Cochrane Tropical Fire Ecology

Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-77381-8
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 682 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Praxis Books

This book is a global synthesis of fire in tropical ecosystems. In detailing the fire situations of 17 tropical systems, it discusses all relevant subjects ranging from causes of fire to human land use and climate change to long range implications.

Professor Mark A. Cochrane is eminently qualified to explain in detail the historic and current fire situations in the tropics. He is internationally renowned for the documentation of the characteristics, behavior and ecological effects of fire in tropical forests. His research focuses on understanding spatial patterns, interactions and synergisms between the multiple physical and biological factors that affect ecosystems. His recent published work has emphasized human dimensions of land-cover change and the potential for sustainable development and it has been instrumental in the Brazilian government's recent (2003) program to increase its national forest system in the Amazon to 50 million hectares. In current research programs, Professor Cochrane investigates the drivers and effects of disturbance regime changes resulting from various forms of forest degradation, including fire, fragmentation and logging. He is the President of the Association for Fire Ecology of the Tropics (AFET) and has written and edited several books and articles in influential scientific publications about fire in tropical forests.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cochrane, Mark

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page
;3
2;Copyright Page
;4
3;Table of Contents
;5
4;Preface
;17
5;Figures
;20
6;Tables
;25
7;Abbreviations and acronyms
;27
8;Contributors
;31
9;1 Fire in the tropics
;37
9.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION
;37
9.2;1.2 TROPICAL WILDFIRES: SITUATION AND IMPACTS
;38
9.2.1;1.2.1 Overview
;38
9.2.2;1.2.2 Economic impacts
;40
9.2.3;1.2.3 Health issues
;41
9.2.4;1.2.4 Environmental impacts
;43
9.3;1.3 CASE STUDIES OF TROPICAL FIRES: MEXICO AND BRAZIL
;46
9.3.1;1.3.1 Mexico
;46
9.3.2;1.3.2 Brazil
;50
9.4;1.4 IMPLICATIONS
;53
9.5;1.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;54
9.6;1.6 REFERENCES
;54
10;2 Fire and fire ecology: Concepts and principles
;60
10.1;2.1 FIRE AND COMBUSTION
;60
10.2;2.2 HEAT TRANSFER
;63
10.2.1;2.2.1 Conduction
;63
10.2.2;2.2.2 Convection
;64
10.2.3;2.2.3 Radiation
;64
10.3;2.3 FUELS
;66
10.3.1;2.3.1 Fuel composition
;66
10.3.2;2.3.2 Fuel loading and arrangement
;66
10.3.3;2.3.3 Fuel moisture
;68
10.3.4;2.3.4 Total fuels
;68
10.3.5;2.3.5 Live fuels
;68
10.3.6;2.3.6 Dead fuels
;72
10.3.7;2.3.7 Moisture exchange
;72
10.3.8;2.3.8 Fuel continuity
;73
10.4;2.4 OXYGEN
;74
10.5;2.5 WILDLAND FIRE
;74
10.5.1;2.5.1 Fire types
;75
10.5.1.1;2.5.1.1 Surface fires
;75
10.5.1.2;2.5.1.2 Ground fires
;76
10.5.1.3;2.5.1.3 Crown fires
;76
10.5.2;2.5.2 Fire characteristics
;76
