Doelle Bacterial Metabolism

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7274-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 500 Seiten

Bacterial Metabolism focuses on metabolic events that occur in microorganisms, as well as photosynthesis, oxidation, polysaccharide formation, and homofermentation. The book first discusses the thermodynamics of biological reactions, photosynthesis and photometabolism, and chemosynthesis. Free energy, photosynthesis, enzymes, and terminology in bacterial metabolism are elaborated. The manuscript then examines acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. Discussions focus on lactate, ethanol, glucose, and glycerol metabolism, glycol oxidation, homofermentation, polysaccharide formation, and electron transport systems. The publication takes a look at pseudomonadaceae and nitrogen metabolism as an energy source for anaerobic microorganisms. Topics include metabolism of pairs of amino acids, single amino acid metabolism, oxidation of glycolate and malonate, and oxygenases. The book is a dependable source of information for readers interested in bacterial metabolism.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Doelle, H. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Bacterial Metabolism;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;PREFACE;6
6;CHAPTER 1. THERMODYNAMICS OF BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS;16
6.1;FREE ENERGY;16
6.2;ENZYMES;37
6.3;REFERENCES;59
6.4;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;60
7;CHAPTER 2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHOTOMETABOLISM;61
7.1;TERMINOLOGY IN BACTERIAL METABOLISM;61
7.2;PHOTOSYNTHESIS;63
7.3;REFERENCES;94
7.4;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;101
8;CHAPTER 3. CHEMOSYNTHESIS—ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION;104
8.1;CHEMOSYNTHESIS;104
8.2;REFERENCES;134
8.3;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;142
9;CHAPTER 4. CHEMOSYNTHESIS—PATHWAYS OF CARBOHYDRATE BREAKDOWN;144
9.1;CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM;144
9.2;REFERENCES;203
9.3;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;212
10;CHAPTER 5. CHEMOSYNTHESIS—AEROBIC RESPIRATION;214
10.1;AEROBIC RESPIRATION;214
10.2;REFERENCES;258
10.3;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;267
11;CHAPTER 6. CHEMOSYNTHESIS—FERMENTATION;271
11.1;FERMENTATION;271
11.2;REFERENCES;315
11.3;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;318
12;CHAPTER 7. ACETIC ACID BACTERIA;322
12.1;LACTATE METABOLISM;324
12.2;ETHANOL METABOLISM;326
12.3;GLUCOSE METABOLISM;328
12.4;GLYCEROL METABOLISM;333
12.5;ACETOIN FORMATION;334
12.6;GLYCOL OXIDATION;336
12.7;QUINATE METABOLISM;340
12.8;REFERENCES;341
12.9;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;344
13;CHAPTER 8. LACTIC ACID BACTERIA;345
13.1;HOMOFERMENTATION;347
13.2;HETEROFERMENTATION;348
13.3;CITRATE METABOLISM;350
13.4;MANNITOL FORMATION;351
13.5;DEOXYRIBOSE METABOLISM;352
13.6;POLYSACCHARIDE FORMATION;353
13.7;BIOTIN DEGRADATION;353
13.8;LACTATE METABOLISM BY GROUP N STREPTOCOCCI;354
13.9;ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEMS;355
13.10;REFERENCES;362
13.11;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;365
14;CHAPTER 9. PSEUDOMONADACEAE;367
14.1;METABOLISM OF L-ARABINOSE, D-ARABINOSE, AND D-GALACTOSE;368
14.2;METABOLISM OF KREBS CYCLE INTERMEDIATES;372
14.3;METABOLISM OF GLYCOLLATE;374
14.4;OXIDATION OF MALONATE;375
14.5;OXIDATION OF OXALATE AND FORMATE;376
14.6;ITACONATE METABOLISM;378
14.7;TARTRATE METABOLISM;379
14.8;GLUCARATE METABOLISM;380
14.9;GLUTARATE METABOLISM;381
14.10;METHANOL METABOLISM;382
14.11;METABOLISM OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL;383
14.12;ETHANOL FORMATION BY ZYMOMONAS MOBILIS;385
14.13;METABOLISM OF HIGHER MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUNDS;385
14.14;OXYGENASES;405
14.15;REFERENCES;406
14.16;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;414
15;CHAPTER 10. NITROGEN METABOLISM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE FOR ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS (CLOSTRIDIUM);417
15.1;SINGLE AMINO ACID METABOLISM;418
15.2;METABOLISM OF PAIRS OF AMINO ACIDS;425
15.3;METABOLISM OF A SINGLE AMINO ACID TOGETHER WITH A KETO ACID;428
15.4;REFERENCES;435
15.5;SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS;437
