Dasari / Yu / Mai Polymer Nanocomposites

Towards Multi-Functionality
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4471-6809-6
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 311 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering Materials and Processes

This highlights ongoing research efforts on different aspects of polymer nanocomposites and explores their potentials to exhibit multi-functional properties. In this context, it addresses both fundamental and advanced concepts, while delineating the parameters and mechanisms responsible for these potentials. Aspects considered include embrittlement/toughness; wear/scratch behaviour; thermal stability and flame retardancy; barrier, electrical and thermal conductivity; and optical and magnetic properties. Further, the book was written as a coherent unit rather than a collection of chapters on different topics. As such, the results, analyses and discussions presented herein provide a guide for the development of a new class of multi-functional nanocomposites. Offering an invaluable resource for materials researchers and postgraduate students in the polymer composites field, they will also greatly benefit materials  


Aravind obtained the first degree (B. Tech in Chemical Engineering) from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India in 1999 and M.S. (Chemical Engineering) from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA in 2003. He then moved to University of Sydney, Australia where he obtained his PhD in 2007 from the Center for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT). Upon completion of PhD, Dr Dasari continued to work as a post-doctoral fellow before moving to Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies of Materials (IMDEA Materials Institute) as a Research Scientist in early 2009 to lead the group on Multifunctional Nanocomposites. After a couple of years of exciting stint in Madrid, he joined NTU as an Assistant Professor in mid 2011. His research focuses on various aspects of hybrid polymer nanocomposites including combustion response, functional fabrics, food packaging and acoustic absorption in thin films.
Zhong-Zhen Yu received his PhD in process engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine, France in 2001 and then worked as a postdoctoral and research fellow at the Centre for Advanced Materials Technology, The University of Sydney, for six years. From 1992 to 1999 he was a research fellow in the State Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is now a professor of Polymer Engineering in the College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. His research interests cover many aspects of polymer blends, composites and nanocomposites, including toughening and strengthening with rigid particles and fibers, fracture behaviour, flame retardancy, conductivity, tribology and polymer processing.  Yiu-Wing Mai is an alumnus of the University of Hong Kong, having completed his BSc in 1969, his PhD in 1972 and his DSc in 1999. He also obtained a DEng from The University of Sydney in 1999. He previously worked in the US (Ann Arbor and NIST), the UK (Imperial College) and Hong Kong (HKUST and CityU). Professor Mai is currently University Chair and Professor of mechanical engineering at The University of Sydney. He is also Visiting Chair Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Professor Mai's major research interests are the basic understanding of processing-microstructure-property relationships, particularly the fracture and mechanical behaviours of a range of advanced materials, including polymer blends, ceramics, cementitious materials, hard surface coatings and fibre composites. His current projects are related to polymer and ceramic-based nanocomposites and fracture mechanics of smart materials.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dasari, Aravind

