Dahiya Bioenergy

Biomass to Biofuels
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-408120-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 670 Seiten

Depleting fossil fuel reserves and adverse effects of fluctuating oil prices have renewed interest in alternative and sustainable sources of energy. Bioenergy: Biomass to Biofuels takes on this topic and examines current and emerging feedstocks and advanced processes and technologies enabling the development of all possible alternative energy sources: solid (wood energy, grass energy, and other biomass), liquid (biodiesel, algae biofuel, ethanol), and gaseous/electric (biogas, syngas, bioelectricity). Divided into seven parts, Bioenergy gives thorough consideration to topics such as feedstocks, biomass production and utilization, life cycle analysis, Energy Return on Invested (EROI), integrated sustainability assessments, conversions technologies, biofuels economics and policy. In addition, contributions from leading industry professionals and academics, augmented by related service-learning case studies and quizzes, provide readers with a comprehensive resource that connect theory to real-world implementation. - Provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical information of all possible bioenergy resources (solid, liquid, and gaseous), including cutting-edge topics such as advanced fuels and biogas - Integrates current state of art coverage from feedstocks to cost-effective conversion processes to biofuels economic analysis and environmental policy - Features case studies and quizzes for each section derived from the implementation of actual hands-on biofuel projects as part of service learning

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dahiya, Anju

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Bioenergy
Biomass to Biofuels;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Contents;8
6;List of Contributors;12
6.1;CHAPTER AUTHORS;12
6.2;BIOENERGY – BIOMASS TO BIOFUELS PROGRAM STUDENT CONTRIBUTORS;16
6.3;CONTRIBUTING ORGANIZATIONS;17
6.4;EDITOR AND AUTHOR;17
7;Foreword;18
8;Preface;20
8.1;UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT'S BIOMASS TO BIOFUELS COURSE BRINGS REAL WORLD TO ACADEMIA AND VISA VERSA;22
9;Acknowledgments;26
10;How to Use this Book: Helpful Suggestions;28
10.1;OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK;28
10.2;HELPFUL SUGGESTIONS FOR BOTH THE STUDENTS AND THE INSTRUCTORS ENGAGED IN BIOENERGY COURSES;29
10.3;ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR AN EXPERT (TEACHER, PROFESSOR, GUEST SPEAKER) PLANNING TO USE MATERIAL PROVIDED IN THIS BOOK AS ...;30
10.4;BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SEVEN PARTS;30
11;PART 1 BIOENERGY—BIOMASS TO BIOFUELS: AN OVERVIEW;32
11.1;CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO BIOENERGY;36
11.1.1;PURPOSE;36
11.1.2;INTRODUCTION;36
11.1.3;BIOENERGY DEFINED;37
11.1.4;BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND DRIVERS;38
11.1.5;FEEDSTOCKS;40
11.1.6;BIOMASS MATERIALS AND SOURCES;41
11.1.7;BIOMASS SUPPLY AND AVAILABILITY;49
11.1.8;OVERVIEW OF CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES;51
11.1.9;CO-PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS;53
11.1.10;SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS;54
11.1.11;SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES;57
11.1.12;CONCLUSION;61
11.1.13;Acknowledgments;61
11.1.14;REFERENCES;61
11.2;CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION TO BIODIESEL AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS;68
11.2.1;BIODIESEL STANDARDS;71
11.2.2;BQ-9000 FUEL QUALITY PROGRAM;71
11.2.3;Acknowledgments;71