16;AUTHOR INDEX;438
17;SUBJECT INDEX;458
18;MICROORGANISM INDEX;497

Leseproben

2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHOTOMETABOLISM
Publisher Summary
This chapter focuses on the metabolism of various photosynthetic bacteria regarding their adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation and hydrogen donors. The basic requirements for photosynthesis are twofold. There has to be a production of energy with the help of light quanta that is called photophosphorylation. Provision has to be made for the formation of a reductant that is able to reduce high-energy compounds into cellular material. Two different types of photophosphorylation exist, involving different pathways of electron transfer: (1) cyclic photophosphorylation and (2) noncyclic photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation is predominant in plants and used in a minor fashion in bacteria. The chapter discusses the process of photometabolism. Microorganisms, which are able to convert the energy of radiation directly into the energy-rich compound ATP, are called photosynthetic bacteria and are categorized into three major groups: (1) the green sulfur bacteria, or Chlorobacteriaceae, represented by the genera Chlorobium and Chloropseudomona, (2) the purple sulfur bacteria, or Thiorhodaceae, and (3) the nonsulfur bacteria, Athiorhodaceae. TERMINOLOGY IN BACTERIAL METABOLISM
Under the term “metabolism” one understands all the anabolic and catabolic reactions which occur during the lifetime of a microorganism. Anabolism represents the biosynthetic build up of cell material from simple inorganic or organic compounds, whereas catabolism supplies all the energy, and in many cases the building blocks or precursors, for these essential biosynthetic reactions. Many of the terms used in microbial chemistry are unfortunately used as generalizations and have caused great confusion in terminology. In order to rectify this a number of the major terms which are essential in dealing with this subject matter are defined below. Metabolism Represents the overall chemical reactions which occur in microorganisms Anabolism Represents the biosynthetic reactions which lead to the buildup of cell material such as polymers, DNA, RNA, and lipids Catabolism Represents all chemical reactions which are involved in the breakdown of inorganic and organic material for the purpose of supplying energy and precursors for the biosynthesis of cell material Autotroph A microorganism, which is able to use CO2 as sole carbon source for growth Heterotroph A microorganism which requires carbon sources more reduced than CO2; the majority of microorganisms fall within this category Photosynthetic microorganism A microorganism which derives its energy from light quanta; it may be autotrophic or heterotrophic Anaerobic or anoxybiontic respiration The chemical energy-yielding reactions in which inorganic compounds other than oxygen act as the terminal electron acceptor Aerobic or oxybiontic respiration The chemical energy-yielding reactions which require molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor Fermentation The chemical energy-yielding reactions which require organic compounds as electron acceptors Photolithotroph A microorganism which derives its energy from light and uses inorganic compounds as electron donors Photoorganotroph A microorganism which derives its energy from light and uses organic compounds as electron donors Chemolithotroph A microorganism which derives its energy from biochemical reactions and uses inorganic compounds as electron donors Chemoorganotroph A microorganism which derives its energy from biochemical reactions and uses organic compounds as electron donors In regard to the relationship between bacteria and their oxygen requirement the definitions as set out by McBee et al. (93) as recommendations should be taken into serious consideration. Here, two distinct groupings are suggested: (1) a description of the environment or atmosphere in which the bacteria can live, whereby the terms “aerobic” and “anaerobic” would be adequate; and (2) a description of the metabolic use of gaseous oxygen by living bacteria, whereby the terms “oxybiontic” (oxybiotic) and “anoxybiontic” (anoxybiotic) should be introduced. There are several reasons for this separation. Some