10.5.2.1;2.5.2.1 Flame height
;76
10.5.2.2;2.5.2.2 Flame length and fireline intensity
;77
10.5.2.3;2.5.2.3 Fireline intensity
;78
10.5.2.4;2.5.2.4 Height of crown scorch
;78
10.5.2.5;2.5.2.5 Fire spread rate
;81
10.5.2.6;2.5.2.6 Flame depth
;81
10.5.2.7;25.2.7 Residence time
;81
10.6;2.6 FIRE ECOLOGY
;84
10.6.1;2.6.1 Fire regimes
;84
10.6.2;2.6.2 Fire regime characteristics
;85
10.6.2.1;2.6.2.1 Fire extent
;85
10.6.2.2;2.6.2.2 Fire seasonality
;85
10.6.2.3;2.6.2.3 Fire frequency
;86
10.6.2.4;2.6.2.4 Fire intensity and fire severity
;86
10.6.3;2.6.3 Fire regime classification
;86
10.6.4;2.6.4 The action of fire in ecosystems
;88
10.6.5;2.6.5 Tropical fire ecology
;90
10.7;2.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;90
10.8;2.8 REFERENCES
;90
11;Part I Global overview of fire in the tropics
;98
12;3 Overview: Global fire regime conditions, threats, and opportunities for fire management in the tropics
;99
12.1;3.1 ABSTRACT
;99
12.2;3.2 INTRODUCTION
;100
12.3;3.3 ASSESSING THE WORLD'S FIRE REGIMES
;101
12.4;3.4 FIRE REGIME TYPES
;102
12.5;3.5 THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S TROPICAL FIRE REGIMES
;103
12.6;3.6 CAUSES OF CHANGING FIRE REGIMES IN THE TROPICS
;106
12.6.1;3.6.1 Climate change
;106
12.6.2;3.6.2 Agriculture and livestock ranching
;107
12.6.3;3.6.3 Rural and urban development
;109
12.6.4;3.6.4 Energy production
;109
12.6.5;3.6.5 Fire exclusion and suppression
;109
12.6.6;3.6.6 Invasive species
;110
12.6.7;3.6.7 Plantations
;110
12.6.8;3.6.8 Arson
;110
12.7;3.7 INTERACTIONS
;111
12.8;3.8 PRESCRIBED BURNING FOR ECOLOGYCAL BENEFIT
;111
12.9;3.9 INTEGRATED FIRE MANAGEMENT
;111
12.10;3.10 CONCLUSIONS
;113
12.11;3.11 REFERENCES
;114
13;Part II Fire in the Australian tropics
;118
14;4 Fire-driven land cover change in Australia and W. D. Jackson's theory of the fire ecology of southwest Tasmania
;119
14.1;4.1 ABSRACT
;119
14.2;4.2 INTRODUCTION
;120
14.3;4.3 THE ECOLOGY OF SOUTHWEST TASMANIA
;121
14.3.1;4.3.1 Development of a theory
;121
14.3.2;4.3.2 Ecological Drift model
;121
14.3.3;4.3.3 Evidence and alternative perspectives
;125
14.4;4.4 THE ECOLOGICAL DRIFT MODEL AND QUANTIFYING FIRE FREQUENCY
;126
14.4.1;4.4.1 Methods of quantifying fire frequency
;126
14.4.2;4.4.2 Fire frequency in Victorian montane forests
;127
14.4.3;4.4.3 Stand age and fire risk
;128
14.4.4;4.4.4 Landscape effects on fire frequency
;128
14.5;4.5 FIRE FREQUENCY, EDAPHIC FEEBACKS, AND ABORIGINAL LANDSCAPE BURNING IN AUSTRALIAN TROPICAL SAVANNAS
;130
14.5.1;4.5.1 Aboriginal fire regimes - evidence from northern Australia savannas
;130
14.5.2;4.5.2 Cessation of Aboriginal burning and the grass fire cycle
;131
14.5.3;4.5.3 Edaphic "inertia" of monsoon rainforest - savanna boundaries
;131
14.5.4;4.5.4 Monsoon ranforest boundary dynamics
;133
14.5.5;4.5.5 Monsoon rainforests and fire frequency
;134
14.6;4.6 ACACIA ANEURA SHRUBLANDS IN A TRIODIA GRASSLAND MOSAIC IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA
;134
14.7;4.7 ECOLOGYCAL FRIFT, CHANGING FIRE REGIMES, AND FIRE FEEDBACKS
;135
