3.4 The Influence of the L-Shaped Radiator Height (h2);59
6.1.4;2.4 Results and Discussion;59
6.1.5;2.5 Conclusion;65
6.1.6;References;65
6.2;Chapter 3: Double-Monopole Crescent-Shaped Antennas with High Isolation for WLAN and WIMAX Applications;67
6.2.1;3.1 Introduction;67
6.2.2;3.2 Techniques of Coupling Reduction;68
6.2.2.1;3.2.1 Reduction of the Coupling Due to the Current in the Ground Plane;69
6.2.2.2;3.2.2 Placing of Conducting Structures Between the Two Antennas;69
6.2.2.3;3.2.3 Neutralization of the Coupled Signal;69
6.2.2.4;3.2.4 Using Combined Techniques;70
6.2.3;3.3 Antenna Design;70
6.2.3.1;3.3.1 Effects of Slots Parameters on the Performance;72
6.2.3.2;3.3.2 Reflection Coefficient and Isolation;75
6.2.3.3;3.3.3 The Envelope Correlation Coefficients;77
6.2.3.4;3.3.4 Current Distribution at the Antennas;77
6.2.4;3.4 Comparison with Published Works;79
6.2.5;3.5 Experimental Validations;79
6.2.6;3.6 Conclusions;81
6.2.7;References;82
6.3;Chapter 4: Electrically Small Planar Antennas Based on Metamaterial;85
6.3.1;4.1 Introduction;85
6.3.2;4.2 Small Antenna Limitations;86
6.3.3;4.3 Fundamentals of Metamaterials;86
6.3.3.1;4.3.1 Physical Properties;86
6.3.3.2;4.3.2 Theoretical Aspects;88
6.3.3.3;4.3.3 CRLH-TL Resonator;89
6.3.4;4.4 Monopole Antenna Loaded with SRR;91
6.3.4.1;4.4.1 Introduction;91
6.3.4.2;4.4.2 Unit Cell Design;91
6.3.5;4.5 Antenna Design;93
6.3.6;4.6 Metamaterial-Inspired Antenna;96
6.3.6.1;4.6.1 Antenna Design;97
6.3.6.2;4.6.2 Results and Discussion;98
6.3.7;4.7 Antenna Loaded with CRLH;100
6.3.7.1;4.7.1 Antenna Design;101
6.3.8;4.8 Moon Shaped Antenna with Defected Ground and EBG;105
6.3.8.1;4.8.1 Antenna Design;105
6.3.9;4.9 Summary;110
6.3.10;References;110
7;Part III: Wide-Band Antennas;113
7.1;Chapter 5: Impact of Microstrip-Line Defected Ground Plane on Aperture-Coupled Asymmetric DRA for Ultra-Wideband Applications;114
7.1.1;5.1 Introduction;114
7.1.2;5.2 History of Dielectric Resonator Antenna;115
7.1.3;5.3 Proposed Antenna Geometry and Summarized Results;117
7.1.3.1;5.3.1 Antenna Without the DRAs;119
7.1.3.2;5.3.2 Antenna with Two DRAs;121
7.1.4;5.4 Antenna with Various (3, 4, and 5) DRAs;122
7.1.5;5.5 Conclusion;127
7.1.6;References;128
7.2;Chapter 6: Simple and Compact Planar Ultra-Wideband Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics;132
7.2.1;6.1 Introduction;132
7.2.2;6.2 First Version: Main UWB Antenna Design and Concept;134
7.2.2.1;6.2.1 The Approaches of Improved Bandwidth;135
7.2.2.2;6.2.2 The Analysis of Ground Plan;136
7.2.3;6.3 Second Version: UWB Antenna Design with Single Notched Band;137
7.2.3.1;6.3.1 Results Analysis for Single Band-Notched Design;137
7.2.4;6.4 Third Version: UWB Antenna Design with Dual Band-Notched;141
7.2.4.1;6.4.1 Analysis of Dual Band-Notched Design;142
7.2.5;6.5 Conclusion;144
7.2.6;References;146
7.3;Chapter 7: Miniaturized Monopole Wideband Antenna with Tunable Notch for WLAN/WiMAX Applications;148
7.3.1;7.1 Introduction;148
7.3.1.1;7.1.1 Techniques to Enhance the Monopole Antenna Bandwidth;149
7.3.1.2;7.1.2 Techniques to Mitigate Interference in UWB Systems;149
7.3.1.3;7.1.3 Tuning the Created Reject Bands;150
7.3.2;7.2 Comparison with Previous Work;150
7.3.3;7.3 Antenna Design Structure and Procedure;152
7.3.3.1;7.3.1 Methods to Improve the Bandwidth of the Proposed Monopole Antenna;153
