Clement / Marks Computer-Graphic Facial Reconstruction

1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-08-045422-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 384 Seiten, Web PDF

This unique books looks at a cost-efficient, fast and accurate means of facial reconstruction--from segmented, decomposed, or skeletal remains--using computer-graphic and computational means.Computer-Graphic Facial Reconstruction is designed as a valuable resource for those scientists designing new research projects and protocols, as well as a practical handbook of methods and techniques for medico-legal practitioners who actually identify the faceless victims of crime. It looks at a variety of approaches: artificial intelligence using neural networks, case-based reasoning, Baysian belief systems, along with a variety of imaging methods: radiological, CT, MRI and the use of imaging devices.The methods described in this book complement, or may even replace, the less-reliable, more traditional means of securing identification by presumptive means, i.e., recognition of clothing, personal effects and clay reconstruction.- Covers cutting-edge technologies in the context of historical forensic reconstruction methods- Features stellar authors from around the globe- Bridges the areas of computer graphics, animation, and forensic anthropology

Autoren/Hrsg.

Clement, John G.

Marks, Murray K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;COVER;1
2;COMPUTER-GRAPHIC FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION;4
3;CONTENTS;6
4;FOREWORD;8
5;PREFACE;10
6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;14
7;ABOUT THE EDITORS;15
8;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;16
9;PART I HISTORY AND BACKGROUND;20
9.1;CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION;22
9.1.1;1.1 BACKGROUND;22
9.1.2;1.2 UNITING MICRO- AND MACROMORPHOLOGICAL THEMES;22
9.1.3;1.3 FORENSIC IMPERATIVES;25
9.1.4;REFERENCES;31
9.2;CHAPTER 2 CLASSICAL NON-COMPUTER-ASSISTED CRANIOFACIAL RECONSTRUCTION;34
9.2.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;34
9.2.2;2.2 CRANIOFACIAL RECONSTRUCTION;36
9.2.3;2.3 HISTORY OF CFR;37
9.2.4;2.4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SKULL;39
9.2.5;2.5 SOFT-TISSUE DEPTH;42
9.2.6;2.6 MANUAL 2D CFR;42
9.2.6.1;2.6.1 SKETCHES;42
9.2.6.2;2.6.2 GEORGE’S METHOD;43
9.2.7;2.7 MANUAL 3D CFR;43
9.2.8;2.8 DISCUSSION;46
9.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;48
9.2.10;REFERENCES;48
9.3;CHAPTER 3 THE WISDOM OF BONES: FACIAL APPROXIMATION ON THE SKULL;52
9.3.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;52
9.3.2;3.2 THE PURPOSE OF FACIAL APPROXIMATION;53
9.3.3;3.3 A HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE;54
9.3.4;3.4 WHAT THE SKULL CAN TELL US: POSITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SKULL AND THE FACIAL FEATURES;57
9.3.4.1;3.4.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ORBIT AND THE EYE;57