organisms grow in the presence of oxygen but do not use it. Some cannot grow in the presence of molecular oxygen but are not killed by it. To some oxygen is lethal as a gas. Some organisms generally recognized as anaerobes, e.g., Clostridium perfringens, cannot only tolerate oxygen at partial pressures below that of the normal atmosphere but can actually metabolize it. Liquid media are most unsuitable for defining oxygen relationships because of the difficulties associated with maintaining uniform distribution of oxygen throughout the fluid and exposed to air in the stationary state. Liquid media can often be internally deoxygenated. Attempts to grow organisms on the surface of solid media where cells are freely exposed to air in the initial stages of growth is therefore a more reliable index of oxygen sensitivity. The present recommendations are as follows: The terms “aerobic,” “anaerobic,” and “facultatively anaerobic” should be applied only to the description of practical cultural conditions used for the cultivation of bacteria or to the growth of bacteria under these conditions. Aerobic bacteria will grow on the surface of a solid medium exposed to air. Anaerobic bacteria will not grow on the surface of a solid medium freely exposed to air. Facultatively anaerobic bacteria are those aerobic bacteria which have the ability to grow anaerobically. The word “facultative” should not be used by itself. In order to cover microaerophilic bacteria, the term “aerotolerant” was proposed as an additional term to anaerobic. All bacteria, which are described as microaerophilic would thus be termed “anaerobic-aerotolerant.” Aerobic incubation refers to incubation in the atmosphere of the laboratory and the medium used should not contain reducing substances added for the sole and specific purpose of reducing the oxidation-reduction potential. The requirements for gaseous oxygen in the growth of an organism should be considered apart from the conditions of culture since they are not necessarily related. The term “oxybiontic” could be applied to those bacteria capable of using atmospheric oxygen in their growth, whereas “anoxybiontic” would apply to those bacteria not capable of using atmospheric oxygen in their growth. Many bacteria have not been studied adequately to permit their classification on the basis of oxygen utilization. It should, however, be included in the description of each new species and in studies which involve reexamination of a taxonomic group of bacteria. Exceptions which are not adequately covered under these terms need further description. Those clostridia, for example, which will grow to a limited extent under aerobic conditions should probably be defined as aerotolerant anaerobic anoxybiontic. This would give a better description than aerobic or microaerophilic. In the case of so-called microaerophilic organisms actually requiring increased carbon dioxide tensions rather than reduced oxygen tension for growth, the term “microaerophilic” should not be used. Consideration should be given to the word “capneic” to describe these organisms. The terms “oxybiontic” and “anoxybiontic” may be used without confusion to describe cultural habits as well as metabolism. Thus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is aerobic with an oxybiontic metabolism. Escherichia coli is facultatively anaerobic and may be either oxybiontic or anoxybiontic depending on conditions of growth. Streptococcus lactis is facultative anaerobic with an anoxybiontic metabolism. Clostridium histolyticum is anaerobic, aerotolerant with an anoxybiontic metabolism, and Clostridium tetani is anaerobic with an anoxybiontic metabolism. These major terms indicate that the nutritional classification in microbial chemistry is dependent upon two main factors: (1) source of energy, and (2) nature of the electron donor and acceptor. A number of these terms come undoubtedly from animal biochemistry, but others had to be introduced in order to cope with significant differences which occur between mammalian tissues and bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Rabinowitch(104), Bassham(12), and Arnon(4) have ably condensed the early history of photosynthesis. It commences in 1772 when Priestley discovered that green plants do not respire in the same way as animal cells, but seemed to use the reverse...