Archaeological Ceramic Materials

Origin and Utilization
Softcover Nachdruck of the original 1. Auflage 1999
ISBN: 978-3-642-64176-3
Verlag: Springer

Buch, Englisch, 299 Seiten, Paperback, Format (B × H): 154 mm x 238 mm, Gewicht: 485 g

Reihe: Natural Science in Archaeology

Archaeological Ceramic Materials is an introduction to the origin and the analysis of the most abundant material found in archaeologyceramics. In this volume, the authors explain the origin of the components of ceramic materials, the choice of these materials by potters as a function of use and physical properties, the effects of firing on ceramic materials, and the means used to analyze the ceramics in a post-use context.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Druc, Isabelle C.

Velde, Bruce

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Objectives.- 1.2 Methods.- 1.3 Vocabulary.- 1.4 Structure of the Book.- 2 Rocks and Minerals.- 2.1 Chemical Elements and Their Chemical Affinities.- 2.2 Major Rock Types.- 2.3 Minerals.- 2.3.1 Mineral Formulae.- 2.3.2 Major Mineral Families.- 2.3.2.1 Silicates.- 2.3.2.1.1 The Silica Minerals and Quartz.- 2.3.2.1.2 Feldspars.- 2.3.2.1.3 Pyroxenes and Amphiboles.- 2.3.2.1.4 Olivine.- 2.3.2.1.5 Micas and Chlorite.- 2.3.2.2 Carbonates.- 2.3.2.3 Oxides.- 2.3.3 Mineral Grain Shapes.- 2.4 Minerals in Rocks.- 2.4.1 Sedimentary Rocks.- 2.4.2 Igneous Rocks.- 2.4.3. Metamorphic Rocks.- 2.4.3.1 Metamorphic Pelites.- 2.4.3.2 Metamorphosed Carbonates.- 2.4.3.3 Metamorphosed Igneous Rocks.- 3 Clay Minerals and Their Properties.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Chemical Constitution of Clay Minerals and Clay Mineral Families.- 3.2.1 Mica-Like Clays (Illite, Celadonite and Glauconite).- 3.2.2 Smectites.- 3.2.3 Kaolinite Minerals.- 3.2.4 Chlorites and Related Minerals.- 3.2.5 General Chemical Identity of the Clays.- 3.3 Physical Properties of Clay Minerals.- 3.3.1 Clay-Water Mixtures.- 3.3.2 Clay Shapes.- 3.4 Thermal Stability of Clays and Clay-Water Mixtures.- 3.5 Kinetics.- 3.5.1 Grain Size.- 3.5.2 Heating Rate.- 3.6 Summary.- 4 Origin of Clay Resources.- 4.1 Segregation of the Elements by Weathering.- 4.2 Weathering of Minerals.- 4.3 From Rocks to Soils to Sediments.- 4.3.1 Weathering Profiles.- 4.3.2 Transportation by Water Flow, Grain-Size Sorting.- 4.3.3 Transport and Deposition of Clays.- 4.3.4 Wind Transport.- 4.3.5 Burial of Sediments.- 4.4 Hydrothermal Alteration.- 4.5 Sources of Materials Suitable for Ceramics.- 4.5.1 Clays.- 4.5.2 Non-Clay Grains.- 5 Physical and Chemical Processes of Making Ceramics.- 5.1 Plasticity.- 5.2 Mineral Temper Grains.- 5.2.1 Natural Mineral Grains.- 5.2.2 Decantation and Separation of Natural Mineral Temper Grains.- 5.2.3 Tempering by Mixtures of Source Materials.- 5.2.3.1 Mixtures of Clays and Non-Clay Grains from Different Sources.- 5.2.3.2 Mixtures of Clay Sources.- 5.3 Decorations and Surfaces.- 5.3.1 Surface Smoothing.- 5.3.2 Slip.- 5.3.3 Paint.- 5.3.4 Glazes.- 5.4 Firing and Furnaces.- 5.4.1 Variables of Transformation to Make a Ceramic.- 5.4.1.1 The Firing Process: Time and Temperature.- 5.4.1.2 Stages of Transformation in Time-Temperature Coordinates.- 5.4.1.3 Paste Composition and Fusing Agents.- 5.4.1.4 Reduction of Iron.- 5.4.1.5 Particle Size.- 5.4.2 Firing Practices.- 5.4.2.1 Firing on the Ground.- 5.4.2.2 Pit Firing.- 5.4.2.3 Kilns.- 5.4.3 Summary of Factors in the Formation of a Ceramic Body During Firing.- 5.5 Structure, Porosity and Density of Ceramics: Non-Plastics, Clays and Pores.- 5.5.1 Pores.- 5.5.1.1 Primary Pores.- 5.5.1.2 Secondary Pores.- 5.5.1.3 Microporosity.- 5.5.2 Temper, Material and Firing.- 5.5.3 Thermal Properties of Oriented Clays.- 5.5.4 Hardness.- 5.6 Oxidation-Reduction Effects.- 5.7 Oxidation-Reduction Cycles.- 5.8 Mineral Reactions During Firing.- 5.9 Families of Ceramic Products.- 5.9.1 Earthenware.- 5.9.2 Pottery, Terra Cotta and Faience.- 5.9.3 Stoneware.- 5.9.4 Porcelain.- 5.10 Summary.- 6 The Making of Pots.- 6.1 Temper and Tempering.- 6.2 Raw Materials.- 6.2.1 Clay Material.- 6.2.2 Tempering Materials and Methods of Tempering.- 6.2.3 Tempering and Temper Identification.