E-Book, Englisch, 760 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-12-801703-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Damon P. Coppola is the founder of Shoreline Risk LLC and a Partner with Bullock & Haddow LLC. He has extensive experience in disaster management capacity development, disaster risk management, and planning through his work with the United Nations; the World Bank Group; The US Federal Emergency Management Agency; and the US Army Corps of Engineers, among others. Mr. Coppola serves as a Senior Disaster Management Specialist at the Hawaii-based Pacific Disaster Center and is a faculty member at Loma Linda University and the University of Hawaii. He holds an M.E.M in Crisis, Emergency, and Risk Management from George Washington University and an A.R.M. from the American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Introduction to International Disaster Management;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Contents;8
6;Foreword;18
7;Acknowledgments;20
8;Digital Assets;22
8.1;FOR THE INSTRUCTOR;22
9;Introduction;24
10;CHAPTER 1 - THE MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERS;26
10.1;INTRODUCTION;26
10.2;DISASTERS THROUGHOUT HISTORY;27
10.3;THE HISTORY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT;28
10.4;CAPACITY BY DEMAND: THE 1970S AND ‘80S;31
10.5;THE UN INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION;35
10.6;THE HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (HFA);36
10.7;THE POST-2015 FRAMEWORK;36
10.8;MODERN DISASTER MANAGEMENT – A FOUR-PHASE APPROACH;37
10.9;WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT?;38
10.10;DISASTERS, POVERTY, AND DEVELOPMENT;42
10.11;DISASTER TRENDS;43
10.12;DEFINITIONS;56
10.13;CONCLUSION;62
10.14;REFERENCES;62
11;CHAPTER 2 - HAZARDS;65
11.1;INTRODUCTION;65
11.2;HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND HAZARD PROFILING;66
11.3;HAZARD ANALYSIS;71
11.4;THE HAZARDS;75
11.5;CONCLUSION;170
11.6;REFERENCES;171
12;CHAPTER 3 - RISK AND VULNERABILITY;175
12.1;INTRODUCTION;175
12.2;TWO COMPONENTS OF RISK;176
12.3;TRENDS;183
12.4;COMPUTING LIKELIHOOD AND CONSEQUENCE VALUES;186
12.5;RISK EVALUATION;197
12.6;VULNERABILITY;217
12.7;CONCLUSION;246
12.8;REFERENCES;246
13;CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATION;249
13.1;INTRODUCTION;249
13.2;WHAT IS MITIGATION?;250
13.3;TYPES OF MITIGATION: STRUCTURAL AND NONSTRUCTURAL;255
13.4;OBSTACLES TO MITIGATION;285
13.5;ASSESSING AND SELECTING MITIGATION OPTIONS;286
13.6;EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPACITY AS A RISK MITIGATION MEASURE;291
13.7;INCORPORATING MITIGATION INTO DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF PROJECTS;292
13.8;CONCLUSION;298
13.9;REFERENCES;298
14;CHAPTER 5 - PREPAREDNESS;300
14.1;INTRODUCTION;300
14.2;OVERVIEW OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS;301
14.3;GOVERNMENT PREPAREDNESS;301
14.4;PUBLIC PREPAREDNESS;322
14.5;THE MEDIA AS A PUBLIC EDUCATOR;332
14.6;OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND PREPAREDNESS;335
14.7;CONCLUSION;343
14.8;REFERENCES;343
15;CHAPTER 6 - RESPONSE;346
15.1;INTRODUCTION;346
15.2;WHAT IS RESPONSE?;347
15.3;RESPONSE – THE EMERGENCY;347
15.4;RECOGNITION—PRE-DISASTER ACTIONS;348
15.5;RECOGNITION—POST-DISASTER;352
15.6;PROVISION OF WATER, FOOD, AND SHELTER;367
15.7;VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT;392
15.8;COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COORDINATION;394
15.9;CONCLUSION;405
15.10;REFERENCES;405
15.11;APPENDIX;407
16;CHAPTER 7 - RECOVERY;430
16.1;INTRODUCTION;430
16.2;OVERVIEW OF RECOVERY;430
16.3;THE EFFECTS OF DISASTERS ON SOCIETY;432
16.4;PRE-DISASTER RECOVERY ACTIONS;433
16.5;COMPONENTS OF RECOVERY – WHAT IS NEEDED AND WHERE IT COMES FROM;435
16.6;TYPES OF RECOVERY;451
16.7;SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RECOVERY;470
16.8;CONCLUSION;483
16.9;REFERENCES;483
17;CHAPTER 8 - PARTICIPANTS – GOVERNMENTAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES;486
17.1;INTRODUCTION;486
17.2;GOVERNMENTAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES;487
17.3;GOVERNMENTAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES;488
17.4;ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES;499
17.5;BILATERAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE;512
17.6;HOW GOVERNMENTS PROVIDE ASSISTANCE;517
17.7;TYPES OF BILATERAL ASSISTANCE;517
17.8;TYPES OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED IN INTERNATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT;523