7.3.3.2;7.3.2 Avenue to Create the Rejected Band of the Proposed Monopole Antenna;154
7.3.4;7.4 Current Surface of the Unloaded Printed Monopole Antenna;154
7.3.5;7.5 Tuning Methods for the Rejected Bands;156
7.3.6;7.6 Continuous Tuning;156
7.3.6.1;7.6.1 Discrete Tuning;157
7.3.7;7.7 Parametric Studies;157
7.3.8;7.8 Influence of the Ground Plane Size;158
7.3.8.1;7.8.1 Effect of the Feed Line Position;158
7.3.9;7.9 Effect of the Varactor Location Between the Two Shapes;158
7.3.10;7.10 Simulation and Measurement Results;161
7.3.11;7.11 Conclusion;166
7.3.12;References;166
8;Part IV: MIMO Antennas;169
8.1;Chapter 8: Miniature EBG Two U-Shaped Slot PIFA MIMO Antennas for WLAN Applications;170
8.1.1;8.1 Introduction;170
8.1.2;8.2 Uniplanar Compact Electromagnetic Band Gap (UC-EBG);171
8.1.3;8.3 Design Concept Based on Sievenpiper’s Equations;172
8.1.4;8.4 EBG Characterization Results;173
8.1.4.1;8.4.1 Reflection Phase;173
8.1.4.2;8.4.2 Suspended Microstrip Line;173
8.1.5;8.5 MIMO Antenna Parameters;174
8.1.5.1;8.5.1 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC);175
8.1.5.2;8.5.2 Correlation Coefficient;175
8.1.5.3;8.5.3 Capacity Loss;176
8.1.5.4;8.5.4 Channel Capacity;176
8.1.6;8.6 Antenna Design and Consideration;177
8.1.6.1;8.6.1 Results and Discussions;178
8.1.7;8.7 Conclusion;182
8.1.8;References;182
8.2;Chapter 9: Compact MIMO Antenna Array Design for Wireless Applications;184
8.2.1;9.1 Introduction;184
8.2.2;9.2 Antenna Configuration, Underlying Mechanism and Feeding Structure;186
8.2.2.1;9.2.1 Antenna Geometry and Configuration;186
8.2.2.2;9.2.2 Antenna Feeding Considerations;188
8.2.2.3;9.2.3 Antenna Design and Bandwidth Requirements;190
8.2.3;9.3 Tests of Physical Implementation;193
8.2.3.1;9.3.1 Return Loss and Impedance Bandwidth;194
8.2.3.2;9.3.2 Orthogonal Configuration of Elements;195
8.2.3.3;9.3.3 Radiation Patterns;196
8.2.3.4;9.3.4 Current Distributions;199
8.2.3.5;9.3.5 MIMO Diversity and Correlation Coefficient;199
8.2.4;9.4 Conclusions;200
8.2.5;References;201
8.3;Chapter 10: Compact Wideband Printed MIMO/Diversity Monopole Antenna for GSM/UMTS and LTE Applications;202
8.3.1;10.1 Introduction;202
8.3.1.1;10.1.1 Narrow Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling;203
8.3.1.2;10.1.2 Wide Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling;204
8.3.1.3;10.1.3 Dual-/Triple-Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling;204
8.3.2;10.2 Antenna Design Concept and Structure;206
8.3.2.1;10.2.1 The Optimization of I-Shaped Decoupling Network;207
8.3.3;10.3 Validation of Measured and Simulation Results;211
8.3.4;10.4 The Performance of the Proposed Antenna with the Hand and Head Models;215
8.3.5;10.5 Conclusion;218
8.3.6;References;218
9;Part V: Balanced Antennas;221
9.1;Chapter 11: Compact Wideband Balanced Antenna Structure for 3G Mobile Handsets;222
9.1.1;11.1 Introduction on Balanced Antennas for Mobile Handsets;222
9.1.2;11.2 Folded Loop Antenna with a Single-Band Operation;224
9.1.2.1;11.2.1 Folded Loop Antenna Design and Optimisation Using Genetic Algorithm;224
9.1.2.2;11.2.2 Wide Bandwidth Planar Balun Design and Validation;226
9.1.2.3;11.2.3 Measurement Validation;228
9.1.3;11.3 Wideband Balanced-Fed Folded Arm Dipole Antenna Designs;231
9.1.3.1;11.3.1 Folded Dipole for Wideband Design;231