11.3;CHAPTER 3 - BIOENERGY: BIOMASS TO BIOFUELS GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND CONVERTION FACTORS;72
12;PART 2 WOOD AND GRASS BIOMASS AS BIOFUELS;84
12.1;CHAPTER 4 - WOOD BIOENERGY;86
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION TO WOOD BIOENERGY;86
12.1.2;WOOD ENERGY SOURCES: A VAST AND RENEWABLE RESOURCE;86
12.1.3;WOOD BIOENERGY USES IN THE UNITED STATES AND WORLDWIDE;89
12.1.4;VALUES AND BENEFITS OF WOOD BIOENERGY;89
12.1.5;WOOD ENERGY SOURCES;90
12.1.6;MANAGING WOOD BIOMASS FOR BIOENERGY;92
12.1.7;HARVESTING, TRANSPORTING, AND STORING WOODY BIOMASS FOR BIOENERGY;93
12.1.8;USING WOODY BIOMASS;95
12.1.9;DIRECT COMBUSTION OPTIONS;95
12.1.10;LIQUID AND GASEOUS BIOFUEL CONVERSION OPTIONS;97
12.1.11;BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES;97
12.1.12;THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES;97
12.1.13;ECONOMICS OF WOODY BIOENERGY;98
12.1.14;ECONOMICS OF WOODY BIOENERGY PRODUCTION;99
12.1.15;SUSTAINABILITY OF WOODY BIOENERGY;100
12.1.16;SUMMARY;101
12.1.17;REFERENCES;101
12.2;CHAPTER 5 - PERENNIAL GRASS BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION;104
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;104
12.2.2;DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING A PERENNIAL GRASS BIOMASS SYSTEM;104
12.2.3;REFERENCES;118
12.3;CHAPTER 6 - WOOD AND GRASS ENERGY SERVICE LEARNING PROJECTS AND CASE STUDIES;120
13;PART 3 BIOMASS TO LIQUID BIOFUELS;138
13.1;CHAPTER 7 - BIOENERGY CROPS;142
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;142
13.1.2;ECONOMICS;142
13.1.3;A CROP-BY-CROP ANALYSIS;146
13.1.4;CROP HANDLING AND LOGISTICS;161
13.1.5;SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION;162
13.1.6;CONCLUSION;164
13.1.7;Acknowledgments;164
13.1.8;FURTHER READING;164
13.1.9;7 . APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS USED IN THIS CHAPTER;165
13.2;CHAPTER 8 - ON-FARM OIL-BASED BIODIESEL PRODUCTION;166
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;166
13.2.2;SPECIES AND VARIETY SELECTION;168
13.2.3;PLANTING CONSIDERATIONS;170
13.2.4;PEST MANAGEMENT;175
13.2.5;HARVESTING, CLEANING, DRYING, AND STORAGE OF SEED;179
13.2.6;OIL EXTRACTION AND BYPRODUCTS;183
13.2.7;CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES WITH FARM-BASED FUEL PRODUCTION;187
13.2.8;EXAMPLES OF ON-FARM FUEL SYSTEMS;188
13.2.9;REFERENCES;189
13.3;CHAPTER 9 - LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT: THE ENERGY RETURN ON INVESTED OF BIODIESEL;192
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;192
13.3.2;EROI APPROACHES AND CONTROVERSIES;194
13.3.3;PURPOSE;196
13.3.4;DATA AND METHODS;197
13.3.5;EROI OF VERMONT BIODIESEL;200
13.3.6;CONSIDERATIONS;202
13.3.7;CONCLUSIONS;204
13.3.8;Acknowledgments;204
13.3.9;REFERENCES;204
13.3.10;9 . APPENDICES;205
13.4;CHAPTER 10 - ENERGY MANAGEMENT DURING FIELD PRODUCTION PRACTICES;210
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW;210
13.4.2;TRACTOR USE;211
13.4.3;BALLASTING, SLIP, AND TIRE INFLATION;211
13.4.4;MAINTENANCE;213
13.4.5;TRANSMISSION;213
13.4.6;TRACTOR SELECTION;214
13.4.7;OTHER ISSUES;214
13.4.8;HARVEST OPERATIONS;215
13.4.9;OTHER INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS;216
13.4.10;FERTILIZER AND OTHER CULTURAL AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AFFECTING ENERGY USE;216
13.4.11;REFERENCE;217
13.4.12;FURTHER READING;217
13.4.13;Field operations—general;217
13.4.14;Tractor—general;217
13.4.15;Tractor ballasting/slip/tire inflation;217
13.4.16;Tractor transmission;217
13.4.17;Tractor selection;217
13.4.18;Other tractor issues;217
13.4.19;Fertilizer issues;217
13.4.20;No-till seeding;218
13.4.21;Corn production;218