17.9;THE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BILATERAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE;528
17.10;COLLATERAL IMPACTS OF HUMANITARIAN AID;537
17.11;CONCLUSION;538
17.12;REFERENCES;538
17.13;APPENDIX;539
18;CHAPTER 9 - PARTICIPANTS – NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, INCLUDING THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND ACADEMIA;547
18.1;INTRODUCTION;547
18.2;WHO ARE THE NGOS?;548
18.3;WHAT DO THEY DO?;551
18.4;NGO OPERATIONS;557
18.5;AID WORKER SAFETY AND SECURITY;562
18.6;NGO/MILITARY COOPERATION;563
18.7;THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR;578
18.8;THE ROLE OF ACADEMIA;581
18.9;CONCLUSION;582
18.10;REFERENCES;582
18.11;APPENDIX 1: PROFILE OF AN NGO: THE IFRC;583
18.12;APPENDIX 3: NGOS INVOLVED IN THE RESPONSE TO AND RECOVERY FROM THE 2011–2013 DROUGHT IN THE HORN OF AFRICA;608
18.13;APPENDIX 4;609
19;CHAPTER 10 - PARTICIPANTS – MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS;613
19.1;INTRODUCTION;613
19.2;THE UNITED NATIONS;614
19.3;UN AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS;630
19.4;REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS;666
19.5;INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS;682
19.6;CONCLUSION;692
19.7;REFERENCES;692
19.8;APPENDIX: IADB DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY GUIDELINES, MARCH 2008HTTP://IDBDOCS.IADB.ORG/WSDOCS/GETDOCUMENT.ASPX?DOCNUM=3600...;694
20;CHAPTER 11 - SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS;706
20.1;INTRODUCTION;706
20.2;COORDINATION;708
20.3;THE MEDIA;709
20.4;INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT;713
20.5;POLITICAL WILL;714
20.6;COMPOUND EMERGENCIES;715
20.7;DONOR FATIGUE;716
20.8;CORRUPTION;717
20.9;STATE SOVEREIGNTY;717
20.10;EQUALITY IN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF DISTRIBUTION;719
20.11;CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DISASTERS;722
20.12;EARLY WARNING;725
20.13;LINKING RISK REDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT;725
20.14;DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT;726
20.15;TERRORISM;727
20.16;GLOBAL DISASTERS: SARS, AVIAN INFLUENZA, SWINE FLU, AND OTHER EMERGING EPIDEMICS;728
20.17;CONCLUSION;729
20.18;REFERENCES;730
21;Index;732
The United Nations
Background
The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945, when representatives from 51 countries converged in San Francisco to establish the UN Charter as a commitment to preserve peace in the aftermath of World War II. Later that year, the Charter was ratified by the five permanent members, China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as several other countries. Today, 193 countries are members of the UN, and the Charter (which is similar to a sovereign state’s constitution and establishes the rights and responsibilities of Member States) continues to be amended to reflect the changing needs of world politics. The UN is not a government body, nor does it write laws; however, Member States can use the UN to resolve conflict and create international policy. While the UN cannot force a sovereign country to comply with its decisions or actions, the organization’s global stature and collaborative nature give weight to its resolutions. The UN has six main organs. Five of these—the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat—are based in New York City at the UN Headquarters. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the Netherlands. The UN also maintains operational and program offices throughout the world. (See figure 10.1.) Through these major bodies and their associated programs, the UN has established a presence in most countries and has fostered partnerships with Member State governments. The General Assembly
All of the UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly, which is considered a “parliament of nations” that meets to address issues of global significance. Each Member State is given a single vote, with key issues decided by two-thirds majority. (Less significant matters are decided by simple majority.) As mentioned earlier, the General Assembly cannot force its decisions on a sovereign state, although they generally receive wide support. The Assembly holds regular sessions from September to December, and special/emergency sessions may be called at any time. When not in session, the Assembly’s work is carried out by its six main committees, other subsidiary bodies, and the Secretariat.
