Cichocki / Straszak Systems Analysis Applications to Complex Programs

Proceedings of the IFAC/IFORS/IIASA Workshop, Bielsko Biata, Poland, 1-6 June 1977
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9838-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 340 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: IFAC Workshop Series

Surveys the solution of complex problems at national and regional levels and outlines possible future developments

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cichocki, K.

Straszak, A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Systems Analysis Applications to Complex Programs;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Content;8
5;List of Participants;12
6;Introduction;16
7;PART 1. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS;18
8;CHAPTER 1. A MULTI-FACTOR APPROACH TO LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS;18
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;18
8.2;2. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS;18
8.3;3. FORMATION OF A DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM;20
8.4;4. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT;22
8.5;5. CONCLUSION;26
8.6;REFERENCES;26
9;CHAPTER 2. LOCATION OF PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES AS A TASK OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS;28
9.1;INTRODUCTION;28
9.2;COMMON SCHEME OF SYSTEMS OF MODELS;28
9.3;ECONOMIC ESTIMATION OF RESOURCES;30
9.4;PROBABILISTIC CHARACTER OF THE FUTURE;31
9.5;REFERENCES;32
10;CHAPTER 3. OPTIMUM ALLOCATION OF PRODUCTION FACTORS IN REGIONAL SYSTEMS;34
10.1;ABSTRACT;34
10.2;1. INTRODUCTION AMP FORMULATION OP THE BASIC OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM;34
10.3;2. OPTIMUM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES;35
10.4;3. OPTIMUM REGIONAL ALLOCATION OF LABOR;37
10.5;REFERENCES;39
11;CHAPTER 4. AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH TO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS: THE BRATSK-ILIMSK TERRITORIAL PRODUCTION COMPLEX AS AN ILLUSTRATION;40
11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;40
11.2;2. THE FRAMEWORK;40
11.3;3. THE ORGANIZATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF TERR I TOR IAL-PRODUCTION COMPLEX;42
11.4;REFERENCES;46
12;CHAPTER 5. AN APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE LOCATION PROBLEM IN URBAN EMERGENCY SERVICES;48
12.1;ABSTRACT;48
12.2;1. INTRODUCTION;48
12.3;2. NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS;48
12.4;3. PROBLEM FORMULATION;49
12.5;4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ALGORITHM;49
12.6;5. STRUCTURE OF THE ALGORITHM;51
12.7;6. CONCLUDING REMARKS;52
12.8;REFERENCES;53
13;CHAPTER 6. POLICY CHOICE USING A LARGE ECONOMETRIC MODEL;54
13.1;ABSTRACT;54
13.2;INTRODUCTION;54
13.3;THE ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK;54
13.4;THE DETERMINATION OF FINAL DEMAND;55
13.5;THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1977–85;55
13.6;THE CHOICE OF ECONOMIC POLICY;56
13.7;REFERENCES;59
14;CHAPTER 7. THE USE OF DUMMY VARIABLES IN ECONOMETRIC MACROMODELLING OF CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES;60
14.1;ABSTRACT;60
14.2;INTRODUCTION;60
14.3;2. ACCOUNTING FOR QUALITATIVE POLICY SHIFTS;60
14.4;3. SHUTTER VARIABLES;61
14.5;4. DUMMY VARIABLES AND PERIODICAL SHIFTS;62
14.6;5. ANTICIPATION VARIABLES;62
14.7;REFERENCES;63
15;CHAPTER 8. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC POLICY SIMULATIONS BASED ON MACROMODELS;64
15.1;ABSTRACT;64
