Conn Methods in Neurosciences

Electrophysiology and Microinjection
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6936-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten

Methods in Neurosciences, Volume 4: Electrophysiology and Microinjection is a collection of papers that deals with the electrically excitability feature of many cell types. This volume describes the characteristic features of some nervous tissue to conduct signals along cellular paths or ''wires.'' The text presents such paths as a way stimuli are transferred in the nervous system. Section I reviews the recording methodologies such as those used in measuring noninactivating calcium current in smooth muscles cells or the two-suction electrode voltage-clamp recording. Section II deals in detail with voltage clamping and voltammetry; the text also explains the practical steps in using the current pump-assisted voltage clamp. One paper examines the X-ray microprobe analysis of voltage clamped single heart ventricular myocytes, while another paper explains in vivo voltammetry. Section III addresses electrophysiology and purification of specific receptors; one paper presents the results of an electrophysiological study of hormone secretion by single adenohypophyseal cells. Section IV describes special electrodes and equipment, while Section V deals with special preparations needed in culture preparation or in the study of pharmacology of excitatory amino acids on neurons found in the central nervous system. Chapter VI addresses data analysis and reduction such as digital filtering of bioelectric potentials in personal computers. This book will prove valuable for microbiologists, cellular scientists, microchemists, and academicians working in the fields of neuroscience.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Conn, P. Michael