9.3.4.2;3.4.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BONY NASAL APERTURE AND THE NOSE;58
9.3.4.3;3.4.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SKULL, THE TEETH, AND THE MOUTH;59
9.3.4.4;3.4.4 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SKULL AND THE EARS;60
9.3.4.5;3.4.5 SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE FACE;60
9.3.5;3.5 BUILDING THE FACE FROM THE SKULL;60
9.3.5.1;3.5.1 PRELIMINARY COLLECTION OF DATA;60
9.3.5.2;3.5.2 CLEANING AND PREPARATION OF THE SKULL;61
9.3.5.3;3.5.3 REPAIRING THE DAMAGED SKULL;61
9.3.5.4;3.5.4 THE CLAY MODELING PROCEDURE;62
9.3.6;3.6 HOW SUCCESSFUL IS FACIAL APPROXIMATION?;64
9.3.7;3.7 COMPUTER ENHANCEMENT OF THE APPROXIMATION;65
9.3.8;3.8 PUBLICIZING THE RESULTS;66
9.3.9;3.9 CASE REPORTS;67
9.3.10;3.10 CONCLUSION;70
9.3.11;REFERENCES;70
9.4;CHAPTER 4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL QUANTIFICATION OF FACIAL SHAPE;76
9.4.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;76
9.4.2;4.2 BACKGROUND: WHY MEASURE FACES?;76
9.4.3;4.3 BACKGROUND: WHAT IS A FACE?;77
9.4.4;4.4 DATA ACQUISITION METHODS;79
9.4.5;4.5 SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS;80
9.4.6;4.6 QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FACES;81
9.4.7;4.7 DATA TYPES: POINT CLOUDS;83
9.4.8;4.8 DATA TYPES: LANDMARKS;86
9.4.9;4.9 DATA TYPES: OUTLINES;90
9.4.10;4.10 CALCULATION OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FACES;93
9.4.11;4.11 CONCLUSION;94
9.4.12;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;94
9.4.13;REFERENCES;95
9.5;CHAPTER 5 AUTOMATIC 3D FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION BY FEATURE-BASED REGISTRATION OF A REFERENCE HEAD;98
9.5.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;98
9.5.1.1;MORPHOMETRY-BASED METHODS;98
9.5.1.2;MORPHOLOGY-BASED METHODS;99
9.5.1.3;REGISTRATION-BASED METHODS;99
9.5.2;5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD;100
9.5.2.1;5.2.1 DATA ACQUISITION;100
9.5.2.1.1;THE ACQUISITION PROCESS;100
9.5.2.1.2;THE REFERENCE HEAD;101
9.5.2.1.3;EXPERIMENT 1: UNKNOWN CONTEMPORARY SKULL;101
9.5.2.1.4;EXPERIMENT 2: PREHISTORIC SKULL OF THE MAN OF TAUTAVEL;101
9.5.2.2;5.2.2 EXTRACTION OF FEATURE POINTS AND LINES;104
9.5.2.3;5.2.3 REGISTRATION OF FEATURE LINES;105
9.5.2.4;5.2.4 GEOMETRICAL NORMALIZATION;107
9.5.2.5;5.2.5 COMPUTING THE 3D TRANSFORMATION;108
9.5.3;5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;109
9.5.3.1;5.3.1 THE PROBLEM OF THE VALIDATION;109
9.5.3.1.1;EXPERIMENT 1;109
9.5.3.1.2;EXPERIMENT 2;111
9.5.3.2;5.3.2 DEFINING A REFERENCE HEAD;111
9.5.3.3;5.3.3 MODELING THE HUMAN VARIABILITY;113
9.5.3.3.1;AGE;113
9.5.3.3.2;ETHNICITY;114
9.5.3.3.3;CORPULENCE;114
9.5.3.3.4;EXPRESSIVITY;114
9.5.3.4;5.3.4 INFERRING ILL-DEFINED FACIAL PARTS OR FEATURES;114
9.5.4;5.4 CONCLUSION;115
9.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;115
9.5.6;REFERENCES;115
10;PART II CONCEPTS AND CREATION OF FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION MODELS;122