15.2;CENTRAL PLANNING, INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICAL MACRO-MODELS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS;64
15.3;TEE STRUCTURE OF THE MACROECONOMIC MODELS AND THE FRAMEWORK OF TffE CENTRAL PLANNING SYSTEM;65
15.4;ECONOMIC POLICY SIMULATIONS. AN EXAMPLE;67
15.5;MACROECONOMETRIC MODELS BEING COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERIZE INFORMATION SYSTEMS;70
15.6;REFERENCES;71
16;CHAPTER 9. SOLUTIONS OF DYNAMIC NONLINEAR PLANNING MODEL VIA AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN;72
16.1;ABSTRACT;72
16.2;INTRODUCTION;72
16.3;OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM;74
16.4;COMPUTATIONAL METHOD;74
16.5;CONCLUSIONS;75
16.6;REFERENCES;76
17;CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS;78
17.1;DISCUSSANTS;79
18;CHAPTER 11. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY–APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH;80
18.1;THE ROOT OF THE PROBLEM;80
18.2;A MODEL FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY;81
18.3;PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE;82
19;CHAPTER 12. MODELLING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE;84
19.1;ABSTRACT;84
19.2;INTRODUCTION;84
19.3;TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE;84
19.4;IMTC: INTEGRATED MODEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE;87
19.5;NATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL ENGINES;89
19.6;CONCLUSIONS;90
19.7;REFERENCES;90
20;CHAPTER 13. MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION TO INTERRELATED R&D ACTIVITIES;92
20.1;1. INTRODUCTION;92
20.2;2. R & D DECISION PROBLEM;92
20.3;3. MODEL WITH COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT NETWORK;93
20.4;4. SHARED PROJECT COMPONENTS MODEL;94
20.5;5. SHARED TECHNICAL APPROACHES MODEL;96
20.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;97
20.7;APPENDIX;97
20.8;REFERENCES;98
21;CHAPTER 14. PROJECT EVALUATION AND SELECTION SYSTEM FOR NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT;100
21.1;ABSTRACT;100
21.2;SUMMARY AND STATEMENT OF PURPOSE;100
21.3;THE GENERAL SOWA SYSTEM CONCEPT;100
21.4;GENERAL SOWA SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND BASIC INTERACTIONS;102
21.5;THE SOWA SYSTEM MODULES;104
21.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;104
22;CHAPTER 15. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT;106
22.1;DISCUSSANTS;107
23;CHAPTER 16. MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF BACTERIAL POPULATION AGE DISTRIBUTION IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT;108
23.1;INTRODUCTION;108
23.2;MODELLING OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS;109
23.3;MODELLING OF AGE DYNAMIC;111
23.4;NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF AGE DISTRIBUTION;114
23.5;CONCLUSIONS;114
23.6;REFERENCES;115
24;CHAPTER 17. SYSTEM MODELS FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT LINKED WITH INTEGRATED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN THE KINKI REGION OF JAPAN;118
24.1;INTRODUCTION;118
24.2;WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS AND THE KINKI IRD PROJECT;119
24.3;SYSTEM MODELS FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT;120
24.4;WATER QUALITY MODEL OF THE LAKE BIWA- YODO RIVER BASIN;121
24.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTION;123
24.6;REFERENCES;124
25;CHAPTER 18. REAL TIME OPTIMAL CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM;126
25.1;ABSTRACT;126
25.2;MODEL AND DYNAMIC EQUATION OF SYSTEM;126
25.3;OPTIMIZATION;128
25.4;CONSTRUCTION REAL-TIME ALGORITHM;131
25.5;IMPLEMENTATION;131
25.6;REFERENCES;132