13.5;CHAPTER 11 - STRAIGHT VEGETABLE OIL AS A DIESEL FUEL?;220
13.5.1;PERFORMANCE OF SVO;220
13.5.2;BIODIESEL: FUEL MADE FROM SVO;222
13.5.3;WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?;222
13.6;CHAPTER 12 - CELLULOSIC ETHANOL—BIOFUEL BEYOND CORN;224
13.6.1;INTRODUCTION;224
13.6.2;CELLULOSE AS ETHANOL FEEDSTOCK;224
13.6.3;CHALLENGES IN CELLULOSIC ETHANOL;225
13.6.4;CONCLUSION;227
13.6.5;Acknowledgment;227
13.6.6;REFERENCES;228
13.7;CHAPTER 13 - BIOHEAT;230
13.7.1;BIODIESEL;230
13.7.2;BIOHEAT;231
13.7.3;BIOHEAT AND ITS PROPERTIES;232
13.7.4;PROPERTIES OF HEATING OIL AND BIOHEAT;234
13.7.5;FUEL-RELATED SERVICE CALLS;238
13.7.6;THREE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL BIOHEAT MANAGEMENT;241
13.7.7;QUICK TESTS FOR FUEL QUALITY;242
13.7.8;OIL FILTRATION;243
13.7.9;FUEL-ADDITIVE TREATMENT;244
13.7.10;PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE;246
13.7.11;SOURCES;248
13.7.12;FURTHER READING;248
13.8;CHAPTER 14 - ALGAE BIOMASS CULTIVATION FOR ADVANCED BIOFUEL PRODUCTION;250
13.8.1;INTRODUCTION;250
13.8.2;ALGAE AS A SUSTAINABLE FEEDSTOCK FOR MULTIPLE USES;250
13.8.3;HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ALGAE BIOMASS AND JOURNEY TOWARD ALGAL BIOFUEL;251
13.8.4;POSSIBILITIES OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM ALGAE BIOMASS;252
13.8.5;ALGAE STRAIN SELECTION: ALGAE TYPES, STRAINS, AND USE IN BIOFUEL PRODUCTION;254
13.8.6;MICROALGAE;254
13.8.7;ALGAE CULTIVATION: GROWTH SYSTEMS;257
13.8.8;ALGAE HARVESTING;261
13.8.9;OIL EXTRACTION FROM HARVESTED ALGAE BIOMASS;262
13.8.10;CHALLENGES IN UPSCALING OF ALGAL BIOFUEL OPERATIONS FROM BENCH TO COMMERCIAL SCALES;263
13.8.11;INTEGRATED ALGAL BIOFUEL PRODUCTION;264
13.8.12;LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, ECONOMICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS;266
13.8.13;CONCLUSION;267
13.8.14;REFERENCES;268
13.9;CHAPTER 15 - BIOMASS TO LIQUID BIOFUELS SERVICE LEARNING PROJECTS AND CASE STUDIES;270
13.9.1;SUBCHAPTER 15A - COST ANALYSIS OF OILSEED PRODUCTION FOR BIODIESEL AND THE VOLATILITY IN CORN AND CRUDE;273
13.9.1.1;REFERENCES;277
13.9.2;SUBCHAPTER 15B - THERMAL HEATING FUEL SWITCH;279
13.9.3;SUBCHAPTER 15C - MOBILE ETHANOL DISTILLERY UNIT: A FEASIBILITY STUDY;285
13.9.3.1;SUMMARY;285
13.9.3.2;BACKGROUND;285
13.9.3.3;SURVEY RESULTS;287
13.9.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;288
13.9.4;Acknowledgments;288
13.9.4.1;REFERENCES;288
14;PART 4 GASEOUS FUELS AND BIOELECTRICITY;290
14.1;CHAPTER 16 - THERMAL GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS – A PRIMER;292
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;292
14.1.2;CLASSIFICATION OF GAS MIXTURES;293
14.1.3;CHEMICAL CONCEPTS AND BACKGROUND;294
14.1.4;HEATING VALUES OF GASES AND GAS MIXTURES;296
14.1.5;MEASURES OF GAS PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE;298
14.1.6;PYROLYSIS;298
14.1.7;THERMOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS;304
14.1.8;GASIFIER TYPES;308
14.1.9;POST-GASIFICATION PROCESSING;315
14.1.10;INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLES (IGCC);316
14.1.11;FURTHER READING;317
14.2;CHAPTER 17 - BASICS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIVESTOCK MANURE;318
14.2.1;INTRODUCTION;318
14.2.2;BENEFITS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION;320
14.2.3;WHAT MAKES AN OPERATION APPROPRIATE FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION?;324
14.2.4;CONCLUSION;325
14.2.5;Acknowledgments;326
14.2.6;REFERENCES;326
14.3;CHAPTER 18 - BIOENERGY AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION;328
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION;328
14.3.2;THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS;328