14.8;4.8 CONCLUSION
;136
14.9;4.9 REFERENCES
;138
15;5 Fires in Australia's tropical savannas: Interactions with biodiversity, global warming and exotic biota
;144
15.1;5.1 ABSTRACT
;144
15.2;5.2 INTRODUCTION
;144
15.2.1;5.2.1 The region
;145
15.2.2;5.2.2 Fires in the region
;148
15.3;5.3 FIRE BEHAVIOR, FIRE WEATHER
;149
15.4;5.4 FIRE REGIMES
;151
15.5;5.5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FIRE, WOODY PLANTS AND GRASSES
;153
15.6;5.6 FIRE, GLOBAL WARMING, AND GREENHOUSE GASES
;155
15.6.1;5.6.1 Predicted changes in climate
;155
15.6.2;5.6.2 Management of emissions
;156
15.7;5.7 BIODIVERSITY AND FIRE REGIMES
;157
15.7.1;5.7.1 Biodiversity, fire, and grazing regimes
;157
15.7.2;5.7.2 Biodiversity consservation in reserves
;160
15.8;5.8 PROTECTION OF HUMAN LIFE AND PROPERTY
;162
15.9;5.9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
;163
15.10;5.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;164
15.11;5.11 REFERENCES
;164
16;6 Aboriginal fire use in Australian tropical savannas: Ecological effects and management lessons
;173
16.1;6.1 ABSTRACT
;173
16.2;6.2 INTRODUCTION
;173
16.3;6.3 STEREOTYPES OF SEASONALITY AND SPATIALITY
;177
16.4;6.4 ABORIGINAL USES FOR FIRE: HUNTING, VEGETATION MANAGEMENT, AND CLEANING COUNTRY
;178
16.4.1;6.4.1 Fire for hunting
;178
16.4.1.1;6.4.1.1 Fire drives
;179
16.4.1.2;6.4.1.2 Green pick: promoting regrowth of grasses
;179
16.4.2;6.4.2 Domiculture: management of plant resources
;181
16.4.3;6.4.3 Vegetation management: facilitating life in a tall-grass savanna
;183
16.4.4;6.4.4 A landscape management system
;183
16.5;6.5 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT AND FIRE REGIMES
;184
16.5.1;6.5.1 Ecological impact of wildfire regimes
;184
16.5.2;6.5.2 Contemporary Aboriginal fire management
;186
16.5.2.1;6.5.2.1 Central Arheem Land: a case study of Aboriiginal fire management and ecological integrity
;186
16.5.2.2;6.5.2.2 Indigenous ranger programs: the emergence of formal indigenous natural resource menagement activities
;188
16.5.2.3;6.5.2.3 Aboriginal fire management and the emerging carbon economy
;188
16.5.2.3.1;6.5.2.3.1 Carbon sequenstration and greenhouse gas abatement
;189
16.5.2.3.2;6.5.2.3.2 West Arhem Land Fire Abatement project
;189
16.5.2.4;6.5.2.4 Indigenous knowledge conservation
;190
16.6;6.6 CONCLUSION
;191
16.7;6.7 REFERENCES
;191
17;Part III Fire in the African tropics
;198
18;7 Fire ecology and fire politics in Mali and Madagascar
;199
18.1;7.1 ABSTRACT
;199
18.2;7.2 INTRODUCTION
;200
18.3;7.3 BIOPHYSICAL CONTEXT
;202
18.3.1;7.3.1 Mali and West Africa
;202
18.3.2;7.3.2 Madagascar
;204
18.4;7.4 PREHISTORY
;205
18.4.1;7.4.1 Generalities on prehistoric African fire and issues of vegetation "origin"
;205
18.4.2;7.4.2 West African anthropogenic fire history
;208
18.4.3;7.4.3 Madagascar
;209
18.5;7.5 CONTEMPORARY FIRE REGIMES AND IMPACTS
;210
18.5.1;7.5.1 Mali
;210
18.5.2;7.5.2 Madagascar
;213
18.6;7.6 HUMANS AND FIRE IN LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
;215
18.6.1;7.6.1 Why do Africans burn the land?