10.1;CHAPTER 6 TWO-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER-GENERATED AVERAGE HUMAN FACE MORPHOLOGY AND FACIAL APPROXIMATION;124
10.1.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;124
10.1.2;6.2 AVERAGING FACES;127
10.1.3;6.3 GENERATING THE NEW AVERAGE FACES;130
10.1.3.1;6.3.1 SAMPLE;130
10.1.3.2;6.3.2 PHOTOGRAPHY;130
10.1.4;6.4 AVERAGING PROCEDURE;132
10.1.4.1;6.4.1 DELINEATION;132
10.1.4.2;6.4.2 AVERAGING;134
10.1.5;6.5 SUMMARY;138
10.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;139
10.1.7;REFERENCES;139
10.1.8;APPENDIX 1;144
10.1.9;APPENDIX 2;145
10.2;CHAPTER 7 PREDICTING THE MOST PROBABLE FACIAL FEATURES USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS, MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY, AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS;148
10.2.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;148
10.2.2;7.2 IMAGE PROCESSING;151
10.2.3;7.3 GRAPHICAL MODEL;154
10.2.4;7.4 DISCRETE LANDMARK LOCATION;155
10.2.4.1;7.4.1 OBTAINING THE MOST PROBABLE FEATURES OF A FACE;158
10.2.5;7.5 CONCLUSIONS;160
10.2.6;7.6 FUTURE WORK;161
10.2.7;REFERENCES;161
10.3;CHAPTER 8 FACE RECONSTRUCTIONS USING FLESH DEFORMATION MODES;164
10.3.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;164
10.3.2;8.2 COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF CT DATABASE;165
10.3.2.1;8.2.1 RIGID ALIGNMENT OF SKULL;167
10.3.2.2;8.2.2 NONRIGID MORPHING OF SKULL TO MODEL;168
10.3.2.3;8.2.3 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM;168
10.3.2.4;8.2.4 2D MORPHING;169
10.3.2.5;8.2.5 SKULL DEPTH ALIGNMENT;171
10.3.2.6;8.2.6 EXTRACTION OF STATISTICS;172
10.3.3;8.3 RECONSTRUCTION FROM A SUBJECT SKULL;173
10.3.3.1;8.3.1 PRINCIPAL-COMPONENT ANALYSIS;174
10.3.3.2;8.3.2 DEFORMATION MODES;174
10.3.3.3;8.3.3 RECONSTRUCTION;175
10.3.4;8.4 POSTPROCESSING;177
10.3.4.1;8.4.1 FACE EDITING;177
10.3.4.2;8.4.2 TEXTURE MAPPING;177
10.3.5;8.5 DISCUSSION;179
10.3.5.1;8.5.1 FUTURE WORK;179
10.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;180
10.3.7;REFERENCES;180
10.4;CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF SKULLS FROM FRAGMENTS USING SLT AND CAD/CAM TOOLS;182
10.4.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;182
10.4.2;9.2 METHOD;184
10.4.2.1;9.2.1 DIGITALIZATION OF THE BONE FRAGMENTS;184
10.4.2.2;9.2.2 SKULL RECONSTRUCTION;189
10.4.2.3;9.2.3 CONTROLLING THE PRECISION OF THE FIT;191
10.4.3;9.3 DISCUSSION;194
10.4.3.1;9.3.1 DUPLICATION OF BONE FRAGMENTS;194
10.4.3.2;9.3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SKULL;195
10.4.3.3;9.3.3 METRIC CONTROL OF THE JOINT FRAGMENTS;196
10.4.3.3.1;MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH;197
10.4.3.3.2;ANALYSIS OF THE PROFILE;197
10.4.3.3.3;PRECISION OF THE FIT;198
10.4.4;9.4 RESUMÉ AND PROSPECT;198
10.4.5;REFERENCES;200
10.5;CHAPTER 10 FORENSIC FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION USING COMPUTER MODELING SOFTWARE;202
10.5.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;202
10.5.2;10.2 CURRENT LIMITATIONS;204