14.3.3;FEEDSTOCKS;331
14.3.4;THE PROCESS OF STARTING A DIGESTER;334
14.3.5;LOADING RATE;335
14.3.6;OPERATION AND CONTROL OF A DIGESTER;337
14.3.7;ROLE OF MIXING IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION;338
14.3.8;TYPES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS;341
14.3.9;CONCLUSION;347
14.3.10;Acknowledgments;347
14.3.11;REFERENCES;348
14.4;CHAPTER 19 -
Gaseous Fuels and Bioelectricity Service Learning Projects and Case Studies;350
15;PART 5 CONVERSION PATHWAYS FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION;352
15.1;CHAPTER 20 - BIODIESEL PRODUCTION;356
15.1.1;INTRODUCTION;356
15.1.2;PRODUCTION PROCESSES;356
15.1.3;SUMMARY;365
15.1.4;POST REACTION PROCESSING;366
15.1.5;TREATMENT AND RECOVERY OF SIDE STREAMS;370
15.1.6;SUMMARY;372
15.1.7;Acknowledgments;376
15.1.8;REFERENCES;376
15.2;CHAPTER 21 - SYNTHESIS AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL VIA BASE CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION;378
15.3;CHAPTER 22 - WHOLE ALGAL BIOMASS IN SITU TRANSESTERIFICATION TO FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS AS BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCKS;384
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;384
15.3.2;MICROALGAE-FOCUSED LIPID TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOFUEL APPLICATIONS;384
15.3.3;RENEWABLE AND BIODIESEL FUEL PROPERTIES;385
15.3.4;IN SITU TRANSESTERIFICATION OF OLEAGINOUS ALGAL BIOMASS;387
15.3.5;CHOICE OF CATALYST FOR IN SITU WHOLE BIOMASS TRANSESTERIFICATION;388
15.3.6;ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPID CONTENT IN ALGAL BIOMASS USING IN SITU TRANSESTERIFICATION;389
15.3.7;CONCLUSIONS;393
15.3.8;REFERENCES;393
15.4;CHAPTER 23 - HOW FUEL ETHANOL IS MADE FROM CORN;396
15.4.1;INTRODUCTION;396
15.4.2;FUEL ETHANOL;396
15.4.3;YEAST'S ROLE IN ETHANOL PRODUCTION;396
15.4.4;CORN AS ETHANOL FEEDSTOCK;396
15.4.5;INDUSTRIAL ETHANOL PRODUCTION;398
15.4.6;WET MILLING;398
15.4.7;DRY GRIND;398
15.4.8;DRY-GRIND ETHANOL PROCESSING STEPS;398
15.4.9;MILLING;398
15.4.10;LIQUEFACTION;399
15.4.11;SACCHARIFICATION;399
15.4.12;FERMENTATION;399
15.4.13;DISTILLATION AND RECOVERY;399
15.4.14;ENERGY USE IN ETHANOL PRODUCTION;400
15.4.15;CONCLUSIONS;400
15.4.16;Acknowledgment;401
15.4.17;REFERENCES;401
15.5;CHAPTER 24 - SMALL-SCALE APPROACHES FOR EVALUATING BIOMASS BIOCONVERSION FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALS;402
15.5.1;INTRODUCTION;402
15.5.2;TYPES OF BIOMASS;402
15.5.3;TREATMENT OF BIOMASS;404
15.5.4;MECHANICAL TREATMENTS;404
15.5.5;NO PRETREATMENT;404
15.5.6;CHEMICAL/THERMAL PRETREATMENT;405
15.5.7;ORGANIC PRETREATMENT;406
15.5.8;BIOLOGICAL PRETREATMENT;407
15.5.9;EXAMPLES OF SMALL-SCALE PRETREATMENT;407
15.5.10;TYPICAL PROTOCOL FOR BIOMASS PRETREATMENT;407
15.5.11;BIOMASS ANALYSIS;408
15.5.12;SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS FERMENTATION APPROACHES;411
15.5.13;ANALYSIS OF FERMENTATION RESULTS;416
15.5.14;IDENTIFICATION OF FERMENTATION INHIBITION;416
15.5.15;CONCLUDING THOUGHTS;419
15.5.16;Acknowledgments;419
15.5.17;REFERENCES;420
15.6;CHAPTER 25 - REDUCING ENZYME COSTS, NOVEL COMBINATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF ENZYMES COULD LEAD TO IMPROVED COST-EFFECTIVE BIOF ...;424
15.6.1;REDUCING ENZYME COSTS INCREASES THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF BIOFUELS;424
15.6.2;NOVEL COMBINATION OF ENZYME SYSTEMS COULD LOWER BIOFUEL COSTS;426
15.6.3;ADVANTAGES OF ENZYME COULD LEAD TO IMPROVED BIOFUELS PRODUCTION HIGHLIGHTS IN SCIENCE;428
15.6.4;Acknowledgments;429
15.7;CHAPTER 26 - PYROLYSIS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS: OIL, CHAR, AND GAS;430