;215
18.6.1.1;7.6.1.1 Fire is used to hunt
;215
18.6.1.2;7.6.1.2 Fire is used in livestock husbandry
;216
18.6.1.3;7.6.1.3 People manage vegetation using fire
;216
18.6.1.4;7.6.1.4 Fire can be used to manage useful insects
;216
18.6.1.5;7.6.1.5 Fire is used to control pests and other threats
;216
18.6.1.6;7.6.1.6 Fire can facilitate gathering
;216
18.6.1.7;7.6.1.7 Fireis used for agriculture
;217
18.6.1.8;7.6.1.8 Fire is used for risk management
;217
18.6.2;7.6.2 Seasonal mosaic burning in Mali
;217
18.6.2.1;7.6.2.1 The spatio-temporal pattern of fire
;218
18.6.2.2;7.6.2.2 Linkages to soil/vegetation patterns
;218
18.6.2.3;7.6.2.3 Reasons for the pattern
;219
18.6.2.4;7.6.2.4 Ecological and biogeographical implications
;222
18.6.3;7.6.3 The culture of fire use in Madagascar
;224
18.7;7.7 ESTIMATING FIRE IMPACTS
;229
18.7.1;7.7.1 Climate and hydrology
;230
18.7.2;7.7.2 Land cover conversion and vegetation change
;231
18.7.3;7.7.3 Fragmentation and connectivity
;232
18.7.4;7.7.4 Atmospheric and health effects of emissions
;233
18.8;7.8 FIRE POLITICS
;234
18.8.1;7.8.1 Early fire policies
;234
18.8.2;7.8.2 Fire as a necessary evil: a late colonial softening
;236
18.8.3;7.8.3 Post-colonial approaches: strong words, weak enforcement
;236
18.8.4;7.8.4 From drought to revenue: fire in 1980s' Mali
;237
18.8.5;7.8.5 Biodiversity hotspot: fire in 1980s'-1990s' Madagascar
;239
18.8.6;7.8.6 The 1990s' community devolution movement
;240
18.8.7;7.8.7 Today
;240
18.8.8;7.8.8 Lessons
;241
18.9;7.9 CONCLUSION
;242
18.10;7.10 REFERENCES
;243
19;8 Climate change and wildland fires in Mozambique
;255
19.1;8.1 ABSTRACT
;255
19.2;8.2 INTRODUCTION
;256
19.3;8.3 CLIMATE, FIRE, AND LIVELIHOOD LINKAGES
;257
19.4;8.4 CLIMATE CONDITIONS: PRESENT AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS
;258
19.4.1;8.4.1 Current climatic conditions
;259
19.4.2;8.4.2 Future climate change projections
;261
19.5;8.5 CURRENT FIRE REGIMES IN MOZAMBIQUE TODAY
;262
19.5.1;8.5.1 Fire distribution and frequency
;263
19.5.2;8.5.2 Fire seasonality
;264
19.6;8.6 UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WILDLAND FIRE
;264
19.6.1;8.6.1 Ecological impacts of fire
;265
19.6.2;8.6.2 Miombo woodland species
;266
19.6.3;8.6.3 Ecological consequences of fire in the miombo woodland
;270
19.7;8.7 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FIRE
;272
19.8;8.8 EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING
;274
19.8.1;8.8.1 Emissions released directly from fires
;275
19.8.2;8.8.2 Emissions from land use change and forestry
;275
19.9;8.9 POLICY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
;276
19.9.1;8.9.1 Historical policy and institutional framework
;276
19.9.2;8.9.2 Current policy and institutional framework
;277
19.10;8.10 CONCLUSIONS
;279
19.11;8.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
;282
19.12;8.12 REFERENCES
;283
20;Part IV Fire in the Asian tropics
;288
21;9 Tropical peatland fires in Southeast Asia
;289
21.1;9.1 ABSTRACT
;289
21.2;9.2 INTRODUCTION
;290
21.3;9.3 THE TROPICAL PEATLANDS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
;291
21.4;9.4 FIRE HISTORY AND THE CAUSES OF FIRE
;292
21.5;9.5 LAND USE CHANGE AS THE DRIVER OF CONTEMPORARY PEATLAND FIRES
;295
21.6;9.6 CAUSES OF FIRE; THE BLAME GAME
;296
21.6.1;9.6.1 Role of fire in recent deforestation of tropical peatlands in Borneo
;298
21.7;9.7 ECOLOGICAL CHANGES
;302
21.7.1;9.7.1 From fire to flood
;302
21.7.2;9.7.2 Carbon emissions and fire behavior
;305
21.7.3;9.7.3 Tropical peatlands under a changing climate
;307
21.8;9.8 FUTURE PROSPECTS
;308
21.9;9.9 REFERENCES
;309
22;10 Fire ecology and management of seasonal evergreen forests in mainland Southeast Asia
;314
22.1;10.1 ABSTRACT
;314
22.2;10.2 INTRODUCTION
;314
22.3;10.3 STUDY AREA
;317
22.4;10.4 FIRE IN SEASONAL EVERGREEN FOREST
;319
22.5;10.5 WHY DO SEASONAL EVERGREEN FORESTS BURN?
