Dawson / Clauß Contrast Media in Practice

Questions and Answers
1993
ISBN: 978-3-642-97530-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 246 Seiten, eBook

In this volume experts answer questions which are frequently
asked about theproperties and handling of X-ray contrast
media, providing a good source of reference in the use of
these agents and which should help to reduce the rate of
adverrse effects. In addition, basic information is provided
on the development, toxicology, pharmacology,
pharmacokinetics and clinical testing of X-ray contrast
media. Finally, a look at the prospects for contrast media
in magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound underlines the
increasing importance of these diagnostic imaging
procedures. This book will be of interest to physicians and
their staff alike.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dawson, Peter

Clauß, Wolfram

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 General Fundamentals.- 1.1 A Historical Overview of the Development of Contrast Media for Diagnostic Imaging Procedures in Radiology H. J. Maurer and W. Clauß.- 1.2 Chemistry of X-Ray Contrast Media T. Gulbrandsen.- 1.3 Structure — Toxicity Relationships and Molecule Design P. Dawson.- 1.4 Results of Toxicological Tests Assessing the Risk of Nonionic Contrast Media in Humans C. Schöbet and P. Günzel.- 1.5 Physicochemical Properties of Contrast Media: Osmotic Pressure, Viscosity, Solubility, Lipophilicity, Hydrophilicity, Electrical Charge U. Speck.- 1.6 Pharmacokinetics of Contrast Media W. Krause and G. Schuhmann-Gampieri.- 1.7 Clinical Documentation of the Tolerance, Safety and Efficacy of X-Ray Contrast Media E. Andrew, W. Clauß, A. Alhassan and H. P. Bohn.- 2 Pharmaceutical Quality and Stability of Contrast Media.- 2.1 What Are the Steps in the Production of Contrast Media? B. Wolden.- 2.2 Which Chemical Degradation Products Are Formed? D. Herrmann.- 2.3 What Additives Do Contrast Media Formulations Contain? B. Wolden.- 2.4 What Is the Importance of Additives in Contrast Medium Formulations? P. Dawson.- 2.5 How Is the Sterility or Microbial Purity of Contrast Media Checked? B. Wolden.- 2.6 How Is the Chemical Stability of Contrast Media Checked? B. Wolden.- 2.7 How Are Contrast Media Checked for Freedom from Pyrogens? B. Wolden.- 2.8 To What Are Colour Changes of Contrast Media Attributable? D. Herrmann and B. Wolden.- 2.9 Does Particulate Contamination Occur, and How Important Is It? B. Wolden.- 2.10 Which Factors Reduce the Stability of Contrast Media, and What Are the Implications of Storage Recommendations? D. Herrmann.- 2.11 What Precautions Are Necessary in Drawing Up Contrast Media into Syringes and in Administering Them Using Infusion Devices? D. Herrmann.- 2.12 How Long Do Contrast Media Remain Usable After the Original Container Has Been Opened? D. Herrmann.- 2.13 May Contrast Media Be Diluted or Mixed with Other Drugs? D. Herrmann.- 2.14 Is the Resterilization and Reuse of Disposable Angiography Catheters Justified? M. Thelen.- 2.15 Is There an Increased Risk of Coagulation when Catheters Are Reused? P. Dawson.- 3 Influence of Contrast Media on Organs and Vessels.- 3.1 What Are the Mechanisms of Toxicity Associated with Contrast Media? P. Dawson.- 3.2 Do Contrast Media Affect the Viscosity of Blood? N. H. Strickland.- 3.3 Are There Any Differences Between Ionic and Nonionic Contrast Media in Their Effect on Coagulation? P. Dawson.- 3.4 Do Contrast Media Affect Carciovascular Function? P. Dawson.- 3.5 Do Contrast Media Affect Pulmonary Function? P. Dawson.- 3.6 Do Contrast Media Affect Hepatic Function? V. Taenzer.- 3.7 Do Contrast Media Affect Renal Function? J. E. Scherberich.- 3.8 Do Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Media Affect Thyroid Function? B. Glöbel.- 3.9 What Is the Relationship Between Iodinated Contrast Media and the Blood-Brain Barrier? P. Dawson.- 3.10 Do Contrast Media Affect the Central Nervous System? M. R. Sage.- 3.11 Do Contrast Media Affect Blood Vessel Walls? F. Laerum.- 4 Determination of Risk Factors Regarding the Administration of Contrast Media.- 4.1 What Are the Known Risks of Contrast Media Use? W. Clauß.- 4.2 Does Known X-Ray Contrast Media Hypersensitivity and a History of Allergies Mean Increased Risk in Examinations Using X-Ray Contrast Media? W. Clauß.- 4.3 Does an Existing Iodine Allergy Mean Increased Risk in Examinations Using X-Ray Contrast Media? W. Clauß.- 4.4 Why Does the Administration of Iodinated Contrast Media to Patients with Manifest or Latent Hyperthyroidism Represent a Risk? B. Glöbel.- 4.5 Why Does the Administration of Iodinated Contrast Media Represent a Risk to Patients with Bland Nodular Goitre? B. Glöbel.- 4.6 Does Underlying Cardiovascular Disease Constitute an Increased Risk in Contrast Media Administration? P. Dawson.- 4.7 Why Is Pre-existing Lung Disease a Risk for the Administration of Contrast Media? P. Dawson.- 4.8 Why Is Pre-existing Renal Impairment a Risk in the Administration of Contrast Media? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.9 Why Is Pre-existing Diabetes Mellitus a Risk in the Administration of Contrast-Media? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.10 Why Is Pre-existing Paraproteinaemia a Risk in the Administration of Contrast Media? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.11 How Can the Risk of Provoking a Hypertensive Crisis in Patients with Phaeochromocytoma Be Reduced? P. Dawson.- 4.12 Can Dehydration Before Contrast Media Administration Be Recommended Today? J. E. Scherberich.- 4.13 Are Patients with Autoimmune Disorders at Any Particular Risk on Contrast Media Administration? P. Dawson.- 4.14 Does the Administration of Iodinated Contrast Media to Patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia Result in Further Change in Erythrocytic Shape? R. Dickerhoff.- 4.15 Are Contrast Media-Induced Side Effects Dependent on Age? H. Katayama.- 4.16 Does Weather Influence the Rate of Undesirable Reactions to Contrast Media Administration? D. Zuckert.- 4.17 Can Contrast Media Procedures Be Carried Out Despite Defined Risks? P. Dawson.- 4.18 What Interactions Are Known Between the Administration of Contrast Media and Other Medications? P. Dawson.- 4.19 What Is the Role of X-Ray Contrast Media Administered During Pregnancy or in Nursing Mothers? H. Imhof and K. Vergesslich.- 5 Prophylactic Measures.- 5.1 What Is the Place of Fasting and Dehydration Before Contrast Media Administration? W. Clauß.- 5.2 Can Hypersensitivity Reactions to Contrast Media Be Predicted Through Preliminary Testing? W. Clauß and V. Taenzer.- 5.3 Is Sedation Indicated Before Administering Contrast Media? G. Wisser.- 5.4 Does General Anaesthesia Prevent the Occurrence of Contrast Media-Induced Side Effects? G. Wisser.- 5.5 Can the Rate of Contrast Media-Induced Side Effects Be Lowered by Premedication with Antihistamines? R. Tauber.- 5.6 Can the Adverse Reactions Rate/Be Reduced by Administration of Corticosteroids? W. Clauß.- 6 Informing the Patient Prior to Contrast Media Administration.- 6.1 What Is the Patient’s “Right to Know” Prior to an X-Ray Examination Using Contrast Media? H. J. Maurer and W. Spann.- 6.2 What Special Information Should a Healthy Volunteer/Patient Receive Who Is Participating in a Clinical Study of a New Drug? W. Clauß and E. Andrew.- 7 Administration of Contrast Media.- 7.1 Are Contrast Media Heated to Body Temperature Better Tolerated? P. Dawson.- 7.2 Are There Any Guidelines for Maximum Doses in Angiography? P. Dawson.- 7.3 Are There Any Guidelines for Maximum Doses in Myelography? I. O. Skalpe.- 7.4 Are There Any Guidelines for Maximum Doses in Cholegraphy? V. Taenzer.- 7.5 Can “Maximum” Doses Be Exceeded? P. Dawson.- 7.6 Does the Injection Rate Affect the Tolerance? P. Dawson.- 7.7 What Fluids Can be Recommended for Flushing Catheters? P. Dawson.- 8 Adverse Reactions and Their Pathophysiology and Management.- 8.1 What Adverse Reactions Can be Expected After Administration of Contrast Media? R. G. Grainger.- 8.2 Do Late-Occurring Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media Necessitate Longer Supervision of the Patient? P. Davies.- 8.3 Do Late Reactions Occur More Frequently After Administration of Nonionic Contrast Media? P. Davies.- 8.4 What Are the Mediators of Anaphylactoid Reactions to Iodinated Contrast Media? P. Dawson.- 8.5 What Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media Are Dose Independent or Dependent? H. Katayama.- 8.6 Are Antibodies to Radiographic Contrast Media Known? R. C. Brasch.- 8.7 Are There Allergies to Contrast Media? R. C. Brasch.- 8.8 Can Sensitization Due to Frequent Contrast Media Administration Be Observed? R. C. Brasch.- 8.9 Can Epileptogenicity and Arachnoiditis Be Observed After Myelography with Nonionic Contrast Media? I. O. Skalpe.- 8.10 Are Contrast Media Dialysable? J. E. Scherberich.- 9 Clinical Use of Iodinated Contrast Media for the Visualization of Vessels, Organs and Organ Systems.- 9.1 Carotid and Vertebral Arteries and Cerebral Vessels I. O. Skalpe.- 9.2 Spinal Angiography and Phlebography A. Thron.- 9.3 Angiography of the Extremities H. J. Maurer.- 9.4 Phlebography B. Hagen.- 9.5 Direct Lymphography and Indirect Lymphangiography H. Weissleder.- 9.6 Angiography and Thoracic Aortography P. Romaniuk.- 9.7 Angiographic Procedures for the Liver, Spleen, Pancreas and Portal Venous System W. Rödl.- 9.8 Computed Tomography in the Liver, Pancreas and Spleen A. Adam.- 9.9 The Gastrointestinal Tract W. Dihlmann and L. Hering.- 9.10 Contrast Media in the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts V. Taenzer.- 9.11 Intravenous Urography P. Dawson.- 9.12 Urethrography and Micturating Cystography, Cavernosography, and Seminal Vesiculography and Vasography D. Richards.- 9.13 The Kidneys and Adrenal Glands G. P. Krestin.- 9.14 Contrast Media in Gynaecology H. J. Maurer and J. G. Heep.- 9.15 Arthrography V. Papassotiriou.- 9.16 What Advantages Do Nonionic Contrast Media Have for Paediatric Patients? H. J. Kaufmann and C. Bassir.- 9.17 What Is the Role of Newer Contrast Media in Interventional Radiology? P. Dawson.- 10 Contrast Media for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound.- 10.1 Contrast Media for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging H. P. Niendorf and J. C. Dinger.- 10.2 Ultrasonographic Contrast Media R. Schlief, R. Schürmann, and H. P. Niendorf.