Conn Lesions and Transplantation

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5950-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 514 Seiten, Web PDF

Methods in Neurosciences, Volume 7: Lesions and Transplantation describes the chemical and nonchemical production of lesions and preparation and development of transplants, implants, and grafts. This book consists of four sections-chemical and nonchemical lesioning; model systems utilizing lesioning; transplants, implants, and grafts; and assessment of lesions and transplants. In these sections, this volume discusses the excitotoxins as tools for producing brain lesions; use of acromelic acid for production of rat spinal lesions; and opioid and nonopioid antinociception as revealed by lesion studies. The endothelin-1-induced lesions in the brain as a new model of focal ischemia; fetal implants in the lesioned spinal cord of the rat; and hippocampal transplants in oculo are also elaborated. This book likewise covers the assessment of neurochemical function of brain transplants and in vitro electrophysiological analysis of in oculo. This publication is intended for neuroscientists, but is also beneficial to researchers conducting work on lesions and transplants.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Conn, P. Michael

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Lesions and Transplantation;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;16
6;Methods in Neurosciences;18
7;Section I: Chemical and Nonchemical Lesioning;20
7.1;Chapter 1. Lesioning of Rat Nigrostriatal Dopamine Pathway with l-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium Ion (MPP+);22
7.1.1;Introduction;22
7.1.2;Methods;23
7.1.3;Evaluation of the Lesion;25
7.1.4;Conclusion;31
7.1.5;References;33
7.2;Chapter 2. Excitotoxins as Tools for Producing Brain Lesions;35
7.2.1;Introduction;35
7.2.2;Excitotoxins: Classification, Comparison, and Mechanisms;36
7.2.3;Use of Excitotoxins to Make Lesions;37
7.2.4;Summary;45
7.2.5;Acknowledgments;45
7.2.6;References;45
7.3;Chapter 3. Excitotoxin-Lesioned Rat Striatum;47
7.3.1;Methods;47
7.3.2;Acknowledgments;56
7.3.3;References;56
7.4;Chapter 4. Use of Acromelic Acid for Production of Rat Spinal Lesions ;57
7.4.1;Acromelic Acid;58
7.4.2;Injection of Acromelic Acid into Rats and Mice;60
7.4.3;Kainoid Neurotoxicity;61
7.4.4;Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Basis;63
7.4.5;Behavioral Basis;66
7.4.6;Histological Basis;68
7.4.7;References;74
7.5;Chapter 5. Use of Ibotenic Acid to Selectively Lesion Brain Structures ;77
7.5.1;Methods and Procedures;78
7.5.2;Additional Considerations;82
7.5.3;Is There Damage to Fibers of Passage following IBO Injections?;85
7.5.4;Conclusions;87
7.5.5;Acknowledgments;88
7.5.6;References;88
7.6;Chapter 6. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Lesions;89
7.6.1;Introduction;89
7.6.2;Mechanism of Action;92
7.6.3;Histology of Lesions;92
7.6.4;Procedures;96
7.6.5;MSG Syndrome;99
7.6.6;Histochemical Changes;99
7.6.7;Summary;106
7.6.8;References;106
7.7;Chapter 7. Comparison of Electrolytic and Radio-Frequency Lesion Methods;109
7.7.1;Introduction and Historical Background;109
7.7.2;Different Effects Observed with Electrolytic and Radio-Frequency Lesions;109
7.7.3;Production of Electrolytic Lesions;110
7.7.4;Production of Radio-Frequency Lesions;111
7.7.5;Production and Verification of Lesions That Leave No Metallic Ion Deposits;113
7.7.6;Summary and Conclusion;114
7.7.7;References;115
7.8;Chapter 8. Use of Cold to Reversibly Suppress Local Brain Function in Behaving Animals ;116
7.8.1;Moveable Cryodes;118
7.8.2;Permanently Implanted Cryodes;121
7.8.3;Acknowledgment;129
7.8.4;References;129
7.9;Chapter 9. Chorioretinal Photocoagulation by Different Laser Sources;130