;323
22.6;10.6 EFFECT OF FIRE ON SEASONAL EVERGREEN FOREST
;326
22.7;10.7 SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS
;330
22.8;10.8 REFERENCES
;331
23;11 Fire behavior and fire effects across the forest landscape of continental Southeast Asia
;336
23.1;11.1 ABSTRACT
;336
23.2;11.2 INTRODUCTION
;337
23.3;11.3 CAUSES OF FIRE
;339
23.3.1;11.3.1 Climate
;339
23.3.2;11.3.2 Fuels
;340
23.3.3;11.3.3 Ignition
;341
23.4;11.4 FIRE BEHAVIOR
;341
23.5;11.5 FIRE SEVERITY
;345
23.5.1;11.5.1 Fire effects on individual trees
;345
23.5.2;11.5.2 Fire effects at the stand scale
;347
23.5.3;11.5.3 Fire and tree species abundance
;348
23.6;11.6 FIRE REGIMES
;351
23.7;11.7 FIRE, LANDSCAPE, AND LAND USE
;353
23.8;11.8 FIRE AND CLIMATE
;354
23.9;11.9 ISSUES FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT
;355
23.10;11.10 REFERENCES
;356
24;12 Forest fire regimes and their ecological effects in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems in the Western Ghats, India
;360
24.1;12.1 ABSTRACT
;360
24.2;12.2 INTRODUCTION
;361
24.3;12.3 HUMANS AND FIRE IN THE WESTERN GHATS
;361
24.3.1;12.3.1 Indigenous communities and fires
;362
24.3.2;12.3.2 Agricultural fires in the Western Ghats
;362
24.3.3;12.3.3 Fire and forestry
;362
24.4;12.4 LINK BETWEEN FIRE REGIMES AND FIELD STUDIES
;362
24.5;12.5 BACKGROUND
;363
24.5.1;12.5.1 Spatial parameters of fire regimes
;363
24.5.1.1;12.5.2.1 Tropical dry deciduous forests
;364
24.5.1.2;12.5.2.2 Tropical dry thorn forest
;364
24.5.1.3;12.5.2.3 Tropical moist deciduous forest
;365
24.6;12.6 METHODS
;365
24.6.1;12.6.1 Vegetation map
;365
24.6.2;12.6.2 Delineating forest fires in the Nilgiri landscape
;365
24.6.3;12.6.3 Forest structure, diverity, fuel loads, and fire frequency
;366
24.6.3.1;12.6.3.1 Transects
;366
24.6.3.2;12.6.3.2 Canapy cover
;366
24.6.3.3;12.6.3.3 Regenerration of woody plant species
;366
24.6.3.4;12.6.3.4 Species composition
;366
24.6.3.5;12.6.3.5 Fuel composition and fuel load estimation
;367
24.6.3.6;12.6.3.6 Estimating grass and leaf litter
;367
24.6.3.7;12.6.3.7 Fire history of transects
;367
24.6.3.8;12.6.3.8 Statistical tests
;367
24.7;12.7 RESULTS
;367
24.7.1;12.7.1 Spatial and temporal characteristics of fires in the Nilgiri landscape
;367
24.7.2;12.7.2 Fuels, vegetation characteristics, and forest fires
;368
24.7.2.1;12.7.2.1 Tropical dry deciduous forests
;368
24.7.2.2;12.7.2.2 Tropical dry thorn forests
;371
24.7.2.3;12.7.2.3 Tropical moist deciduous forests
;373
24.8;12.8 DISCUSSION
;374
24.8.1;12.8.1 Climate change and forest fires
;375
24.8.2;12.8.2 Forest fires and conservation
;375
24.9;12.9 CONCLUSIONS
;376
24.10;12.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;376
24.11;12.11 REFERENCES
;376
25;13 Fire and land use effects on biodiversity in the southern Sumatran wetlands
;380