10.5.3;10.3 WORK WITH 3D MODELING SOFTWARE;204
10.5.3.1;10.3.1 CAPTURING THE SKULL;205
10.5.3.2;10.3.2 PLACING THE LANDMARKS;206
10.5.3.3;10.3.3 CREATING THE EYES;208
10.5.3.4;10.3.4 FORMING THE NOSE;208
10.5.3.5;10.3.5 FORMING THE TISSUE;208
10.5.3.5.1;SPLINES AND SURFACE MODIFIERS;208
10.5.3.5.2;ANATOMICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND NURBS;209
10.5.3.5.3;TEXTURING THE FACE;210
10.5.4;10.4 RESULTS AND FUTURE WORK;212
10.5.5;10.5 COMPARISON WITH OTHER COMPUTERIZATION METHODS;214
10.5.6;10.6 THE FUTURE;214
10.5.7;REFERENCES;215
11;PART III PERCEPTION, RECOGNITION, AND IDENTITY;216
11.1;CHAPTER 11 CEILING RECOGNITION LIMITS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL FACIAL APPROXIMATIONS CONSTRUCTED USING AVERAGES;218
11.1.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;218
11.1.1.1;11.1.1 GENERATION OF THE AVERAGE FACE;223
11.1.1.1.1;WARPING OF THE AVERAGE FACE;224
11.1.2;11.2 TRIALS OF UNFAMILIAR RECOGNITION;224
11.1.2.1;11.2.1 TRIALS OF FAMILIAR RECOGNITION;227
11.1.3;11.3 RESULTS;227
11.1.3.1;11.3.1 UNFAMILIAR RECOGNITION;227
11.1.3.2;FAMILIAR RECOGNITION;229
11.1.3.3;COMPARISON BETWEEN TESTING SCENARIOS;230
11.1.4;11.4 DISCUSSION;231
11.1.5;11.5 SUMMARY;234
11.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;234
11.1.7;REFERENCES;234
11.2;CHAPTER 12 UTILIZATION OF 3D CEPHALOMETRIC FINITE-ELEMENT MODELING FOR MEASURING HUMAN FACIAL SOFT-TISSUE THICKNESS;240
11.2.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;240
11.2.2;12.2 MATERIALS AND METHOD;242
11.2.2.1;12.2.1 TESTING THE METHOD;246
11.2.2.1.1;TESTING OF THE CALIBRATED GEOMETRICAL CYLINDER;246
11.2.2.1.2;TESTING ON A DENTAL STUDY CAST;246
11.2.2.1.3;TESTING ON A SILICONE FACIAL MODEL;246
11.2.2.1.4;ACCURACY OF THE METHOD;247
11.2.2.2;12.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD;249
11.2.3;12.3 DISCUSSION;252
11.2.4;12.4 CONCLUSIONS;255
11.2.5;REFERENCES;256
11.3;CHAPTER 13 COMPUTER-AIDED DENTAL IDENTIFICATION: DEVELOPING OBJECTIVE CRITERIA FOR COMPARISONS OF OROFACIAL SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS…;258
11.3.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;258
11.3.2;13.2 TRADITIONAL VISUAL RADIOGRAPH COMPARISON (SUBJECTIVE);258
11.3.3;13.3 COMPUTER-AIDED RADIOGRAPH COMPARISON (LESS SUBJECTIVE);260
11.3.3.1;13.3.1 TECHNIQUE 1: HOLLOW-VOLUME OVERLAY COMPARISON;260
11.3.3.2;13.3.2 TECHNIQUE 2: TRANSPARENCY OVERLAY COMPARISON;260
11.3.4;13.4 DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC COMPARISON USING COMPUTER SOFTWARE (OBJECTIVE);262
11.3.4.1;13.4.1 CURRENT POSTMORTEM RADIOGRAPHIC COMPARISON PROBLEMS;262
11.3.4.2;13.4.2 COMPUTER SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS;262
11.3.4.3;13.4.3 DIGITAL SUBTRACTION RADIOGRAPHY;263
11.3.4.4;13.4.4 IMAGE REGISTRATION;263
11.3.5;13.5 UTHSCSA IMAGETOOL© AND UT-ID TECHNIQUE;264
11.3.5.1;13.5.1 REGISTRATION OF IMAGES;264
11.3.5.2;13.5.2 MEASURES OF IMAGE SIMILARITY;266
11.3.6;13.6 PHASE I: PILOT STUDY;266
11.3.6.1;13.6.1 IMAGE SIMILARITY;268