26;CHAPTER 19. ADECISION AIDING SYSTEM FOR IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD SETTING PROCESS;134
26.1;THE STANDARD SETTING PROBLEM;134
26.2;THE GENERAL DECISION THEORETIC MODEL;135
26.3;THE REGULATOR-DEVELOPER-IMPACTEE MODEL;136
26.4;POSSIBLE USES OF THE MODEL;137
26.5;REFERENCES;138
26.6;Acknowledgements;139
27;CHAPTER 20. ENVIRONMENTAL SUBSYSTEM IN THE NORMATIVE MODEL OF COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT;140
27.1;1. INTRODUCTION;140
27.2;2. POLLUTION DAMAGE AND PURIFICATION COSTS;141
27.3;3. ADMISSIBLE POLLUTION LEVEL AND DEVELOPMENT;142
27.4;4. RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MRI;143
27.5;EVALUATION OF NEW INVESTMENT OPTIONS;144
27.6;6. CONCLUSION;145
27.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;145
27.8;REFERENCES;145
28;CHAPTER 21. SOME PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING MODELS OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS;146
29;CHAPTER 22. EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY STRATEGIES IMPACT ON ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT;152
29.1;ABSTRACT;152
29.2;INTRODUCTION;152
29.3;CAPABILITIES OF THE IMPACT MODEL;152
29.4;MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL;153
29.5;INTERLINKING THE IMPACT MODEL WITH OTHER IIASA MODELS;153
29.6;REFERENCES;154
30;CHAPTER 23. HIERARCHICAL ECONOMIC DISPATCHING IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS WITH LOAD UNCERTAINTIES;156
30.1;1. INTRODUCTION;156
30.2;2. ACTIVE POWER DISPATCHING WITH LOAD UNCERTAINTIES;156
30.3;3. DECOMPOSITION OF THE DISPATCHING PROBLEM;157
30.4;4. SYSTEM RELIABILITY;158
30.5;REFERENCES;159
31;CHAPTER 24. EXPANSION PLANNING OF THE RESOURCE-ENERGY SYSTEM;160
31.1;1. INTRODUCTION;160
31.2;2. THE TRANSITION TO THE SUBSTITUTION FOR FOSSIL FUELS AND TO THE NEAR-BREEDER OR BREEDER REACTOR GENERATION;160
31.3;3. THE MODULAR STRUCTURE OF THE RESOURCE SYSTEM PLANNING;161
31.4;4. TRANSITION SYSTEM OF THE PRIMARY ENERGY CARRIERS TO THE ENERGY CONSUMMERS;162
31.5;5. OPTIMAL STRATEGY INVESTMENT PROBLEM OF THE TRANSITION TO THE FINAL SUBSTITUTION;163
31.6;6. OPTIMAL STRATEGY INVESTMENT PROBLEM OF THE NUCLEAR SYSTEM EXPANSION ;165
31.7;7. CONCLUDING;166
31.8;REFERENCES;166
32;CHAPTER 25. ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES IN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS;168
32.1;DISCUSSANTS;169
33;CHAPTER 26. MULTILEVEL STRUCTURES FOR ON-LINE DYNAMIC CONTROL;170
33.1;1, Introduction;170
33.2;2. Dynamic price coordination;170
33.3;3. Multilevel control based upon state–feedback concept;174
33.4;4. Structures using conjugate variables;175
33.5;5. Conclusions;177
33.6;References;177
34;CHAPTER 27. PRICE COORDINATION MECHANISM AND CONTROL OF STEADY-STATE PROCESSES;180
34.1;ABSTRACT;180
34.2;1. INTRODUCTION AND SYSTilK DESCRIPTION;180
34.3;2. CONTROL STRUCTURES WITH FEEDBACK TO THE SECOND LAYER CONTROLLER;181
34.4;3. EXISTENCE AND FEASIBILITY OF IBMF SOLUTION; MODIFIED INTERACTION BALANCE METHOD WITH FEEDBACK;185
34.5;4. COORDINATION STRATEGIES;186
34.6;5. A FEASIBLE PRICE COORDINATION;188
34.7;Acknowledgement;190
34.8;REFERENCES;190
35;CHAPTER 28. MULTILEVEL STEADY-STATE CONTROL BASED ON DIRECT APPROACH;192
35.1;ABSTRACT;192
35.2;1 . INTRODUCTION;192
35.3;2. FORMULATION OF THE CONTROL PROBLEM;193
35.4;3. COORDINATION METHODS;195
35.5;4. ALGORITHMS OP PROBLEM SOLVING;197
35.6;5. EXAMPLE RESULTS;199
35.7;6 . CONCLUSIONS;199
35.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;200
35.9;REFERENCES;200
35.10;APPENDIX;200