15.7.1;INTRODUCTION;430
15.7.2;TYPES OF THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION;432
15.7.3;LIGNOCELLULOSIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY FOR PYROLYSIS;435
15.7.4;BIOMASS PYROLYSIS STRATEGIES;446
15.7.5;APPLICATIONS AND APPROACHES FOR PRODUCT USE;453
15.7.6;CONCLUSION;457
15.7.7;REFERENCES;457
15.8;CHAPTER 27 - SUSTAINABLE AVIATION BIOFUELS: A DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT SUCCESS MODEL;460
15.8.1;AVIATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL 2006 SNAPSHOT: “WHAT IF YOUR FAMILY WERE AN AIRLINE?”;460
15.8.2;AVIATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL 2013 SNAPSHOT: ACKNOWLEDGED LEADER IN SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT FUELS;461
15.8.3;KEY METHODOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE PROGRESS: CREATION OF A “NEW FUEL DYNAMIC”;463
15.8.4;STREAMLINING THE FUEL QUALIFICATION PROCESS;464
15.8.5;IMPLEMENTING COMPREHENSIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN ALTERNATIVE FUELS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT;468
15.8.6;STRUCTURING AND FACILITATING COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENT BENEFITS ASSESSMENTS;471
15.8.7;DEPLOYING A “A NEW FUEL DYNAMIC” THROUGH PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, AND MULTIPLE-SUCCESS MODELS;476
15.8.8;CLOSING SUMMARY;483
15.9;CHAPTER 28 - CUTTING-EDGE BIOFUEL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES TO INTEGRATE INTO PETROLEUM-BASED INFRASTRUCTURE AND INTEGRATED B ...;484
15.9.1;BIODIESEL AS RENEWABLE DIESEL;484
15.9.2;BIODIESEL VERSUS PETROLEUM DIESEL;485
15.9.3;PROCESSING PATHWAYS FOR CONVERSION OF BIOFUEL INTO DIESEL FUEL;485
15.9.4;INTEGRATION WITH EXISTING REFINERIES OR TO FORM NEW INTEGRATED BIOREFINERIES;493
15.9.5;CONCLUSION;501
15.9.6;REFERENCES;501
15.10;CHAPTER 29 - BIOFUEL CONVERSION PATHWAYS SERVICE LEARNING PROJECTS AND CASE STUDIES;504
16;PART 6 BIOFUELS ECONOMICS, SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLICY;524
16.1;CHAPTER 30 - BIOFUEL ECONOMICS AND POLICY: THE RENEWABLE FUEL STANDARD, THE BLEND WALL, AND FUTURE UNCERTAINTIES;528
16.1.1;THE RENEWABLE FUEL STANDARD;529
16.1.2;THE BLEND WALL;532
16.1.3;ALTERNATIVES TO THE CURRENT SITUATION;534
16.1.4;CELLULOSIC BIOFUELS;536
16.1.5;REFERENCES;537
16.2;CHAPTER 31 - ECONOMICS OF ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL;540
16.2.1;AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY;540
16.2.2;ECONOMICS OF BIOFUELS;551
16.2.3;FARM-SCALE PRODUCTION;555
16.2.4;REFERENCES;556
16.3;CHAPTER 32 - FUEL QUALITY POLICY;558
16.3.1;Acknowledgments;559
16.4;CHAPTER 33 - RENEWABLE OILHEAT;560
16.4.1;THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OILHEAT MARKET;560
16.4.2;A CLEANER AND GREENER FUEL;562
16.4.3;OTHER RENEWABLE OPPORTUNITIES;563
16.4.4;REFERENCES;566
16.5;CHAPTER 34 - WHAT’S SO DIFFERENT ABOUT BIODIESEL FUEL?;568
16.5.1;INTRODUCTION;568
16.5.2;PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL VERSUS PETROLEUM DIESEL;568
16.5.3;DOES THE TYPE OF VEGETABLE OIL USED MATTER?;569
16.5.4;MAKING BIODIESEL BETTER WITH ADDITIVES;570
16.5.5;WHAT ABOUT BLENDS?;571
16.5.6;SUMMARY;571
16.5.7;Acknowledgments;571
16.5.8;FURTHER READINGS;571
16.6;CHAPTER 35 - BIODIESEL EMISSIONS AND HEALTH EFFECTS TESTING;574
16.6.1;BIODIESEL EMMISSIONS;574
16.6.2;HEALTH EFFECTS TESTING;575
16.6.3;Acknowledgments;576
16.7;CHAPTER 36 - BIODIESEL SUSTAINABILITY FACT SHEET;578
16.7.1;SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES;578
16.7.2;ENERGY BALANCE;578
16.7.3;WATER CONSERVATION;579
16.7.4;LAND CONSERVATION;579
16.7.5;FOOD SUPPLY SECURITY;579
16.7.6;DIVERSITY;580