25.1;13.1 ABSTRACT
;380
25.2;13.2 INTRODUCTION
;381
25.3;13.3 METHODS
;383
25.3.1;13.3.1 Land cover classification
;383
25.3.2;13.3.2 Socio-economic surveys
;384
25.3.3;13.3.3 Field ecological surveys
;384
25.3.4;13.3.4 Distance and access
;384
25.3.5;13.3.5 Fire patterns
;384
25.3.6;13.3.6 Vegetation structure and links to environmental/disturbance variables
;385
25.3.7;13.3.7 Woody species diversity and composition
;385
25.4;13.4 FIRE HISTORY
;386
25.5;13.5 LAND USE HISTORY
;388
25.6;13.6 DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE FIRES
;390
25.7;13.7 BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
;392
25.7.1;13.7.1 Landscape level
;392
25.7.2;13.7.2 Woody species diversity and composition at the patch level
;393
25.7.3;13.7.3 Vegetation structure at the patch level
;399
25.7.4;13.7.4 Further fire susceptibility and regeneration potential
;400
25.8;13.8 DISCUSSION
;402
25.8.1;13.8.1 Fire management issues and options for the wetlands of southern Sumatra
;404
25.8.1.1;13.8.1.1 Ban fire use and promote zero-burning techniques?
;404
25.8.1.2;13.8.1.2 Is controlled burning feasible?
;404
25.8.1.3;13.8.1.3 Are there any effective incentive mechanisms to prevent burning or to limit fire spread?
;404
25.8.1.4;13.8.1.4 Can alternative livelihppds that are not dependent on fire be provided ?
;405
25.8.1.5;13.8.1.5 Halt further development and restore still remote, sparsely inhabited wetlands
;406
25.9;13.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;406
25.10;13.10 REFERENCES
;407
26;Part V Fire in the South American tropics
;411
27;14 Fire, land use, land cover dynamics, and climate change in the Brazillian Amazon
;412
27.1;14.1 ABSTRACT
;412
27.2;14.2 INTRODUCTION
;413
27.3;14.3 FIRE AS A TOOL
;414
27.4;14.4 FIRE AND LAND USE
;415
27.4.1;14.4.1 Shifting cultivation
;415
27.4.2;14.4.2 Cattle ranching
;415
27.4.3;14.4.3 Industrial agriculture
;416
27.4.4;14.4.4 Logging
;416
27.4.5;14.4.5 Fire and landscapes
;418
27.5;14.5 FIRE BEHAVIOR
;421
27.6;14.6 FIRE SEVERITY
;423
27.7;14.7 ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS
;425
27.8;14.8 FIRE AND CLIMATE
;429
27.8.1;14.8.1 Climate, weather anomalies, and climate change effects
;429
27.8.2;14.8.2 Land cover change and climate
;431
27.8.3;14.8.3 Fire and climate
;431
27.9;14.9 FIRE MODELING
;432
27.9.1;14.9.1 Fire susceptibility
;432
27.9.2;14.9.2 Mechanistic model of fire susceptibility
;433
27.9.2.1;14.9.2.1 The ET pump
;434
27.9.2.2;14.9.2.2 The DC pump
;434
27.9.3;14.9.3 Fuels
;436
27.10;14.10 CONCLUSIONS
;438
27.10.1;14.10.1 Rehabilitating fire-impacted forests
;440
27.11;14.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;441
27.12;14.12 REFERENCES
;441
28;15 Fires in the cerrado, the Brazilian savanna
;450
28.1;15.1 ABSTRACT
;450
28.2;15.2 INTRODUCTION
;450
28.3;15.3 FIRE HISTORY AND FIRE FREQUENCY