36;CHAPTER 29. THE DESIGN OF HIERARCHICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS BY DECOMPOSITION OF THE OVERALL CONTROL PROBLEM;202
36.1;ABSTRACT;202
36.2;INTRODUCTION;202
36.3;BASIC PROBLEM MANIPULATIONS;202
36.4;DECOMPOSITION TO OBTAIN AN HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE;204
36.5;APPLICATION OF PROBLEM DECOMPOSITION - AN EXAMPLE;206
36.6;CONCLUSION;209
36.7;REFERENCES;209
37;CHAPTER 30. AN ON-LINE APPROACH IN COORDINATION OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS;210
37.1;ABSTRACT;210
37.2;INTRODUCTION;210
37.3;PROBLEM FORMULATION;210
37.4;THE BALANCE PRINCIPLE;212
37.5;THE PREDICTION PRINCIPLE;214
37.6;CONCLUSIONS;215
37.7;REFERENCES;215
38;CHAPTER 31. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF THE SUPERVISORY CONTROL OF THE REFORMING PROCESS IN OIL REFINERY;216
38.1;ABSTRACT;216
38.2;INTRODUCTION;216
38.3;DISTURBANCES. MANIPULATED VA–RIABLES CUTPUTS. THE GOALS OF CONTROL;217
38.4;MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF REFORMING PLANT;217
38.5;IDENTIFICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS;218
38.6;DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION;220
38.7;CONTROL STRUCTURE;221
38.8;CONCLUSIONS;222
38.9;NOMENCLATURE;222
38.10;REFERENCES;222
39;CHAPTER 32. OPERATIVE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION SYSTEM WITH STORES;224
39.1;1. INTRODUCTION;224
39.2;2. CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION PROCESS WITH STORES. THE FORMULATION OF OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM WITH FIXED PLANNING HORIZON;224
39.3;3, OPERATIVE CONTROL OF PRODUCTION. THE DETERMINISTIC PART OF THE PROBLEM;226
39.4;4. OPERATIVE CONTROL OF PRODUCTION. THE STOCHASTIC PART OF THE PROBLEM;228
40;CHAPTER 33. CONTROLLED LARGE TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS;232
40.1;ABSTRACT;232
40.2;IOTROUUCTION;232
40.3;MODELS OF A NETWORK;233
40.4;CONTROLLED THREE-LAYER I\Tjc,fWORK;234
40.5;NETWORK CONTROL;235
40.6;NETWORK PLANNING;236
40.7;CONCLUSIONS;236
40.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;237
40.9;REFERENCES;237
41;CHAPTER 34. AN APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING AND THE OPTIMUM PRODUCTION STRATEGY OF MULTI-PLANT FIRMS;238
41.1;INTRODUCTION;238
41.2;M ULTI-PLANT ECONOMIES OF SCALE;238
41.3;THE OPTIMIZATION MODEL;239
41.4;INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS;240
41.5;CONCLUSIONS;243
41.6;REFERENCES;243
42;CHAPTER 35. CHAPTER DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL IN DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS;244
42.1;1. INTRODUCTION;244
42.2;2. STATEMENT OF THE C0MMUNICATI0N-C0NTR0L PROBLEM ON A FINITE TIME HORIZON;245
42.3;3. SOLUTION OF THE COMMUNICATION-CONTROL PROBLEM ON A FINITE TIME HORIZON;246
42.4;4. A SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF THE PROBLEM;247
42.5;5. STATEMENT OF THE C0MMUNICATI0N-C0NTR0L PROBLEM ON AN INFINITE TIME HORIZON;247
42.6;6. SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF OPTIMAL STATIONARY STRATEGIES;248
42.7;7. EXISTENCE OF AN OPTIMAL STATIONARY STRATEGY FOR PROBLEM ;248
42.8;8 . NUMERICAL RESULTS AND COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF DM lfS OPTIMAL STRATEGY;249
42.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;250
42.10;APPENDIX: PROOF OF THEOREM 4;250
42.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;251
42.12;REFERENCES;251
43;CHAPTER 36. MULTIHORIZON - MULTILEVEL OPERATIVE PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE CONTROL;252
43.1;ABSTRACT;252
43.2;FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM;252
43.3;DECOMPOSITION OF THE PROBLEM;254