7.9.1;Introduction;130
7.9.2;Photocoagulation;130
7.9.3;Laser Power;133
7.9.4;Exposure Time;133
7.9.5;Spot Size;134
7.9.6;Laser Photocoagulators;134
7.9.7;Transpupillary Photocoagulation;139
7.9.8;Transscleral Photocoagulation;139
7.9.9;Endoocularphotocoagulation;140
7.9.10;References;140
7.10;Chapter 10. Production of Reversible Local Blockage of Neuronal Function;141
7.10.1;Introduction;141
7.10.2;Local Cooling of the CNS;141
7.10.3;Local Anesthesia;144
7.10.4;Other Chemicals;153
7.10.5;Summary;156
7.10.6;References;156
7.11;Chapter 11. Lesioning the Nucleus Basalis;158
7.11.1;Introduction;158
7.11.2;Lesioning Methods;159
7.11.3;Conclusions;167
7.11.4;References;167
8;Section II: Model Systems Utilizing Lesioning;170
8.1;Chapter 12. Unilateral MPTP-Lesioned Monkey as an Animal Model for Parkinson's Disease;172
8.1.1;Parkinson's Disease;172
8.1.2;1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP);173
8.1.3;Bilateral versus Unilateral MPTP-Treated Monkeys;176
8.1.4;MPTP Application;177
8.1.5;The Unilateral MPTP-Lesioned Monkey;179
8.1.6;Conclusions;184
8.1.7;Acknowledgments;185
8.1.8;References;186
8.2;Chapter 13. MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism in Nonhuman Primates ;187
8.2.1;Species;188
8.2.2;MPTP Administration;189
8.2.3;Clinical Outcome of MPTP Administration;190
8.2.4;Histological Changes after MPTP Administration;193
8.2.5;Neurochemical Changes after MPTP Administration;195
8.2.6;Saftey Precautions when Using MPTP;195
8.2.7;Comparison between Bilateral and Unilateral MPTP-Parkinsonian Monkeys;198
8.2.8;References;199
8.3;Chapter 14. Alteration of Hippocampal RNA Prevalence in Response to Deafferentation;201
8.3.1;Introduction;201
8.3.2;Entorhinal Cortex Lesioning;202
8.3.3;Rapid Small-Scale RNA Extraction;203
8.3.4;Two-Dimensional Protein Gel Electrophoresis;205
8.3.5;Second-Dimension Electrophoresis;208
8.3.6;Data Analysis;212
8.3.7;Acknowledgments;217
8.3.8;References;218
8.4;Chapter 15. Opioid and Nonopioid Antinociception as Revealed by Lesion Studies;219
8.4.1;Introduction;219
8.4.2;Methodological Issues;220
8.4.3;Induction of Supersensitivity;223
8.4.4;Lesions to Noradrenergic Pathways and Antinociception;224
8.4.5;Lesions to Serotonergic Pathways and Antinociception;226
8.4.6;Lesions to Dopaminergic Pathways and Antinociception;229
8.4.7;Conclusions;230
8.4.8;Acknowledgments;231
8.4.9;References;231
8.5;Chapter 16. Neurochemical Lesioning Techniques for Assessing Regulation of Monoamine Receptors;235
8.5.1;Background;235
8.5.2;Methods for Lesioning Monoamine Pathways;238
8.5.3;Lesions to the Dopamine System;239
8.5.4;Procedures;240
8.5.5;Norepinephrine Lesions;244
8.5.6;Serotonin Lesions;245
8.5.7;Procedures;246
8.5.8;Assessing Lesions to Monoamine Pathways with Quantitative Autoradiography;248
8.5.9;References;257
8.6;Chapter 17. Influence of N-Methylaspartic Acid Lesions in Adult Mice on Estrous Cyclicity and Related Neuroendocrine Parameters;260
8.6.1;Introduction;260
8.6.2;Methodology;261
8.6.3;Discussion;272
8.6.4;References;273
8.7;Chapter 18. Endothelin-1-Induced Lesions in the Brain as a New Model of Focal Ischemia;275
8.7.1;Introduction;275
8.7.2;Evidence for the Existence of Pre- and Post-synaptic ET-1 and ET-3 Mechanisms in the CNS of the Rodent;275
8.7.3;Responses of ET-Like IR in Brain to Excitotoxic and Ischemic Lesions;276
8.7.4;Development of a New Model of Focal Brain Ischemia Based on Intracerebral ET-1 Injections in the Halothane-Anesthetized Rat;280
8.7.5;Pharmacology of the ET-1 Model of Focal Brain Ischemia;291
8.7.6;General Discussion;295
8.7.7;Conclusions;299
8.7.8;Acknowledgments;300
8.7.9;References;300
9;Section III: Transplants, Implants, and Grafts;302
9.1;Chapter 19. Fetal Hypothalamic Brain Transplantation to Ventromedial Hypothalamic Obese Rats ;304