16.7.7;CLEANER AIR AND HEALTH EFFECTS;580
16.7.8;Acknowledgments;580
16.8;CHAPTER 37 - ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOENERGY;582
16.8.1;BIOENERGY ENTREPRENEURISM;582
16.8.2;THE ENERGY SITUATION NOW AND IN THE FUTURE;582
16.8.3;BIOENERGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP MOTIVATIONS;583
16.8.4;MARKET DRIVERS;584
16.8.5;OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOENERGY: BIOFUEL VALUE CHAIN;586
16.8.6;OPPORTUNITIES IN SMALL-SCALE BIOENERGY;588
16.8.7;OPPORTUNITIES IN LARGE-SCALE BIOENERGY;590
16.8.8;OPPORTUNITIES AT THE PERIPHERY;591
16.8.9;EXAMPLES OF ENTREPRENEURISM FROM THE ETHANOL BOOM;591
16.8.10;CHALLENGES;593
16.8.11;REFERENCES;593
16.9;CHAPTER 38 - INTEGRATED AGROECOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY NETWORKS FOR FOOD, BIOENERGY, AND BIOMATERIAL PRODUCTION;596
16.9.1;INTRODUCTION;596
16.9.2;THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY IN CFEA DESIGN AND EVALUATION;598
16.9.3;MEASURING CFEA PERFORMANCE IN A COMPETITIVE WORLD;598
16.9.4;PAR FOR CFEA PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION;599
16.9.5;ANALYSIS OF ECO-TECHNOLOGIES FOR VERMONT-BASED CFEA;600
16.9.6;CFEA CASE STUDY: THE BURLINGTON AREA AGRO-ECO PARK CONCEPT;606
16.9.7;CONCLUSION;610
16.9.8;Acknowledgments;611
16.9.9;REFERENCES;611
17;PART 7 QUIZZES;614
18;Quizzes and Self-Test Questions;616
18.1;INTRODUCTION TO BIOENERGY;616
18.2;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;622
18.3;QUIZZES AND SELF-TEST QUESTIONS;623
18.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;628
18.5;BIOGAS, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION;629
18.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;635
19;Index;636

Leseproben

List of Contributors
Chapter Authors
Part I Bioenergy - Biomass to Biofuels: an overview Dr. Carol L. Williams,    Research Scientist Wisconsin Energy Institute University of Wisconsin – Madison Pam Porter,    Midwest Office Director Environmental Resource Center, University of Wisconsin – Madison Dr. Anju Dahiya Part II Wood and Grass Biomass as Biofuels Dr. William G. Hubbard,    Southern Regional Extension Forester Southern Regional Extension Forestry, The University of Georgia Dr. Sidney C. Bosworth,    Professor, Agronomist Plant and Soil Science Department, UVM Extension, University of Vermont Part III Biomass to Liquid Biofuels Dennis Pennington,    Senior Bioenergy Educator, Michigan State University Extension Dr. Heather Darby,    Associate Professor, University of Vermont Extension Chris Callahan,    Engineer / Extension Assistant Professor of Agricultural Engineering University of Vermont Extension Dr. Eric L. Garza,    Lecturer University of Vermont Dr. Mark Hanna,    Extension Agricultural Engineer Ag & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University Scott Sanford, M.Eng,    Sr. Outreach Specialist Rural Energy Program Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison Dr. Nathan S. Mosier,    Associate Professor Agricultural & Biological Engineering/Lorr Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University Bob Hedden,    NORA Director of Education, National Oilheat Research Alliance (NORA) Efficient Heating Consultant and Educator Anju Dahiya Part IV Gaseous fuels and Bioelectricity Dr. Robert G. Jenkins,    Professor Emeritus CEng, The School of Engineering, University of Vermont Klein E. Ileleji,,    Associate Professor of Agricultural & Biological Engineering Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering (by Courtesy) Extension Engineer in Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University Chad Martin,    Renewable Energy Extension