11.3.6.2;13.6.2 IMPORTANCE OF REGISTRATION;268
11.3.6.3;13.6.3 PILOT STUDY RESULTS;269
11.3.7;13.7 PHASE II: COMPUTER-BASED IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR POSTMORTEM IDENTIFICATION;269
11.3.7.1;13.7.1 EXPANDED CLINICAL STUDY;269
11.3.7.1.1;NONIDENTITY;270
11.3.7.2;13.7.2 RESULTS OF THE PHASE II EXPANDED STUDY;270
11.3.8;REFERENCES;272
11.4;CHAPTER 14 TWO METHODOLOGIES OF MEMORY RESEARCH: “EXPLANATION-TESTING” AND “RECONSTRUCTION”;274
11.4.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;274
11.4.2;14.2 MEMORY RESEARCH HAS TWO DIFFERENT GOALS;275
11.4.3;14.3 A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE CATCH MODEL: AN EXAMPLE OF AN ACCURATE RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST EVENTS FROM MEMORY;280
11.4.4;14.4 THE D-R METHOD: THREE CONDITIONS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST EVENTS;284
11.4.5;14.5 SUBSTANTIATION OF THE D-R METHOD BY THE CATCH MODEL;286
11.4.6;14.6 DO WE NEED THE RECONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY TO ACHIEVE A RECONSTRUCTION OF PE?;287
11.4.6.1;14.6.1 CONDITIONS THAT ENSURE PE RECONSTRUCTION;288
11.4.6.2;14.6.2 APPLICATION OF EXPLANATION-TESTING METHODOLOGY TO THE CATCH MODEL;289
11.4.6.2.1;SITUATION A;290
11.4.6.2.2;SITUATION B;290
11.4.7;14.7 DISCUSSION;292
11.4.7.1;14.7.1 TECHNOLOGY;292
11.4.7.2;14.7.2 EXPLANATION;293
11.4.7.2.1;STAGE 1: CATCH MODEL;293
11.4.7.2.2;STAGE 2: PARTICIPANT;294
11.4.7.3;14.7.3 SCOPE;295
11.4.7.4;14.7.4 UNITY OF SCIENCE;297
11.4.8;REFERENCES;298
11.5;CHAPTER 15 USING LASER SCANS TO STUDY FACE PERCEPTION;304
11.5.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;304
11.5.2;15.2 THE PERCEPTION OF SHAPE;304
11.5.2.1;15.2.1 VIEWPOINT;306
11.5.2.1.1;SHAPE ALONE;306
11.5.2.1.2;ADDING TEXTURE;308
11.5.2.1.3;SUMMARY;309
11.5.2.2;15.2.2 LIGHTING;309
11.5.2.3;15.2.3 VIEWPOINT AND LIGHTING;311
11.5.2.4;15.2.4 FACE SPACE;312
11.5.3;15.3 MOTION;313
11.5.3.1;15.3.1 METHODS;313
11.5.3.2;15.3.2 EXPERIMENTS;315
11.5.4;15.4 CONCLUSION;317
11.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;319
11.5.6;REFERENCES;319
12;PART IV APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER-GRAPHIC FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION;324
12.1;CHAPTER 16 INVESTIGATION OF ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN FACIAL MORPHOLOGY BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL AVERAGING;326
12.1.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;326
12.1.2;16.2 MATERIALS AND METHOD;328
12.1.2.1;16.2.1 PARTICIPANTS;328
12.1.2.2;16.2.2 THE NEC “FIORE” 3D FACIAL SCANNER AND ASSOCIATED SOFTWARE;328
12.1.2.3;16.2.3 FACE DEFINITION;329
12.1.2.4;16.2.4 FACE ALIGNMENT AND SUPERIMPOSITION;330
12.1.2.5;16.2.5 FACE AS A MICROSOFT EXCEL SHEET;330
12.1.2.6;16.2.6 FACE AVERAGING;331
12.1.3;16.3 EXPERIMENTS;331
12.1.4;16.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;332
12.1.4.1;16.4.1 EXPERIMENT 1;332
12.1.4.1.1;JAPANESE MALE AVERAGE VERSUS EUROPEAN MALE AVERAGE;334
