Coletti / Hewitt Crude Oil Fouling

Deposit Characterization, Measurements, and Modeling
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-801359-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 360 Seiten

With production from unconventional rigs continuing to escalate and refineries grappling with the challenges of shale and heavier oil feedstocks, petroleum engineers and refinery managers must ensure that equipment used with today's crude oil is protected from fouling deposits Crude Oil Fouling addresses this overarching challenge for the petroleum community with clear explanations on what causes fouling, current models and new approaches to evaluate and study the formation of deposits, and how today's models could be applied from lab experiment to onsite field usability for not just the refinery, but for the rig, platform, or pipeline. Crude Oil Fouling is a must-have reference for every petroleum engineer's library that gives the basic framework needed to analyze, model, and integrate the best fouling strategies and operations for crude oil systems. - Defines the most critical variables and events that cause fouling - Explains the consequences of fouling and its impact on operations, safety, and economics - Provides the technical models available to better predict and eliminate the potential for fouling in any crude system

Autoren/Hrsg.

Coletti, Francesco

Hewitt, Geoffrey

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Measuring Underemployment: Demographic Indicators for the United States;4
3;Copyright Page ;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;Chapter 1. Introduction;18
6.1;1.1 THE LABOR UTILIZATION FRAMEWORK;21
6.2;1.2 A CRITIQUE OF THE LABOR UTILIZATION FRAMEWORK;27
6.3;1.3 THE DATA;31
6.4;1.4 THE ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK;33
7;Chapter 2. Underemployment In The United States, 1969–1973;38
8;Chapter 3. Information In The Measures Of Invisible Underemployment;52
8.1;3.1 THE INFORMATION IN FULL VERSUS COLLAPSED CROSS-TABLES;53
8.2;3.2 THE INFORMATION IN INVISIBLE UNDEREMPLOYMENT RELATIVE TO AGE, RACE, SEX, AND TIME-PERIOD DIFFERENTIALS;55
8.3;3.3 THE INFORMATION IN INVISIBLE UNDEREMPLOYMENT RELATIVE TO REGION, FAMILY TYPE, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE;58
8.4;3.4 CONCLUSION;61
9;Chapter 4. The Effect Of Changing Demographic Composition On The Crude Indicators Of Underemployment;62
9.1;4.1 THE TIME-PERIOD HETEROGENEITY OF THE LABOR FORCE;66
9.2;4.2 THE "INTRINSIC" TIME-PERIOD CHANGE IN THE LABOR MARKET;77
9.3;4.3 A RATIONALE FOR CONSIDERING AGE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT INDICATORS;83
9.4;4.4 AGE EFFECTS FOR THE TOTAL POPULATION AND THE TOTAL LABOR FORCE AGED 20–64;88
9.5;4.5 CONCLUSION;92
10;Chapter 5. Latent Class Structure In The Distribution Of Labor Market Rewards;94
10.1;5.1 THE LATENT CLASS PERSPECTIVE IN THE ANALYSIS OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT;98
10.2;5.2 THE 1970 DATA;101
10.3;5.3 THE BASIC MODEL;106
10.4;5.4 LATENT CLASS MODELS FOR THE 1970 DATA, INCLUDING PROBABILISTIC SCALE MODELS;109
10.5;5.5 OTHER MODELS FOR THE 1970 DATA;124
10.6;5.6 TIME-PERIOD HETEROGENEITY IN STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF A DUAL LABOR FORCE MODEL, AND NEW INDICATORS OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT;126
10.7;5.7 DIFFERENTIALS IN LATENT CLASS STRUCTURE FOR THE RACE-SEX GROUPS, 1970;134
10.8;5.8 CONCLUSION;135
11;Chapter 6. The Dependence Of Labor Force Status On Age, Time-Period, And Cohort;138
11.1;6.1 THE DATA;140