9.1.1;Procedures;305
9.1.2;Results;308
9.1.3;Discussion;312
9.1.4;Summary;317
9.1.5;Acknowledgments;317
9.1.6;References;318
9.2;Chapter 20. Fetal Implants in the Lesioned Spinal Cord of the Rat;319
9.2.1;Introduction;319
9.2.2;Fetal Tissue;319
9.2.3;Implantation;322
9.2.4;References;323
9.3;Chapter 21. Preparation and Intracerebral Grafting of Dissociated Fetal Brain Tissue in Rats;324
9.3.1;Introduction;324
9.3.2;Factors Affecting Graft Survival;325
9.3.3;Methodological Description of Dissociated Fetal Brain Tissue Grafts;327
9.3.4;Advantages and Disadvantages of the Method;342
9.3.5;Acknowledgments;343
9.3.6;References;343
9.4;Chapter 22. Hippocampal Transplants in Oculo: A Model for Establishment of Isolated Circuits;346
9.4.1;Introduction;346
9.4.2;Donor Tissue;347
9.4.3;Transplantation Procedure and Transplant Growth in Oculo;349
9.4.4;Structural Development of Hippocampal Transplants;350
9.4.5;Establishment of Functional Circuits in Hippocampal Transplants;356
9.4.6;Concluding Remarks;362
9.4.7;Acknowledgments;362
9.4.8;References;362
9.5;Chapter 23. Lesion and Transplantation in Rat Hippocampal Formation: Measurement of Electroresponsiveness and Reestablishment of Circuitries;365
9.5.1;Introduction;365
9.5.2;Lesion-Transplant Model;365
9.5.3;The Intact, Lesioned, and Lesioned/Transplanted Slice;366
9.5.4;Animal Preparation;368
9.5.5;Control Experiments;370
9.5.6;Hippocampal Slice Preparation;370
9.5.7;Identification of the Transplants;371
9.5.8;Lesion Confirmation;372
9.5.9;Summary;379
9.5.10;References;380
9.6;Chapter 24. Transplantation of Human Sympathetic Neurons and Adrenal Chromaffin Cells into Parkinsonian Monkeys ;381
9.6.1;Cell Culture;382
9.6.2;Administration of MPTP to Cynomolgus Monkeys;385
9.6.3;Implantation Protocol;386
9.6.4;Positron-Emission Tomagraphy (PET) Scan Studies;387
9.6.5;Behavioral, Histological, and Neurochemical Analyses;387
9.6.6;Comments;390
9.6.7;References;395
9.7;Chapter 25. Shiverer and Other Marker Models Used in Intracerebral Transplantations of Glial Cells ;397
9.7.1;The Shiverer Model;398
9.7.2;Other Myelin Markers;403
9.7.3;Species-Specific Markers for Astrocytes;405
9.7.4;Neutral Cell Markers;406
9.7.5;Acknowledgments;410
9.7.6;References;410
10;Section IV: Assessment of Lesions and Transplants;414
10.1;Chapter 26. Assessment of Neurochemical Function of Brain Transplants;416
10.1.1;Introduction;416
10.1.2;Anatomical Analysis of Graft Neurotransmitter Function;416
10.1.3;Chemical Analysis of Graft Neurotransmitter Function;423
10.1.4;Conclusions;425
10.1.5;Acknowledgments;426
10.1.6;References;426
10.2;Chapter 27. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Rat Brain to Assess Kainic Acid-Induced Lesions and Transplants;427
10.2.1;Introduction;427
10.2.2;Overview of Procedures;428
10.2.3;Radio-Frequency (RF) Coil Construction;432
10.2.4;MR Imaging of Fetal Striatal Transplants;434
10.2.5;MR Imaging of Contiguous Sections of Rat Brain;438
10.2.6;Concluding Remarks;445
10.2.7;References;447
10.3;Chapter 28. Use of Positron Emission Tomography to Assess Effects of Brain Lesions in Experimental Subhuman Primates;448
10.3.1;Generalities;448
10.3.2;Applications of PET to the Study of Experimental Brain Lesioning;452
10.3.3;Limitations of the PET Approach;455
10.3.4;References;459
10.4;Chapter 29. In Vitro Electrophysiological Analysis of in Oculo Transplants;460
10.4.1;Introduction;460
10.4.2;Methods;462
10.4.3;References;474
10.5;Chapter 30. Regulation and Assessment of Receptors following Transplants;475
10.5.1;Regulation of Receptors following Deafferentation and Reinnervation by Embryonic Tissue;475
10.5.2;Regulation and Expression of Receptors in Transplants of Embryonic Striatum;482
10.5.3;References ;495
11;Index;498