;451
28.4;15.4 CERRADO FIRES
;453
28.5;15.5 HERBACEOUS-LAYER VEGETATION
;456
28.6;15.6 WOODT-LAYER VEGETATION
;460
28.7;15.7 WATER USE AND CARBON FLUX
;465
28.8;15.8 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
;466
28.9;15.9 REFERENCES
;467
29;16 The role of fire in the vegetation dynamics of upland davannas of the Venezuelan Guayana
;474
29.1;16.1 ABSTRACT
;474
29.2;16.2 INTRODUCTION
;475
29.3;16.3 CAUSES AND USE OF FIRE
;476
29.4;16.4 STUDY SITE
;477
29.5;16.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
;481
29.6;16.6 FIRE BEHAVIOR
;483
29.7;16.7 EFFECT OF FIRE ON SAVANNA PLANT COVER AND SPECIES COMPOSITION
;488
29.7.1;16.7.1 Plan species composition and abundance
;489
29.7.2;16.7.2 Effect of fire on plant species composition and abundance
;492
29.8;16.8 EFFECT OF FIRE ON SAVANNA BIOMASS
;493
29.8.1;16.8.1 Biomass dynamics in unburned savanna plots
;494
29.8.2;16.8.2 Biomass recovery of burned savanna plots
;495
29.8.3;16.8.3 Biomass recovery and fire frequency
;496
29.9;16.9 CONCLUSIONS: OPTIONS FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT IN CANAIMA NATIONAL PARK
;496
29.10;16.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;498
29.11;16.11 REFERENCES
;499
30;17 Pattern and process: Fire-initiated grass invasion at Amazon transitional forest edges
;504
30.1;17.1 ABSTRACT
;504
30.2;17.2 INTRODUCTION
;505
30.3;17.3 METHODS: INCREASING FIRE FREQUENCY AT A FOREST PASTURE EDGE
;506
30.4;17.4 RESULTS: FIRE PROMOTES GRASS INVASION
;507
30.5;17.5 POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF FIRE-INITIATED VEGETATION TRANSITIONS
;510
30.5.1;17.5.1 Competition-based mechanisms
;510
30.5.1.1;17.5.1.1 Immediate nutrient pulse, but eventual nutrient deficiency
;511
30.5.1.2;17.5.1.2 Increased drought-like conditions favor grasses
;513
30.5.2;17.5.2 Demographic mechanisms
;514
30.5.2.1;17.5.2.1 Mortality
;514
30.5.2.2;17.5.2.2 Propagule sources
;515
30.5.2.3;17.5.2.3 Herbivory and predation
;516
30.5.3;17.5.3 Grass-fire cycle
;517
30.6;17.6 CONCLUSIONS
;518
30.7;17.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;519
30.8;17.8 REFERENCES
;520
31;Part VI Fire in the Central American tropics
;526
32;18 Fire in the páramo ecosystems of Central and South America
;527
32.1;18.1 ABSTRACT
;527
32.2;18.2 INTRODUCTION
;528
32.3;18.3 THE PÁRAMOS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
;528
32.4;18.4 CAUSES OF PÁRAMO FIRES
;532
32.5;18.5 THE "NATURALNESS", FIRE DEPENDENCY, AND CONSERVATION VALUE OF NEOTROPICAL PÁRAMOS
;534
32.6;18.6 FIRE BEHAVIOR
;537
32.7;18.7 FIRE SEVERITY AND POST-FIRE VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT
;538
32.8;18.8 FIRE FREQUENCY
;542
32.9;18.9 CHARCOAL AND POLLEN EVIDENCE OF LONG-TERM FIRE HISTORY
;544
32.9.1;18.9.1 Records from Costa Rica
;544