43.4;SOLUTION OF THE SUBPROBLEM "A" - PRODUCTION AND EQUIPMENT REFIT STOPPAGES PLANNING;254
43.5;REFERENCES;259
44;CHAPTER 37. EVOLUTIONARY HIERARCHICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS OF COMPLEX PRODUCTION PROCESSES;260
44.1;INTRODUCTION;260
44.2;THE PROBLEM STATEMENT;261
44.3;THE CONCEPTION OF SOLUTION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY HIERARCHICAL CONTROL SYSTEM OF COMPLEX PLANT;264
44.4;THE REALIZATION /SIMULATION/ OF THE EVOLUTIONARY HIERARCHICAL CONTROL SYsTEM FOR THE CHOSEN METALLURGICAL PLANT;267
44.5;REFERENCES;267
45;CHAPTER 38. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS BY PARTIAL TEARING METHOD;268
45.1;ABSTRACT;268
45.2;1. INTRODUCTION;268
45.3;2. DECOMPOSITION METHODS;269
45.4;3. PROPERTIES OF THE PTM;271
45.5;4. EFFICIENCY CRITERION;272
45.6;5. CRITERION OF LIPSCHITZ CONSTANT;273
45.7;CONCLUSIONS;275
45.8;6. REFERSNCE;275
46;CHAPTER 39. MULTILEVEL OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPLEX OF OPERATIONS;276
46.1;ABSTRACT;276
46.2;IHTRODUCTION;276
46.3;DETBRMIKISTIC CASE;276
46.4;PROBABILISTIC CASE;278
46.5;TWO LEVEL ADAPTIVE SYSTEM;279
46.6;REFERENCES;280
47;CHAPTER 40. ANALYSIS AND CONTROL IN MULTILEVEL SYSTEMS;282
47.1;DISCUSSANTS;283
48;CHAPTER 41.SYSTEMATIC CORPORATE PLANNING;284
48.1;INTRODUCTION;284
48.2;SYSTEMATIC PLANNING;284
48.3;THE PLANNING ENVIRONMENT;284
48.4;MODELING SYSTEMS;285
48.5;MARGINAL_INCOME EQUALS SALES MINUS
1 VARIABLE__EXPENSES;286
48.6;CMS - A MODELING SYSTEM;287
48.7;REFERENCES;290
49;CHAPTER 42. MULTI-GOAL MODEL OF COST ACCOUNTING AND ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM;292
49.1;INTRODUCTION;292
49.2;REFERENCES;295
50;CHAPTER 43. METHOD OF COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF LARGE SCALE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS;296
50.1;ABSTRACT;296
50.2;1. INTRODUCTION;296
50.3;2. HYPOTHETICAL MATHEMAICAL MODELS OF MANAGEMENTS SYSTEMS;297
50.4;5. DATA ACQUISITION;298
50.5;4. IDENTFICATION OF THE MODEL;299
50.6;5. THE METOHD OF COMPUTER DAGNOIS AND IMPROMENT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS;299
50.7;6. ALGORITHI.IS FCR THE IDETCIFICATIOX OF SYSTEM DEFICIENCIES SYLIPTOMS;301
50.8;7. THE METHOD OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS;301
50.9;8. CONCLUSIONS;302
50.10;9. REFERENCES;302
51;CHAPTER 44. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION PROBLEMS;304
51.1;ABSTRACT;304
51.2;INTRODUCTION;304
51.3;GRAPH OF PRODUCTION;304
51.4;AGGREGATION;305
51.5;APPLICATION TO PRODUCTION FLA1TNING;306
51.6;CONCLUSIONS;308
51.7;REFERENCES;308
52;CHAPTER 45. A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY. POLICY, STABILITY, GOVERNABILITY, STRATEGIES;310
52.1;ABSTRACT;310
52.2;KEYWORDS;310
52.3;CONCLUSION;315
52.4;BIBLIOGRAPHY;315
53;CHAPTER 46. ASSESSMENT OF INTER-INSTITUTIONAL USE OF MODELS IN A LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM;316
53.1;ABSTRACT;316
53.2;INTRODUCTION;316
53.3;CASE STUDIES;317
53.4;THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY CASE;318
53.5;THE BRATSK-ILIMSK TERRITORIAL PRODUCTION COMPLEX CASE;319
53.6;THE INTER-INSTITUTIONAL CASE: NORTH SEA OIL PROVINCE DEVELOPMENT;320
53.7;EMERGENCE OF MODEL SYSTEMS;322
53.8;REFERENCES;322
54;CHAPTER 47. MULTISTAGE COOPERATIVE GAMES IN HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS WITH UNCERTAINTY;324
54.1;1.INTRODUCTION;324
54.2;2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;324
54.3;3. COALITIVE STRATEGIES;325
54.4;4. GENERAL METHOD FOR SOLVING;327
54.5;REFERENCES;329
55;MANAGEMENT 48. AND GOAL-ORIENTED SYSTEMS;330
55.1;DISCUSSANTS;331