Figure 10.1 UN organizational chart Source: UN, 2014a. The Security Council
The UN Security Council’s primary responsibility is maintaining international peace and security in accordance with the UN Charter. This council, which convenes at will, consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent members (China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States). All UN Member States are obligated to carry out the Council’s decisions. Decisions require nine affirmative votes, including all five votes of the permanent members. When the Council considers threats to international peace, it first explores peaceful settlement options. If fighting is under way, the Council attempts to secure a cease-fire, and it may send a peacekeeping mission to help the parties maintain the truce and keep opposing forces apart. The Council can take measures to enforce its decisions, such as imposing economic sanctions or arms embargoes. On rare occasions, the Council has authorized Member States to use “all necessary means,” including collective military action, to see that its decisions are carried out. These are referred to as “peacemaking operations.” The Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council is the central mechanism by which international economic and social issues are addressed and by which policy recommendations are created. It also consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to create and maintain working partnerships between the UN and civil society. The Council has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms. It meets throughout the year, but its main session is held in July, during which major economic, social, and humanitarian issues are discussed. The Council has several subsidiary bodies that regularly meet to address issues such as human rights, social development, the status of women, crime prevention, narcotic drugs, and environmental protection. The Trusteeship Council
The Trusteeship Council originally provided international supervision for 11 trust territories administered by seven Member States and ensured that adequate steps were taken to prepare the territories for self-government or independence. By 1994, all trust territories had attained self-government or independence. Its work completed, the Trusteeship Council now consists of the five permanent members of the Security Council. It has amended its rules of procedure to allow it to meet as and when the occasion may require. The International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, also known as the World Court, is the UN’s main judicial organ. The World Court consists of 15 judges elected jointly by the General Assembly and the Security Council. It serves to settle disputes between countries. Participation is voluntary, but when a state agrees to participate, it must comply with the Court’s decision. The Court also provides advisory opinions to the General Assembly and the Security Council on request. The Secretariat
The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN as directed by the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the other organs. At its head is the Secretary General, who provides overall administrative guidance. The Secretariat is made up of various departments and offices and maintains a total staff of about 40,000 people throughout the world. Duty stations include the UN Headquarters in New York and offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi, as well as other locations. The Secretariat’s functions are diverse, ranging from “administering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development” (UN 2014). The Secretariat staffs also work to publicize the UN’s work through the world media and to organize conferences on issues of global concern. Secretariat staffs are considered international civil servants and answer only to the UN for their activities. The UN System
The system known as the UN includes many integrated and related offices and agencies that work around the world. There are independent organizations known as “specialized agencies” linked to the UN through cooperative agreements. These agencies are autonomous bodies created by intergovernmental agreement. They maintain broad international responsibilities in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields. Additionally, a number of UN offices, programs, and funds work to improve the economic and social conditions of people around the world. These agencies report directly to the General Assembly or to the Economic and Social Council. (See figure 10.1.). Each organization has its own governing body, budget, and secretariat. Together with the UN bodies previously listed, they are known as the UN family or the UN system. UN Role in Disaster Management
The UN is the organization most involved in the mitigation of, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from disasters worldwide. It is considered the best suited to play this role because of the strong relationships it maintains with most countries, especially the developing ones, where such assistance is most needed. Through its many offices, agencies, and programs, it helps nations to reduce hazard risk and vulnerability by targeting sources of risk in development and promoting increases in the disaster management capacity of institutions and citizens. Because of their presence in almost every developing country and the systems and structures that have been developed specifically for the purpose, the UN is among the first organizations to mobilize when disasters strike. And because their focus is so all-encompassing, they remain a source of technical and financial assistance in those same affected countries for the duration of recovery. When a disaster occurs, the UN responds immediately, and on an ongoing basis, by coordinating the provision of or directly providing relief aid such as food, water, shelter, medical assistance, and logistical support. The UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Emergency Relief Coordinator heads UN response to emergency situations. The coordinator works with a committee of several UN humanitarian agencies, including the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the World Food Programme (WFP), the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and other associates as needed, depending on the problems specific to the event. The UN promotes disaster risk reduction (DRR) and prevention activities through development projects. Long before disasters strike, the UN works with governments, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and citizens to address disaster risk-reduction measures by ensuring that appropriate measures are included in development activities. The UN has helped to map risk throughout the world and has assisted national governments in creating the institutional frameworks to reduce or respond to those risks. By encouraging the building of early warning systems and...