32.9.2;18.9.2 Records from Ecuador and northern Peru
;546
32.10;18.10 ISSUES FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT
;549
32.11;18.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
;553
32.12;18.12 REFERENCES
;553
33;Part VII Pan-tropical fire
;562
34;19 The consequences of fire for the fauna of humid tropical forests
;563
34.1;19.1 ABSTRACT
;563
34.2;19.2 INTRODUCTION
;563
34.3;19.3 FAUNAL MORTALITY AND TEMPORAL RESPONSES TO FIRE
;564
34.4;19.4 SUB-LETHAL EFFECTS
;566
34.5;19.5 FIRE SEVERITY AND RECURRENT FIRES
;566
34.6;19.6 SPATIAL SCALE OF EFFECTS
;567
34.7;19.7 FIRES AND OTHER THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
;568
34.8;19.8 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF FIRE
;568
34.9;19.9 GEOGRAPHICAL VIRIANCE IN FAUNAL RESPONSES TO FIRE
;569
34.10;19.10 FIRE AND THE ARTHROPOD LITTER FAUNA
;570
34.11;19.11 CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH PRIORITIES
;571
34.12;19.12 REFERENCES
;573
35;20 Fire in tropical pine ecosystems
;577
35.1;20.1 ABSTRACT
;577
35.2;20.2 INTRODUCITON
;578
35.3;20.3 FIRE AND LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AND ADAPTATIONS OF TROPICAL PINES
;581
35.4;20.4 ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
;589
35.5;20.5 FIRE REGIMES
;590
35.6;20.6 PINE STAND STRUCTURE AND STAND DYNAMICS
;594
35.7;20.7 ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
;599
35.8;20.8 CAUSES OF FIRE
;602
35.9;20.9 FIRE BEHAVIOR AND SEVERITY
;605
35.10;20.10 FIRE, LAND USE, AND LANDSCAPES
;607
35.11;20.11 FIRE, PINES, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
;609
35.12;20.12 ISSUES FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT
;611
35.13;20.13 REGIONAL EXAMPLE: PINUS HARTWEGII FORESTS IN MESOAMERICA
;612
35.13.1;20.13.1 Background
;612
35.13.2;20.13.2 Fire regime and vegetation dynamics
;613
35.13.3;20.13.3 Fire behavior and severity
;613
35.13.4;20.13.4 Understory species response to fire
;615
35.13.5;20.13.5 Wildlife
;616
35.13.6;20.13.6 Soils, hydrology, and air quality
;616
35.13.7;20.13.7 Landscape value
;617
35.13.8;20.13.8 Other project studies
;617
35.13.9;20.13.9 Integrated fire management
;617
35.14;20.14 CONCLUSION
;618
35.15;20.15 REFERENCES
;619
36;21 Changing fire regimes in tropical montane cloud forests: a global synthesis
;626
36.1;21.1 ABSTRACT
;626
36.2;21.2 INTRODUCTION
;626
36.3;21.3 MCFs: CHARACTERISTICS, DISTRIBUTION, AND DISTURBANCE DYNAMICS
;628
36.4;21.4 PALEOECOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR HISTORICAL FIRE REGIMES IN MCFs
;629
36.5;21.5 MODERN EVIDENCE FOR CHANGING FIRE REGIMES IN MCFs
;633
36.6;21.6 CASE STUDY: MODERN PATTERNS OF FIRE ACTIVITY IN MCFs OF SOUTHEASTERN MEXICO
;636
36.7;21.7 CONCLUSIONS
;640
36.8;21.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;641
36.9;21.9 REFERENCES
;641
37;Index
;646