Demirbas Methane Gas Hydrate

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84882-872-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 186 Seiten

Reihe: Green Energy and Technology

Gas hydrates represent one of the world's largest untapped reservoirs of energy and, according to some estimates, have the potential to meet global energy needs for the next thousand years. 'Methane Gas Hydrate' examines this potential by focusing on methane gas hydrate, which is increasingly considered a significant source of energy. 'Methane Gas Hydrate' gives a general overview of natural gas, before delving into the subject of gas hydrates in more detail and methane gas hydrate in particular. As well as discussing methods of gas production, it also discusses the safety and environmental concerns associated with the presence of natural gas hydrates, ranging from their possible impact on the safety of conventional drilling operations to their influence on Earth's climate. 'Methane Gas Hydrate' is a useful reference on an increasingly popular energy source. It contains valuable information for chemical engineers and researchers, as well as for postgraduate students.

Ayhan Demirbas is a full professor at Sila Science and Energy. He was a Professor in Energy Technologies Science at Karadeniz Technical University between 1991 and 2001, and at Selcuk University from 2003 to 2007. His research is mainly concerned with renewable and sustainable energy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Demirbas, Ayhan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Chapter 1 Introduction;10
3.1;1.1 Global Energy Sources;10
3.2;1.2 Fossil Fuel Sources;12
3.2.1;1.2.1 The History of Petroleum;13
3.2.2;1.2.2 Petroleum Refining;15
3.2.3;1.2.3 Petroleum Products and Fuels;18
3.2.4;1.2.4 Coal;22
3.2.5;1.2.5 Chemicals and Fuels from Coal;24
3.2.6;1.2.6 Natural Gas;26
3.2.7;1.2.7 Gas Hydrates;26
3.2.8;1.2.8 Oil Shale;27
3.2.9;1.2.9 Tar Sands;28
3.2.10;1.2.10 Natural Bitumen and Extra-heavy Oil;29
3.3;1.3 Renewable Energy Sources;30
3.3.1;1.3.1 Biomass;31
3.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Marine Biomass;37
3.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Biofuels from Biomass;38
3.3.1.3;1.3.1.3 Bio-oil;43
3.3.1.4;1.3.1.4 Biogas;45
3.3.1.5;1.3.1.5 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids;46
3.3.1.6;1.3.1.6 Biohydrogen;47
3.3.1.7;1.3.1.7 Sugar from Biomass;49
3.3.2;1.3.2 Hydropower;52
3.3.3;1.3.3 Geothermal Energy;55
3.3.4;1.3.4 Wind Energy;56
3.3.5;1.3.5 Solar Energy;57
3.3.6;1.3.6 Other Renewable Energy Sources;59
3.3.7;1.3.7 Municipal Solid Waste and Landfill Gas;59
3.4;1.4 Nuclear Fuel Sources;61
3.5;1.5 Summary;62
4;Chapter 2 Natural Gas;66
4.1;2.1 Introduction;66
4.2;2.2 Definition and History;68
4.3;2.3 Origin of Natural Gas;69
4.4;2.4 Natural Gas Resources;70
4.5;2.5 Natural Gas Production, Consumption, and Distribution;71
4.6;2.6 Compressed Natural Gas;74
4.7;2.7 Liquefied Natural Gas;75
4.8;2.8 Contribution of Natural Gas to Global Warning;76
4.9;2.9 Use of Natural Gas;77
4.9.1;2.9.1 Industrial Uses;78
4.9.2;2.9.2 Residential Use;79
4.9.3;2.9.3 Electricity Generation using Natural Gas;80
4.9.4;2.9.4 Commercial Use;81
4.9.5;2.9.5 Natural Gas in the Transportation Sector;81
4.10;2.10 Importance of Natural Gas;82
4.11;2.11 Environmental Impacts;82
4.12;2.12 Summary;84
5;Chapter 3 Gas Hydrates;86
5.1;3.1 Introduction;86
5.1.1;3.1.1 Definition;88
5.1.2;3.1.2 History;89
5.1.3;3.1.3 Gas Hydrate Origin and Formation;90
5.1.4;3.1.4 Clathrates and Crystalline Clathrate Solids;94
5.1.5;3.1.5 Storage of Hydrogen in Clathrates;95
5.2;3.2 Chemical Structures;96
5.2.1;3.2.1 Chemical Structure of the Water Molecule;96
5.2.2;3.2.2 Chemical Structure of the Methane Molecule;98
5.2.3;3.2.3 Crystalline Structure of Water Ice;99
5.2.4;3.2.4 Crystalline Structure of Gas Hydrate;100
5.3;3.3 Crystal Types of Gas Hydrates;101
5.3.1;3.3.1 Clathrate Structure I;103
5.3.2;3.3.2 Clathrate Structure II;104
5.3.3;3.3.3 Clathrate Structure H;105
5.4;3.4 Methane Gas Fuel;107
5.4.1;3.4.1 Combustion of Methane;109
5.4.2;3.4.2 Main Reactions of Methane;112
5.5;3.5 Summary;116
6;Chapter 4 Methane Gas Hydrate: as a Natural Gas Source;122
6.1;4.1 Introduction;122
6.2;4.2 Importance of Methane Hydrates;123
6.3;4.3 Global Climate Change;125
6.3.1;4.3.1 Air Pollution;125
6.3.2;4.3.2 Greenhouse Effect;130
6.3.3;4.3.3 Global Warming;131
6.3.4;4.3.4 Arguments Against Global Warming;134
6.3.5;4.3.5 Kyoto Protocol;134
6.3.6;4.3.6 Carbon Credits;135
6.3.7;4.3.7 Carbon Sequestration;136
6.4;4.4 Effects of Methane Hydrates on Climate Change;137
6.5;4.5 World's Methane Hydrate Resources;141
6.5.1;4.5.1 Gas Hydrates on the North Slope, Alaska;145
6.5.2;4.5.2 Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico;145
6.5.3;4.5.3 Gas Hydrates in Russia's West Siberian Basin;146
6.5.4;4.5.4 Gas Hydrates in Canada;146
6.5.5;4.5.5 Projects Related to Methane Hydrates in Japan, India, China, Malaysia, and Korea;147
6.5.6;4.5.6 A Case Study: Methane Hydrates in the Black Sea;148
6.6;4.6 Properties of Methane Hydrates;150
6.7;4.7 Methane Hydrate Stability;152
6.8;4.8 Facilities for Recovery of Methane from Methane Hydrate;156
6.8.1;4.8.1 Disposal of Impurities from Methane;157
6.8.2;4.8.2 Gas Hydrate Research and Development;157
6.9;4.9 Properties of Seawater;159
6.10;4.10 Summary;163
7;Chapter 5 Processes for Methane Production from Gas Hydrates;170
7.1;5.1 Introduction;170
7.2;5.2 Depressurization Process;172
7.3;5.3 Thermal Stimulation Process;174
7.4;5.4 Chemical Inhibitor Injection Process;175
7.5;5.5 Gas Hydrate Reservoirs;178
7.5.1;5.5.1 Arctic Hydrates;178
7.5.2;5.5.2 Marine Hydrates;179
7.6;5.6 Seafloor Drilling of the Hydrate Zone for Exploration and Production of Methane;180
7.7;5.7 Possible Transportation Routes;183
7.8;5.8 Economic and Political Issues;185
7.9;5.9 Summary;186
8;Index;192