12.1.4.1.2;JAPANESE FEMALE AVERAGE VERSUS EUROPEAN FEMALE AVERAGE;335
12.1.4.1.3;HYBRID MALE FACE AVERAGE;335
12.1.4.2;16.4.2 EXPERIMENT 2;337
12.1.4.3;16.4.3 EXPERIMENT 3;339
12.1.5;16.5 CONCLUSIONS;341
12.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;342
12.1.7;REFERENCES;342
12.2;CHAPTER 17 ESTIMATION AND ANIMATION OF FACES USING FACIAL MOTION MAPPING AND A 3D FACE DATABASE;344
12.2.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;344
12.2.2;17.2 CREATING AND ANALYZING A 3D FACE DATABASE;345
12.2.2.1;17.2.1 MAKING A LARGE-SCALE 3D FACE DATABASE;346
12.2.2.2;17.2.2 FACIAL PCA;347
12.2.2.3;17.2.3 EVALUATION OF FACE RECONSTRUCTION;348
12.2.2.4;17.2.4 INDIVIDUAL FACIAL PCA;350
12.2.2.5;17.2.5 FACE MOTION REPRESENTATION BY INDIVIDUAL PCS;351
12.2.3;17.3 3D FACE ESTIMATION FROM PARTIAL FACE FEATURE INFORMATION;352
12.2.3.1;17.3.1 LINEAR ESTIMATOR;353
12.2.3.2;17.3.2 OBTAINING FEATURE POINTS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS;354
12.2.3.3;17.3.3 TEXTURE ACQUISITION;356
12.2.4;17.4 ESTIMATION OF FACE POSTURES;357
12.2.4.1;17.4.1 EXPRESSION ESTIMATION RESULTS;358
12.2.5;17.5 FACIAL MOTION MAPPING;359
12.2.5.1;17.5.1 BASIC MAPPING ALGORITHM;359
12.2.5.2;17.5.2 ANIMATION RESULTS;360
12.2.5.3;17.5.3 EVALUATION OF MAPPED MOTION;361
12.2.6;17.6 SUMMARY;364
12.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;364
12.2.8;REFERENCES;364
12.3;CHAPTER 18 FACIAL IMAGE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON 3D PHYSIOGNOMIC DATA;366
12.3.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;366
12.3.2;18.2 EQUIPMENT;367
12.3.3;18.3 OPERATION METHODS;369
12.3.3.1;18.3.1 3D PHYSIOGNOMIC RANGE FINDER;369
12.3.3.2;18.3.2 COMPUTER-ASSISTED FACIAL IMAGE SUPERIMPOSITION;371
12.3.4;18.4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY;374
12.3.4.1;18.4.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS;374
12.3.4.2;18.4.2 RESULTS;375
12.3.4.3;18.4.3 MODEL CASE;377
12.3.5;18.5 DISCUSSION;378
12.3.6;REFERENCES;380
12.4;CHAPTER 19 A NEW RETRIEVAL SYSTEM USING A 3D FACIAL IMAGE DATABASE;382
12.4.1;19.1 INTRODUCTION;382
12.4.2;19.2 SOFTWARE PACKAGES;383
12.4.3;19.3 EVALUATION OF THE RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR THE 3D FACIAL IMAGE DATABASE;386
12.4.3.1;19.3.1 FACIAL IMAGE DATABASE SETS;386
12.4.3.2;19.3.2 COMPARING FACIAL IMAGES;388
12.4.4;19.4 CONCLUSIONS;392
12.4.5;REFERENCES;393
13;AUTHOR INDEX;396
13.1;A;396
13.2;B;396
13.3;C;396
13.4;D;397
13.5;E;397
13.6;F;397
13.7;G;397
13.8;H;397
13.9;I;398
13.10;J;398
13.11;K;398
13.12;L;398
13.13;M;399
13.14;N;399
13.15;O;399
13.16;P;399
13.17;Q;400
13.18;R;400
13.19;S;400
13.20;T;400
13.21;U;401
13.22;V;401
13.23;W;401
13.24;X;401
13.25;Y;401
13.26;Z;401
14;SUBJECT INDEX;402
14.1;A;402
14.2;B;402
14.3;C;402
14.4;D;403
14.5;E;403
14.6;F;403
14.7;G;405
14.8;H;405
14.9;I;405
14.10;J;406
14.11;K;406
14.12;L;406
14.13;M;406
14.14;N;406
14.15;O;406
14.16;P;407
14.17;R;407
14.18;S;408
14.19;T;409
14.20;U;409
14.21;V;409
14.22;W;409