Yu, Zhong-Zhen

Mai, Yiu-Wing

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;10
4;1 Introduction: Toward Multi-functionality;14
4.1;References;16
5;2 Nanoparticles;18
5.1;2.1 Introduction;19
5.2;2.2 Different Types of Nanoparticles;25
5.2.1;2.2.1 Clay Minerals;25
5.2.2;2.2.2 Graphite Nanoplatelets;30
5.2.3;2.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes;33
5.2.4;2.2.4 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane;36
5.2.5;2.2.5 Other Equiaxed Nanoparticles;37
5.2.6;2.2.6 Hierarchical Structured Particles;38
5.3;References;42
6;3 Processing;47
6.1;3.1 Interfacial Volume and Its Effects;48
6.2;3.2 Modification of Nanoparticles;51
6.2.1;3.2.1 Equiaxed Nanoparticles;52
6.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Surface Coating;53
6.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Silanization;54
6.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 In Situ Particle Generation/Surface Modification;57
6.2.1.4;3.2.1.4 Coupling Agent;58
6.2.1.5;3.2.1.5 Grafting Treatment;58
6.2.2;3.2.2 Layered Silicates (Bentonite);63
6.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Opening of the Interlayer Spacing;63
6.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Length of Alkyl Groups and Number of Tails;65
6.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Difficulties with Nonpolar Polymers;65
6.2.3;3.2.3 Tubular Fillers (Carbon Nanotubes);66
6.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Adsorption;66
6.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Chemical Functionalization;67
6.3;3.3 Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites;70
6.3.1;3.3.1 Solvent Methods;70
6.3.2;3.3.2 In Situ Polymerization;71
6.3.3;3.3.3 Polymer Melt Intercalation;73
6.4;References;74
7;4 Microstructural Characterization;80
7.1;4.1 Background;81
7.2;4.2 Direct and Reciprocal Space Techniques;82
7.3;4.3 Etching;85
7.4;4.4 Staining;88
7.5;4.5 Different Ways of Quantifying Dispersion/Distribution and Sizes of Nanoparticles;92
7.5.1;4.5.1 Equiaxed Nanoparticles;92
7.5.2;4.5.2 Clay Layers (1D Nanoparticles);96
7.5.3;4.5.3 CNTs (2D Nanoparticles);102
7.6;4.6 Other Advanced Techniques and Summary;107
7.7;References;109
8;5 Interfaces;113
8.1;5.1 Background;114
8.2;5.2 Crystallization Behavior;114
8.2.1;5.2.1 Crystallization Temperature;114
8.2.2;5.2.2 Crystal Size/Shape;117
8.2.3;5.2.3 Crystallization Under Nanoscopic Confinement;118
8.3;5.3 Spatial (Physical) Confinement in the Presence of Nanoparticles—Changes in Tg;121
8.4;5.4 Types of Hybrid Crystalline Structures;122
8.5;5.5 Concept of Transcrystallinity (TC) and Its Occurrence;125
8.6;5.6 TC in Polymer Nanocomposites;129
8.6.1;5.6.1 TC in the Presence of Layered Silicates;129
8.6.2;5.6.2 Extension of TC in Polymer Nanocomposites;132
8.6.3;5.6.3 Geometric Confinement Effect;133
8.7;References;137
9;6 Mechanical Properties;142
9.1;6.1 Background;143
9.2;6.2 Fracture Toughness and Ductility;145
9.3;6.3 Rigid Particle Toughening;146
9.4;6.4 Mobility Concept;155
9.5;6.5 Brittle Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites;157
9.6;6.6 Influence of Transcrystallinity on Toughness/Ductility;158
9.7;6.7 Ternary Nanocomposites;161
9.8;6.8 Toughening by Inducing Voids;163
9.9;References;165
10;7 Thermal Properties;170
10.1;7.1 Background;171
10.2;7.2 Thermal Degradation of Polymers;173
10.3;7.3 Thermal Degradation of Polymer Nanocomposites;175
10.3.1;7.3.1 Clay-Based Polymer Nanocomposites;177
10.3.1.1;7.3.1.1 Catalytic Effect of Clay Layers;179
10.3.1.2;7.3.1.2 Effect of Low Molecular Weight Surfactants;180
10.3.2;7.3.2 Examples Illustrating the Effect of Nanoparticles on Thermal Stability of Polymers;184
10.4;7.4 Efforts to Improve Thermal Stability;187
10.5;References;190
11;8 Flame Retardancy;194
11.1;8.1 Background;195
11.2;8.2 Fundamentals of Combustion of Polymers;195
11.3;8.3 Conventional Flame Retardants;197
11.3.1;8.3.1 Halogen-Based FRs;197
11.3.2;8.3.2 Phosphorous-Based FRs;197
11.3.3;8.3.3 Metal Hydroxides;198
11.3.4;8.3.4 Intumescent Agents and Coatings;198
11.4;8.4 Ecological Impact of Conventional Flame Retardants;199
11.5;8.5 Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposites;200
11.5.1;8.5.1 Overall Behavior;200
11.5.2;8.5.2 TTI and Catalytic Activity of Smectite Clay;202
11.5.3;8.5.3 Testing Standards, Residue Quality, and Synergism with Conventional FRs;204
11.5.4;8.5.4 Understanding the Structure of Residues;206
11.5.4.1;8.5.4.1 XRD Analysis;206
11.5.4.2;8.5.4.2 Permeability;208
11.5.4.3;8.5.4.3 Electron Microscopy;210
11.6;8.6 Thickness of Samples;211
11.7;References;212
12;9 Wear/Scratch Damage;216
12.1;9.1 Background;216
12.2;9.2 Nanoparticles Versus Microsized Particles;219
12.3;9.3 Some Specific Parameters Affecting Wear/Scratch Damage in Polymer Nanocomposites;222
12.3.1;9.3.1 Transfer Films;222
12.3.2;9.3.2 Crystal Phase;223
12.4;9.4 General Comments on Wear/Scratch Damage of Polymer Nanocomposites;225
12.5;9.5 Hybrid Approach;227
12.6;9.6 Summary;231
12.7;References;231
13;10 Functional Properties;236
13.1;10.1 Optical Properties;237
13.2;10.2 Barrier Properties and Permeability;243
13.3;10.3 Electrical Conductivity;246
13.3.1;10.3.1 Percolation Threshold;247
13.3.2;10.3.2 Factors Affecting Percolation in Polymer Nanocomposites;248
13.3.3;10.3.3 Volume Exclusion Effect;253
13.4;10.4 Dielectric Properties;255
13.5;10.5 Biodegradability;259
13.5.1;10.5.1 Factors Affecting Biodegradation;261
13.5.2;10.5.2 Biodegradability of PLA-Based Nanocomposites;262
13.6;10.6 Summary;264
13.7;References;265
14;11 Ecological Issues;271
14.1;11.1 Background;272
14.2;11.2 Non-biodegradability of Polymeric Materials;272
14.3;11.3 Fire Retardants;274
14.3.1;11.3.1 Effects on Environment and Human Health;274
14.3.2;11.3.2 Source and Distribution;278
14.3.3;11.3.3 Efforts to Control/Monitor PBDEs;279
14.4;11.4 Food-Packaging Materials—Requirements and Concerns;280
14.5;References;283
15;12 Applications and Outlook;286
15.1;12.1 Background;287
15.2;12.2 Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites;288
15.2.1;12.2.1 Automotive Applications;288
15.2.2;12.2.2 Food Packaging and Other Barrier Property-Dependent Applications;289
15.2.3;12.2.3 Miscellaneous Applications;290
15.3;12.3 Nanocomposites for Marine Applications;291
15.4;12.4 Applications of Conductive Nanoparticles;293
15.5;12.5 Shape Memory Polymers;297
15.6;12.6 Biomedical Actuators and Other Biomechanical Applications;298
15.7;12.7 Summary and Outlook;301
15.8;References;302
16;Index;305