9.1.3.2;11.3.2 Folded Dipole with Wideband Dual-Arm Design;232
9.1.3.3;11.3.3 Compact Folded Arm Dipole Antenna with Wideband Dual-Arm Design;234
9.1.4;11.4 Summary;235
9.1.5;References;237
9.2;Chapter 12: Coplanar-Fed Miniaturized Folded Loop Balanced Antenna for WLAN Applications;239
9.2.1;12.1 Introduction;239
9.2.2;12.2 Theory of the Shielded Balanced Loop;240
9.2.3;12.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna;240
9.2.4;12.4 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) Antennas;241
9.2.5;12.5 Antenna Structure;242
9.2.6;12.6 Effect of Variation of Parameters on Return Loss;244
9.2.6.1;12.6.1 Variation of the Antenna Height h;244
9.2.6.2;12.6.2 Variation of the Length of the Antenna b;244
9.2.6.3;12.6.3 Variation of the Gap Between the Folded Ends of the Antenna t;245
9.2.6.4;12.6.4 The Effect of the Ground Plane Size;245
9.2.7;12.7 Antenna Prototype and Measured Results;246
9.2.8;12.8 The Radiation Pattern and Power Gain of the Antenna;248
9.2.9;12.9 Conclusions;250
9.2.10;References;252
9.3;Chapter 13: Performance of Dual-Band Balanced Antenna Structure for LTE Applications;253
9.3.1;13.1 Introduction;253
9.3.2;13.2 Antenna Design and Concept;255
9.3.2.1;13.2.1 The Effect of the Slot Over the Folded Arms;256
9.3.3;13.3 Antenna Simulated Results;257
9.3.3.1;13.3.1 Simulated Reflection Coefficient of the Proposed Antenna;257
9.3.3.2;13.3.2 Parametric Analysis of the Proposed Antenna;259
9.3.3.3;13.3.3 The Effect of the Handheld on the Simulated Proposed Antenna;260
9.3.4;13.4 Measured Results of the Proposed Antenna;263
9.3.4.1;13.4.1 The Methods to Measure the Input Impedance of Balanced Antenna;263
9.3.4.2;13.4.2 The Effect of the Handheld on the Fabricated Proposed Antenna;264
9.3.4.3;13.4.3 Measured Power Gain and Efficiency in Free Space and Handheld Scenarios;266
9.3.4.4;13.4.4 Measured and Simulated Far Fields of the Proposed Antenna;267
9.3.5;13.5 Conclusion;268
9.3.6;References;269
10;Part VI: mmWave Antennas for 5G;271
10.1;Chapter 14: Millimeter-Wave Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna;272
10.1.1;14.1 Introduction;272
10.1.2;14.2 Dielectric Lens for Millimeter-Wave Applications;274
10.1.3;14.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna for 60 GHz Applications;274
10.1.3.1;14.3.1 Dielectric Lens Integration with MPA;275
10.1.3.2;14.3.2 Element MPA Array with Extended Hemispherical Teflon Lenses;281
10.1.4;14.4 Conclusion;287
10.1.5;References;289
10.2;Chapter 15: Wide-Angle Beam Scanning Antenna at 79 GHz for Short-Range Automotive Radar Applications;290
10.2.1;15.1 Introduction;290
10.2.2;15.2 PLPDA Configuration for 79 GHz Operation;291
10.2.3;15.3 PLPDA Integration with Luneburg Lens;293
10.2.4;15.4 Integration of Three PLPDA Feeds with Luneburg Lens;297
10.2.5;15.5 Integration of 17-Element PLPDA Array with Luneburg Lens;299
10.2.6;15.6 Antenna Fabrication and Measurements;303
10.2.7;15.7 Conclusion;308
10.2.8;References;310
10.3;Chapter 16: Terahertz Communications for 5G and Beyond;311
10.3.1;16.1 Terahertz Waves;311
10.3.2;16.2 Applications of Terahertz;313
10.3.2.1;16.2.1 Terahertz Spectroscopy;313
10.3.2.2;16.2.2 Terahertz Imaging;314
10.3.2.3;16.2.3 Terahertz Sensors;315
10.3.3;16.3 Terahertz Biosensors;319
10.3.4;16.4 Terahertz Antenna;321
10.3.5;16.5 Conclusion;326
10.3.6;References;326
11;Index;329