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Electrophysiology and Microinjection;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Contributors to Volume 4;10
6;Preface;14
7;Section I: Recording Methodologies;18
7.1;Chapter 1. Single-Unit Recording in Conscious Sheep;20
7.1.1;Introduction;20
7.1.2;Methods;20
7.1.3;Results;28
7.1.4;Discussion;28
7.1.5;References;31
7.2;Chapter 2. Single-Unit Recording from Pontomedullary Neuraxis in Awake, Freely Behaving Animals;32
7.2.1;Introduction;32
7.2.2;Technical Descriptions;34
7.2.3;Results;43
7.2.4;Discussion;44
7.2.5;Acknowledgment;45
7.2.6;References;46
7.3;Chapter 3. Measurement of Whole-Cell Calcium Current in Cardiac Myocytes;47
7.3.1;Introduction;47
7.3.2;Procedures;48
7.3.3;Conclusions;60
7.3.4;References;60
7.4;Chapter 4. Measurement of Noninactivating Calcium Current in Smooth Muscle Cells;61
7.4.1;Cell Isolation and Measurement of Membrane Current;62
7.4.2;Measurement of Noninactivating Ca2+ Current;65
7.4.3;Ca2+ Window Current and Noninactivating Ca2+ Current;72
7.4.4;Advantages and Limitations of the Method;75
7.4.5;Acknowledgment;76
7.4.6;References;76
7.5;Chapter 5. Two-Suction Electrode Voltage-Clamp Recording;78
7.5.1;Introduction;78
7.5.2;Voltage-Clamp Circuit;79
7.5.3;Procedures for Voltage Clamping;87
7.5.4;Conclusion;92
7.5.5;Acknowledgment;93
7.5.6;References;93
8;Section II: Voltage Clamping and Voltammetry;96
8.1;Chapter 6. Voltage-Clamp Measurement of Steady State Currents and Isotope Flux;98
8.1.1;Introduction;98
8.1.2;Methods;99
8.1.3;Results;106
8.1.4;Discussion;109
8.1.5;Acknowledgment;110
8.1.6;References;111
8.2;Chapter 7. Current Pump-Assisted Voltage-Clamp Apparatus;111
8.2.1;Introduction;111
8.2.2;Theory;112
8.2.3;Preparation and Setup;116
8.2.4;How to Use Current Pump-Assisted Voltage Cl116
8.2.5;Discussion;118
8.2.6;Acknowledgments;119
8.2.7;References;119
8.3;Chapter 8. X-Ray Microprobe Analysis of Voltage-Clamped Single Heart Ventricular Myocytes;120
8.3.1;Introduction;120
8.3.2;Methods;124
8.3.3;EPMA Identification of Calcium Buffers and Calcium Stores at High Cellular Calcium Load;138
8.3.4;Acknowledgment;143
8.3.5;References;143
8.4;Chapter 9. In Vivo Voltammetry;144
8.4.1;Introduction;144
8.4.2;Principles;145
8.4.3;Objectives;148
8.4.4;Electrodes;148
8.4.5;Voltammetry;152
8.4.6;Apparatus;156
8.4.7;Current Applications;157
8.4.8;Summary;158
8.4.9;Acknowledgment;158
8.4.10;References;158
8.5;Chapter 10. Simultaneous in Vivo Voltammetric and Electrophysiological Recording with Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes;160
8.5.1;Introduction;160
8.5.2;Extracellular Unit Recording;161
8.5.3;Manufacture of Carbon Fiber Electrodes;163
8.5.4;Time-Share Technique of Single-Unit and Fast Cyclic Voltammetric Recording;167
8.5.5;References;171
9;Section III: Electrophysiology and Purification of Specific Receptors;172
9.1;Chapter 11. Electrophysiological Expression of Ion Channels in Xenopus Oocytes;174
9.1.1;Introduction;174
9.1.2;Preparation of RNA;175
9.1.3;Poly(A)+ Selection;178
9.1.4;Application to Understanding Control of Electrical Properties in the Mammalian Uterus;185
9.1.5;References;189
9.2;Chapter 12. Electrophysiology of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes following Nuclear Injection of Genes or cDNAs;191
9.2.1;Rationale for Nuclear Injection of cDNAs;192
9.2.2;Plasmid Preparation;193
9.2.3;Nuclear Injection of Oocytes;193
9.2.4;Whole-Cell Electrophysiology of Injected Oocytes;198
9.2.5;Single-Channel Recording;206
9.2.6;Acknowledgments;209
9.2.7;References;209
9.3;Chapter 13. Electrophysiological Study of Hormone Secretion by Single Adenohypophyseal Cells;211
9.3.1;Introduction;211
9.3.2;General Considerations and Electronic Equipment;212
9.3.3;Microscopic Measurements;218
9.3.4;Macroscopic Measurements;220
9.3.5;Future Prospects;225
9.3.6;Acknowledgments;225
9.3.7;References;226
9.4;Chapter 14. Purification of L-Type Calcium Channel Drug Receptors;227
9.4.1;General Reagents and Procedures;228
9.4.2;SDS-PAGE;236
9.4.3;Acknowledgments;244
9.4.4;References;245
10;Section IV: Special Electrodes and Equipment;248
10.1;Chapter 15. Movable Intracranial Stimulating Electrode System, Electroencephalogram, and Evoked Potential Recording in Pigs and Sheep;250
10.1.1;Introduction;250
10.1.2;Methods and Results;250
10.1.3;Discussion;264
10.1.4;References;265
10.2;Chapter 16. Multiple Microelectrodes;266
10.2.1;Introduction and Design Considerations;266
10.2.2;Manufacture of Single Microelectrodes;268
10.2.3;Assembly of Arrays;268
10.2.4;Mechanical Problems Related to Cortical Tissue;271
10.2.5;Histological Reconstruction of Recording Sites;274
10.2.6;Single-Unit Isolation;276
10.2.7;Recording Equipment;278
10.2.8;Correlation Artifacts;279
10.2.9;Summary of Essential Points;281
10.2.10;Acknowledgments;282
10.2.11;References;282
10.3;Chapter 17. Oil and Hook Electrodes for en Passant Recording from Small Nerves;283
10.3.1;Introduction;283
10.3.2;Theoretical Basis of Extracellular Recording;284
10.3.3;Electrode Design and Assembly;286
10.3.4;Use of the Electrode;288