Specialist Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering Purdue University Don Jones,    Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University M. Charles Gould,    Extension Educator-Agricultural Bioenergy and Energy Conservation Agriculture and Agribusiness Institute, Michigan State University Part V Pathways of Biomass conversion to Fuel Rudy Pruszko,    Industrial Specialist Center for Industrial Research and Service at Iowa State University Account manager, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, CIRAS Sean M. McCarthy,    Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont Jonathan H. Melman,    Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont Omar K. Reffell,    Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont Dr. Scott W. Gordon-Wylie,    Former Chemistry Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont Founder & CEO, Green Technologies Inc. Dr. Anju Dahiya Dr. Lieve M.L. Laurens,    Senior research scientist, Bioprocess Research and Development group. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Department of Energy Nathan S. Mosier,    Associate Professor Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Dr. Klein Ileleji Dr. Jonathan R. Mielenz,    Former Senior Staff Scientist & Group Leader Bioconversion Research Group, Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) President and Chief Scientific Officer, White Cliff Biosystems Co. Director at the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Brennan Pecha,    Doctoral Candidate Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University Dr. Manuel Garcia-Perez,    Assistant Professor/Scientist, Adjunct Faculty Biological Systems Engineering , Washington State University Richard Altman,    Executive Director Emeritus Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuel Association Dr. Anju Dahiya Part VI Biofuels Economics, Sustainability, Environmental and Policy Dr. Wallace E. Tyner,    James and Lois Ackerman Professor Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University Dr. Bob Parsons,    Professor - Extension Ag Economist Department of Community Development and Applied Economics University of Vermont Extension Matt Cota,    Executive Director Vermont Fuel Dealers Association F. John Hay,    Extension Educator – Energy Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension Sam Gorton E.I.T.,    Process Engineer, R3 Fusion Inc. Intern Engineer, New Cycle Bioneering Doctoral Student, Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont Jason McCune-Sanders,    Environmental Engineer, Principal, Forest Enterprises LLC Doctoral Candidate, Department of Engineering, University of Vermont Dr. Anju Dahiya Bioenergy – Biomass to Biofuels Program student Contributors
Wood and Grass energy related Service Learning Projects & Case Studies: Tom Tailer,    Executive Director Vermont Sustainable Heating Initiative Ron McGarvey,    Former Director, Residential Energy Services Efficiency Vermont Heather Snow,    Founder, Addie's Acres, Vermont Liquid Biofuels related Service Learning Projects & Case Studies: Chuck Custeau,    Loan Officer Yankee Farm Credit, Vermont Ethan Bellavance,    Energy Consultant, Engineering Efficiency Vermont Tracey McCowen,    Doctoral candidate, University of Vermont Gaseous fuels related Service Learning Projects & Case Studies: Samantha Csapilla,    Technician, Avatar Energy LLC Grant Troester,    Student, University of Vermont Adam Riggen,    Student, University of Vermont Ariadne Brancato,    Student, University of Vermont Deandra Perruccio,    Graduate student, Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont Fuel conversion related Service...