Csuros Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals

Erscheinungsjahr 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4200-3234-5
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 408 Seiten

Determination of metals is a major part of the work of environmental testing laboratories. EPA and DEP methodology releases provide information only for selected areas of metals sampling and analysis, and their language makes them unsuitable for teaching and training purposes. Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals is a comprehensive and easy-to-read text for laboratory technicians and analytical chemists who need a guide for analyzing metals in environmental samples and a reference for analytical and quality control procedures.

The book provides both theoretical and practical applications in metals analysis of environmental samples and incorporates the latest in analytical techniques, instrumentation, and regulations. Topics include sample collection, preservation, step-by-step analytical procedures, complete QA/QC requirements, data validation, and more. It also provides an overview of the occurrence, source, and fate of metallic substances in the environment, as well as their control by regulations and standards. Furthermore, the authors provide guidelines to help you prepare and understand reports. The analytical methods presented in Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals will be useful to anyone who produces, uses, or evaluates analytical data, and will be a valuable tool in environmental education and training programs.

Zielgruppe

Environmental chemists, toxicologists, analytical chemists, and engineers; laboratory technicians; drinking water and sewage treatment plant operators; environmental consultants and regulators; QA/QC coordinators; environmental testing laboratories

Autoren/Hrsg.

Csuros, Maria

Csuros, Csaba

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Umwelttechnik | Umwelttechnologie Luftreinhaltung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction to Metals

Introduction to Elements

Periodic Table of Elements

Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Early History of Metal Use
Sources of Metals and Their Compounds

Sources of Metal Pollution

Discussion of the Metallic Elements
Representative Elements

Transition Metals
Metalloids

Heavy Metals

Metallic Substances Essential to Life

Toxicity of Metals
General Discussion of Toxicity

Metal Toxicity

Toxic Effects of Selected Representative Metals

Toxicity of Selected Transition Metals
Toxicity of Selected Metalloids

Standards Related to Metallic Pollutants
Environmental Law

Drinking Water Standards

Surface Water Standards

Agriculturally Used Waters

Industrial Waters

Waste Characterization

Hazardous Waste Characterization

Air Pollution and Control

ISO 14001 and Environmental Law

Fundamentals of Spectroscopy

Early History of the Nature of the Light

Electromagnetic Radiation

Continuous and Line Spectra

Absorption and Emission

Beer's Law

Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques

Molecular Spectrophotometry
Molecular Absorption and Color

Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry

Single-Beam and Double-Beam Spectrophotometer

Type of Spectrophotometers

Summary of Molecular Spectrophotometry

Spectrophotometer Calibration

Performance Check of UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometer

Maintenance of the UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometer

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Introduction

Steps in the Atomic Absorption Process

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Components

Single- and Double-Beam Instruments

Atomic Absorption Measurement Terms
Techniques in AAS Measurements

Interference in AAS Techniques

Safety in AAS Work

Quality Control

Maintenance of AA Spectrophotometers

AAS Performance Checks

Sample Collection and Sample Preparation

Direct Aspiration or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)
Principle

Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method

Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method

Interferences, Safety and Quality Control Requirements of FAAS

Maintenance of FAA

Performance Check of FAAS

Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
General Discussion

Apparatus

Analysis by Graphite Furnace Spectrophotometer

Interferences in the Graphite Furnace

Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace (STPF)

Quality Control Requirements

Maintenance of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Performance Check of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

General Discussion

Apparatus

Procedure

Interference

Quality Control Requirements

Calculations and Reporting

Safety

Hydride-Generation Atomic Absorption Technique

Principles

Application

Apparatus and Materials

Interferences

Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling

Preparation of Samples and Standards for Total Arsenic and Selenium

Procedure

Quality Control Requirements

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)

General Characteristics of ICP-AES
ICP-AES Instrumentation

Interferences in ICP-AES

Reagents and Standards

Procedure

Quality Control

Quality Control in Metals Analysis
General Discussion

Glassware Used in Metals Analysis

Chemicals

Laboratory-Pure Water

Field Quality Control

Instrument Calibration

Instrument Performance Check

Laboratory QC Checks

Detection Limits

Accuracy and Precision

Sample Collection for Metals Analysis
General Considerations in Sampling

Automatic Samplers

Sample Containers

Sample Preservation

Special Sampling Procedures

Holding Time

Field Records

Field Quality Control

Sample Collection from Different Matrices

Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis
General Discussion

Digestion Procedures for Metals

Acid Digestion for Total and Dissolved Metals

Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by FAAS and ICP Analyzer
Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by GrAAS

Sample Preparation for Arsenic and Selenium determination by GrAAS

Sample Preparation for Silver Determination

Sample Preparation for Antimony Determination

Sample Preparation for Mercury Determination

Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils for Metals Analysis

Dissolution Procedure for Oils, Greases, and Waxes

Sample Preparation for Hexavalent Chromium (Chelation/Extraction)

Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity

Extraction Procedure for Oily Wastes

Documentation during Sample Preparation
Disposal of Samples, Digestates, Extracts, and Other Wastes
Converting Raw Data into Reportable Form
Responsibilities of the Analyst

Calculations for Final Values

Records for Raw and Calculated Data

Evaluation and Approval of Analytical Data

Reporting Analytical Data
Required Documentation

Significant Figures in Analytical Reports

Units Used to Express Analytical Results

Confidence Interval

Report Format

Selected Methods for Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples
Methodology

Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Hexavalent Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Thallium
Tin
Vanadium

Zinc

Laboratory Safety Rules
Laboratory Hazards

Safe Handling of Compressed Gases

Stockroom Safety Rules

Summary of Laboratory Safety Rules

Appendices
Operation of Mass Spectrophotometer
Silicon Chips
Lasers
Metals and Plants
Toxicity and Cyanide
Components of Nucleic Acid

Polarized Light
Stock Metal Solutions
Calculation for Solid Matrices
Plasma
Sohxlet Extraction
SI Units and Conversion Factors

References
Index