- 6.3 Making a Pot: Physical and Chemical Reactions.- 6.3.1 Needs as a Function of the Object.- 6.3.1.1 Plasticity and the Role of Temper and Non-Plastics.- 6.3.1.2 Drying and Shrinkage.- 6.3.1.3 Material Expansion.- 6.3.1.4 Grain Angularity.- 6.3.2 Paste as Related to Function, Form and Manufacturing Requirements.- 6.3.3 Needs as a Function of Use of the Object.- 6.3.3.1 Durability and Breakage Resistance; Strength and Hardness.- 6.3.3.2 Porosity, Density, Permeability, Impermeability.- 6.3.3.3 Thermal Stress Resistance and Thermal Conductivity.- 6.4 Preparation of Material.- 6.5 Forming Techniques.- 6.6 Surface Coatings as Related to the Function of the Ware.- 6.7 Firing and Furnaces.- 6.7.1 Open Fires.- 6.7.2 Pit-Kilns, Semiclosed Structures, Open Kilns.- 6.7.3 Kilns.- 6.7.4. Needs of a Type of Paste Related to the Type of Firing.- 6.8 Summary.- 7 Optical Observation of Ceramics.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Methods: How Can One See a Ceramic Sherd?.- 7.2.1 Computer Scanner.- 7.2.2 Binocular Microscope.- 7.2.3 Petrographie Microscope.- 7.3 Types of Characteristics Observed: What Can One See in a Ceramic Sherd?.- 7.3.1 Slip, Glaze or Paints.- 7.3.2 Temper Grains and Clays.- 7.3.3 Temper Grains and Size Distribution.- 7.3.4 Grain Shapes.- 7.3.4.1 Crystal Shapes.- 7.3.4.2 Angularity.- 7.3.4.3 Size Distribution of Temper Grains.- 7.4 Identification of Different Techniques in Paste Preparation.- 7.5 Texture of Paste.- 7.6 Summary.- 8 Ceramics and Archaeology: Case Studies.- 8.1 Yellow Garnets and Trafficking Wine.- 8.2 Iron Age Pottery in Southwestern England and its Geological Sources.- 8.3 Whole-Sample Compositions of Some Sigillate ware Produced in France.- 8.3.1 Lezoux Samples.- 8.3.2 Identifying Production Areas.- 8.3.3 Lezoux Coarse or Common Ware.- 8.3.4 Specific Problems of Archaeological Interest Using Sigillate Ware Data.- 8.3.4.1 Arezzo Moulds.- 8.3.4.2 Atevis Workshop.- 8.4 Prehistoric Peru.- 8.4.1 Petrographie Analysis.- 8.4.2 Modal Analysis.- 8.4.3 Chemical Analysis.- 8.5 Modern Ceramic Production in the Andes.- 8.5.1 Production Setting.- 8.5.2 Petrographic Analysis.- 8.5.2.1 The Unprepared Black Clay.- 8.5.2.2 The Unprepared Yellow Temper.- 8.5.2.3 The Clay-Temper Mix.- 8.5.3 The Fired Pot Fragment.- 8.5.4 Image Analysis.- 8.6 Clay Characterization by SEM (Scaning Electron Microscope).- 8.7 Determination of Firing Temperature.- 8.8 Mössbauer Spectroscopy.- 9 Some Current Analysis Methods.- 9.1 Ceramic Analysis.- 9.1.1 What For and How?.- 9.1.1.1 Classification.- 9.1.1.2 The Study of Pottery Technology.- 9.1.1.3 Provenance Studies.- 9.1.2 Quantitative Studies.- 9.1.3 Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Studies.- 9.1.4 Sample Size and Qualitative and Quantitative Studies Versus Time and Cost Invested.- 9.2 Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods.- 9.3 A Brief Description of the Methods.- 9.3.1 Visual Methods.- 9.3.1.1 Binocular Microscope.- 9.3.1.2 Petrographic Microscope.- 9.3.1.3 Computer Scanner and Video Systems.- 9.3.1.4 Electron Microscopes.- 9.3.1.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).- 9.3.1.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM).- 9.3.1.4.3 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopes (HRTEM).- 9.3.2 Mineral Identification by Non-Optical Methods.- 9.3.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).- 9.3.2.2 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).- 9.3.2.3 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA).- 9.3.2.4 Infrared Spectral Analysis (IR).- 9.3.2.5 Electron Microprobe (EMP).- 9.3.3 Whole Sample Analysis.- 9.3.3.1 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF).- 9.3.3.2 Proton Activated X-Radiation (PIXE).- 9.3.3.3 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA).- 9.3.3.4 Mössbauer Analysis.- 9.3.4 Age Determinations by Thermoluminescence (TL).- 9.3.5 Density, Porosity and Hardness.- 9.3.5.1 Density and Porosity.- 9.3.5.2 Hardness.- 9.3.5.3 Magnetic Analysis.- 10 How to Acquire the Knowledge to Do the Job.- 10.1 Courses in Geology, Chemistry and Physics.- 10.2 Some Journals, Books, and Laboratories Active in the Field of Interest.