10.3.5;Electrode Advantages;289
10.3.6;Acknowledgments;294
10.3.7;References;294
10.4;Chapter 18. Measurement of Calcium Flux and Intracellular Sodium by Ion-Selective Microelectrodes;295
10.4.1;Introduction;295
10.4.2;General Principles of Ion-Selective Electrodes;297
10.4.3;Use of Ion-Selective Electrodes to Assess Cellular Ca2+ Movements;299
10.4.4;Measurement of Intracellular Ions;309
10.4.5;Concluding Comments;316
10.4.6;References;316
10.5;Chapter 19. Microincubator for Regulating Temperature and Superfusion of Tissue-Cultured Neurons during Electrophysiological or Optical Studies;318
10.5.1;Introduction;318
10.5.2;Tissue Culture;319
10.5.3;Electrophysiological Recording;320
10.5.4;Microincubator Construction;320
10.5.5;Synaptic Transmission between Hippocampal Neurons;329
10.5.6;Voltage-Dependent Potassium Channels: The A-Current;330
10.5.7;Summary;334
10.5.8;Acknowledgments;334
10.5.9;References;334
11;Section V: Special Preparations;336
11.1;Chapter 20. Multicompartment Cell Cultures for Studies of Neuronal Interactions;338
11.1.1;Culture Preparation;338
11.1.2;Optimizing Growth;346
11.1.3;Experimental Data from Multicompartment Cultures;358
11.1.4;Additional Considerations;362
11.1.5;References;365
11.2;Chapter 21. Grease-Gap Methods for Studying Pharmacology of Excitatory Amino Acids on Central Nervous System Neurons;366
11.2.1;Theoretical Considerations;367
11.2.2;Design of Grease-Gap Chamber;369
11.2.3;Preparation of CA1–Subiculum Slices;372
11.2.4;Preparation of CA3–CA1 Slices;374
11.2.5;Maintenance and Superfusion of Slices;374
11.2.6;Data Analysis;378
11.2.7;Advantages of CAl-Subiculum Preparation for Testing New Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Ligands;379
11.2.8;References;380
11.3;Chapter 22. Perforated Patch Recording;381
11.3.1;Introduction;381
11.3.2;Characteristics of Nystatin Pores;383
11.3.3;Procedure;383
11.3.4;Composition of Pipet Solutions;385
11.3.5;Lack of Leakage Current in Perforated Patch Recording;385
11.3.6;Uses for Perforated Patch Recording;386
11.3.7;The Downside;388
11.3.8;Acknowledgment;389
11.3.9;References;390
11.4;Chapter 23. Patch-Clamp Measurements of Ion Channels in Biomembrane Vesicles Reconstituted into Giant Proteoliposomes by Freeze–Thawing without Use of Detergent;391
11.4.1;Introduction;391
11.4.2;Materials;392
11.4.3;Preparation of Biomembrane Vesicles;392
11.4.4;Preparation of Sonicated Phospholipid Vesicles;393
11.4.5;Preparation of Giant Proteoliposomes by Freeze–Thawing;393
11.4.6;Confirmation of Incorporation of Proteins into Giant Vesicles;393
11.4.7;Patch-Clamp Experiments Using Freeze-Thawed Giant Proteoliposomes;395
11.4.8;Potassium Channels of Rat Brain Synaptosomes;398
11.4.9;Acknowledgments;400
11.4.10;References;400
11.5;Chapter 24. Injections into Mouse Sciatic Nerve for in Vivo Studies of Quantitative, Short-Term Metabolism;401
11.5.1;Introduction;401
11.5.2;Procedure;403
11.5.3;Evaluation of Intraneural Injection Technique;406
11.5.4;Application of Intraneural Injections to Short-Term in Situ Studies of Peripheral Nerve Metabolism;409
11.5.5;Conclusion;410
11.5.6;References;411
11.6;Section VI: Data Analysis and Reduction;412
11.7;Chapter 25. Digital Filtering of Potentials on Personal Computers;414
11.7.1;Methods;414
11.7.2;Results;423
11.7.3;References;426
11.8;Chapter 26. Fitting of Single-Channel Dwell Time Distributions;427
11.8.1;Introduction;427
11.8.2;Methods;430
11.8.3;Results;436
11.8.4;Discussion;440
11.8.5;Conclusions;444
11.8.6;Acknowledgments;444
11.8.7;References;444
11.9;Chapter 27. Discrimination of Kinetic Models of Ion Channel Gating;445
11.9.1;Introduction;445
11.9.2;Models to Be Tested;446
11.9.3;Graphing Dwell Time Histograms;448
11.9.4;Sampling Promotion Error;448
11.9.5;Theoretical Curves;450
11.9.6;Log Likelihood Ratios;450
11.9.7;Simulating Single-Channel Dwell Times;451
11.9.8;Statistical Discrimination of Nonnested Models;453
11.9.9;Appendix: Seven FORTRAN Subroutines Used for Model Discrimination;459
11.9.10;1. Subroutine LOGBIN(DWELLS, TMIN,M,NEVENT,LOGHIS,INDBIG);459
11.9.11;2. Subroutine SAMPRO(TMIN,BINWID,LINHIS,LINBIG,M,LOGHIS,NBIN);461
11.9.12;3. Subroutine MARLIK(LOGHIS,TMIN,TMAX,M,R1,R2,R3,W1,W2,NBIN, LLM);465
11.9.13;4. Subroutine FRALIK(LOGHIS,TMIN,TMAX,M,A,D,NBIN,LLF);467
11.9.14;5. Subroutine MARSIM(R1,R2,R3,W1,W2,NEVENT,DWELLS);469
11.9.15;6. Subroutine FRASIM(A,D,NEVENT,DWELLS);471
11.9.16;7. Subroutine RESAMP(INRRAY,OUTRAY,NEVENT);472
11.9.17;Acknowledgment;473
11.9.18;References;473
11.10;Chapter 28. Voltage Noise Analysis in Small Cells;474
11.10.1;Introduction;474
11.10.2;Cell-Equivalent Circuits;477
11.10.3;Analysis;478
11.10.4;Evaluating Eq. (11);482
11.10.5;Acknowledgments;489
11.10.6;References;489
11.11;Chapter 29. List-Oriented Analysis of Single-Channel Data;491
11.11.1;Introduction;491
11.11.2;Structure of Event List;492
11.11.3;Variables;493
11.11.4;Event List Operations;494
11.11.5;Operations on Raw Data File;498
11.11.6;Language Implementation;500
11.11.7;Summary;507
11.11.8;Acknowledgments;507
11.11.9;References;507
12;Index;508

