Comiso Polar Oceans from Space

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-387-68300-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 41, 430 Seiten

Reihe: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library

Only a few centuries ago, we knew very little about our planet Earth. The Earth was considered flat by many although it was postulated by a few like Aristotle that it is spherical based on observations that included the study of lunar eclipses. Much later, Christopher Columbus successfully sailed to the West to discover the New World and Ferdinand Magellan's ship circumnavigated the globe to prove once and for all that the Earth is indeed a sphere. Worldwide navigation and explorations that followed made it clear that the Earth is huge and rather impossible to study solely by foot or by water. The advent of air travel made it a lot easier to do exploratory studies and enabled the mapping of the boundaries of continents and the oceans. But aircraft coverage was limited and it was not until the satellite era that full c- erage of the Earth's surface became available. Many of the early satellites were research satellites and that meant in part the development of engineering measurement systems with no definite applications in mind. The Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) was a classic case in point. The sensor was built with the idea that it may be useful for meteorological research and especially rainfall studies over the oceans, but success in this area of study was very limited.

Josefino C. Comiso is a Senior Research Scientist of the Oceans and Ice Branch Division of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. His current research interests include: (a) the detection of climate change from historical data; (b) the role of Odden and polynyas in ocean convection and bottom water formation; (c) air-sea-ice interactions and biological processes in the polar regions; (d) radiative transfer modelling studies and satellite algorithms for sea, ice and snow.  

Autoren/Hrsg.

Comiso, Josefino

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;10
3;Background;14
3.1;1.1 Introduction;14
3.2;1.2 Early Perspective of the Polar Regions;18
3.3;1.3 Development of Satellite Earth Observation Systems;24
3.4;1.4 The Role of the Polar Regions in the Climate System;28
3.5;References;30
4;Fundamental Characteristics of the Polar Oceans and Their Sea Ice Cover;31
4.1;2.1 Introduction;31
4.2;2.2 The Polar Oceans;33
4.3;2.3 The Sea Ice Cover;58
4.4;References;78
5;Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques;84
5.1;3.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Channel Selections;84
5.2;3.2 Satellites and Sensors;86
5.3;3.3 Data Products and Sources;119
5.4;3.4 Data Fusion and Data Assimilation;120
5.5;3.5 Limitations and Future Needs;121
5.6;References;122
6;Geophysical Parameters and Algorithms for High Latitude Applications;123
6.1;4.1 Introduction;123
6.2;4.2 Radiative Characteristics of Surface Parameters;126
6.3;4.3 Geophysical Parameters and Retrieval Techniques;141
6.4;4.4 Error Analysis and Accuracy Requirements;181
6.5;References;184
7;Variability of Surface Pressure, Winds, and Clouds;191
7.1;5.1 Introduction;191
7.2;5.2 Sea Level Pressures and Winds;193
7.3;5.3 Clouds;213
7.4;References;230
8;Variability of Surface Temperature and Albedo;232
8.1;6.1 Introduction;232
8.2;6.2 Surface Temperature;234
8.3;6.3 Albedo;277
8.4;References;301
9;Characteristics and Variability of the Sea Ice Cover;304
9.1;7.1 Introduction;304
9.2;7.2 Sea Ice in the Northern Hemisphere;312
9.3;7.3 Sea Ice in the Southern Hemisphere;343
9.4;References;368
10;Polynyas and Other Polar Phenomena;373
10.1;8.1 Introduction;373
10.2;8.2 Polynyas;375
10.3;8.3 The Odden in the Greenland Sea;391
10.4;8.4 Antarctic Circumpolar Wave and Other Polar Processes;396
10.5;8.5 MIZ Processes and Polar Lows;398
10.6;8.6 Distribution of Icebergs and Impacts;402
10.7;References;407
11;Variability of Phytoplankton Pigment Concentrations and Primary Productivity;411
11.1;9.1 Introduction;411
11.2;9.2 Ocean Color in the Northern Hemisphere;413
11.3;9.3 Ocean Color in the Southern Hemisphere;435
11.4;References;453
12;Decadal Changes, Correlations, and Trends;456
12.1;10.1 Introduction;456
12.2;10.2 Decadal Changes in Surface Temperature, Sea Ice, Albedo, and Sea Level Pressure;458
12.3;10.3 Seasonal Trends in Surface Temperature and the Sea Ice Cover;475
12.4;10.4 Relationships of Surface Temperature with Sea Ice and Albedo;480
12.5;10.5 Trends in Chlorophyll Concentration and Primary Productivity and Relations with Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice;484
12.6;10.6 The Rapidly Shrinking Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover;489
12.7;10.7 Increasing Antarctic Sea Ice Cover and Connections with the Ozone Hole;494
12.8;10.8 Record Length and Trend Analysis Issues;496
12.9;10.9 Summary and Conclusions;498
12.10;References;500
13;Index;503