11.2;6.2 MULTIPLICATIVE MODELS FOR COHORT ANALYSIS BASED UPON SUCCESSIVE SAMPLE SURVEYS;142
11.3;6.3 THE CONCEPT OF A COHORT EFFECT! STATISTICAL DIFFERENTIATION AMONG COHORTS AND THE TEMPO OF SOCIAL CHANGE;145
11.4;6.4 THE GOODNESS-OF-FIT OF COHORT MODELS ACCOUNTING FOR THE AGE-TIME-PERIOD–COHORT- SPECIFIC DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE LABOR FORCE STATUSES, FOR MALES AND FEMALES BY RACE;148
11.5;6.5 IDENTIFIED COHORT PARAMETERS, SHOWING THE TEMPO OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE LABOR FORCE;156
11.6;6.6 THE "TRUE" ACROSS-TIME VARIATION IN LABOR FORCE STATUS: THE CASE OF WHITE MALES;161
11.7;6.7 SOME OTHER COHORT MODELS;163
11.8;6.8 CONCLUSION;165
12;Chapter 7. Trending And Forecasting Underemployment: Log-Linear Models And Population Projection;166
12.1;7.1 FORECASTING UNDEREMPLOYMENT BY LOG-LINEAR TIME-TREND MODELS;167
12.2;7.2 FORECASTING UNDEREMPLOYMENT WITH THE POPULATION PROJECTION MATRIX;173
13;Chapter 8. Underemployment In The Life History Of Synthetic Cohorts;176
13.1;8.1 EXPECTATION OF LIFE IN THE VARIOUS LABOR FORCE STATUSES: UNDEREMPLOYMENT HISTORY FOR MALES AND FEMALES BY RACE GIVEN 1970 CONDITIONS;177
13.2;8.2 ACROSS-TIME COMPARISONS OF LIFE EXPECTATIONS AND OF OTHER QUANTITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MODIFIED LIFE TABLE;185
13.3;8.3 THE LONG-RUN CONSEQUENCES OF SUSTAINED DECREASES IN UNDEREMPLOYMENT;192
13.4;8.4 THE IMPLICATIONS OF A MERITOCRACY FOR LABOR FORCE HISTORY FOR THE RACE-SEX SUBPOPULATIONS;196
13.5;8.5 A FORMAL ACCOUNT OF "EVENTUAL PRODUCTIVE VALUE";203
13.6;8.6 CONCLUSION;205
14;Chapter 9. Some New Directions For Mathematical Demography;208
14.1;9.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNDEREMPLOYMENT AND THE INTRINSIC RATE OF GROWTH IN A STABLE POPULATION;209
14.2;9.2 THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY: THE CONSTANT AGE ELASTICITY OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT;212
15;Chapter 10. Conclusion;218
15.1;10.1 METHODS;219
15.2;10.2 TIME-PERIOD HETEROGENEITY IN THE LABOR FORCE AND THE THEORY OF FRICTIONAL UNDEREMPLOYMENT;222
15.3;10.3 LATENT CLASS STRUCTURE AND LABOR MARKET (LABOR FORCE) DUALISM;224
15.4;10.4 COHORT DIFFERENTIATION WITH RESPECT TO LABOR FORCE STATUS AND THE TEMPO OF COHORT-INDUCED SOCIAL CHANGE;226
15.5;10.5 INTERACTION OF RACE-SEX GROUPS IN A CONSTRAINED LABOR MARKET;227
15.6;10.6 CONCLUSION;229
16;Appendix A: Operational Procedures For Applying The Labor Utilization Framework To The March Current Population Survey;230
16.1;A.1 NOT IN LABOR FORCE;232
16.2;A.2 SUB-UNEMPLOYED;233
16.3;A.3 UNEMPLOYED;234
16.4;A.4 UNDEREMPLOYED BY LOW HOURS;234
16.5;A.5 UNDEREMPLOYMENT BY LOW INCOME;235
16.6;A.6 UNDEREMPLOYED BY MISMATCH;239
16.7;A.7 ADEQUATELY UTILIZED;241
17;Appendix B: The Life Table Modified To Take Into Account Labor Force Status;242
18;Appendix C: A General Computer Program For Unrestricted Or Restricted Maximum Likelihood Latent Structure Analysis;248
19;Appendix D: The Quality Of Single-Year Age Data By Sex In The March Current Population Survey, 1969–1973;250
20;Appendix E: Normed Effects In Log-Linear Models For Dichotomous Data;256
21;Appendix F: Purging Cross-Classified Data Of Diagonal Effects, With Application To Demographic Rates Depending On Age, Time-Period, And Cohort;264
22;Appendix G: A Computer Program For Cohort Analysis Using Multiplicative Models And The Modified Multiple Regression Approach;272
23;Appendix H: A Computer Program For Adjustment Of Rates Using Multiplicative Models;274
24;References;278
25;Index;286