Leseproben

Contributors to Volume 4

Anthony Auerbach(29),     Department of Biophysical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214

B.A. Baldwin(1, 15),     Department of Behavioral Physiology, A.F.R.C. Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Cambridge Research Station, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England

M. Ballivet(12),     Department of Biochemistry, Centre Médical Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

Donald M. Bers(18),     Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521

D. Bertrand(12),     Department of Physiology, Centre Médical Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

Françoise Boiron(24),     Institut de Biochimie Cellulaire et Neurochimie du C.N.R.S., Université de Bordeaux 2, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France

Linda M. Bowers(20),     Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

M.B. Boyle(11),     Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242

Ansgar Büschges(17),     Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, D-6750 Kaiserslautern, Germany

Claude Cassagne(24),     Institut de Biochimie Cellulaire et Neurochimie du C.N.R.S., Université de Bordeaux 2, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France

Fat-Chun Tony Chang(2),     Neurotoxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010

John A. Connor(22),     Department of Neurosciences, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110

E. Cooper(12),     Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6

Fred Delcomyn(17),     Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801

Paul De Weer(6),     Department of Physiology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

I.S. Ebenezer(15),     Portsmouth Polytechnic, School of Pharmacy, Portsmouth P01 2ED, England

R. Douglas Fields(20),     Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Sandra C. Fitzgerald(20),     Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Ian D. Forsythe(19),     Department of Physiology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, England

David G. Gadsby(6),     Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021

Hartmut Glossmann(14),     Institut für Biochemische Pharmakologie, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

Anthony Heape(24),     Institut de Biochimie Cellulaire et Neurochimie du C.N.R.S., Université de Bordeaux 2, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France

F. Henigman(13),     Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Ljubljana, 61105 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Naohide Hirashima(23),     Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan

Richard Horn(22, 27),     Department of Neurosciences, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110

Yuji Imaizumi(4),     Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467, Japan

G. Isenberg(8),     Department of Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

L.K. Kaczmarek(11),     Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510

K.M. Kendrick(1, 15),     Department of Behavioral Physiology, A.F.R.C. Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Cambridge Research Station, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England

Edmund C. Keung(3),     Cardiology Section, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121

Yutaka Kirino(23),     Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan

M. Kordaš(7, 13),     Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Ljubljana, 61105 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Stephen J. Korn(22, 27),     Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269

J. Krüger(16),     Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Neurologische Universitätsklinik, D-7800 Freiburg, Germany

David Martin(21),     Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710

Alain Marty(22),     Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France

W.T. Mason(13),     A.F.R.C. Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England

Ziva Melik(7),     Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ljubljana, 61105 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Julian Millar(10),     Department of Physiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London El 4NS, England

Katsuhiko Muraki(4),     Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467, Japan

J. Victor Nadler(21),     Departments of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710

Elaine A. Neale(20),     Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

James Neil(29),     Tree Technologies Corp., North Tonawanda, New York 14120

Phillip G. Nelson(20),     Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

D. Peterec(7),     Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ljubljana, 61105 Ljubljana,...