Ciardelli / Giusti Structural Order in Polymers

Lectures Presented at the International Symposium on Macromolecules, Florence, Italy, 7-12 September 1980
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7900-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 262 Seiten, Web PDF

Structural Order in Polymers presents the increasing importance of the relationships between order in the chemical constitution and in the steric structure of the macromolecules and physical and chemical properties of the polymers. This book discusses the simple types of steric order found in biopolymers. Organized into three parts encompassing 16 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the structural regularity as a primary requisite for the crystallization of a polymer. This text then examines the structure of cellulose, which is the most significant structural stereoregular polymer. Other chapters consider the major concepts of the stereoregulation of propylene catalytic polymerization. This book discusses as well the factors that determine microstructure and stereospecifity in polymerization. The final chapter deals with the significant role that membranes and membrane-related processes play in solving many ecological problems. This book is a valuable resource for chemical engineers, chemists, physicists, scientists, and research workers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ciardelli, Francesco

Giusti, Paolo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Structural Order in Polymers;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;In Memoriam GIULIO NATTA, 1903-1979;8
6;Organizing Committee;12
7;PREFACE;14
8;PART I: SPECIAL SESSION ON STEREOSPECIFIC POLYMERIZATION OF OLEFINS AND DIOLEFINS;16
8.1;CHAPTER 1. STRUCTURAL REGULARITY AND CRYSTALLINITY IN MACROMOLECULES;18
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;18
8.1.2;STRUCTURAL ORDER AND DISORDER IN MACROMOLECULES;19
8.1.3;STEREOREGULAR VINYL POLYMERS;19
8.1.4;SPECIFICATION OF CHIRAL ELEMENTS AND STEREOCHEMICAL CONFIGURATION IN VINYL POLYMERS;20
8.1.5;THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF THE CRYSTALLINE STATE IN POLYMERS;22
8.1.6;KINETICS OF CRYSTALLIZATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS;23
8.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;24
8.1.8;REFERENCES;24
8.2;CHAPTER 2. HOW NATURE LOST A MONOPOLY;26
8.2.1;CONCLUSION;36
8.2.2;REFERENCES;37
8.3;CHAPTER 3. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE AND CHAIN CONFORMATION OF STEREOREGULAR POLYMERS;40
8.3.1;REFERENCES;50
8.4;CHAPTER 4. CONCEPTS ON THE MECHANISM OF STEREOSPECIFIC PROPYLENE POLYMERIZATION;52
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;52
8.4.2;DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF ACTIVE CENTERS AND THEIR REACTIVITY IN PROPAGATION USING SELECTIVE RADIOACTIVE QUENCHING AGENTS;53
8.4.3;SUPPORTED TITANIUM HALOGENIDES AS POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS;55
8.4.4;ROLE OF ORGANOMETALLIC COCATALYSTS;58
8.4.5;POLYMER CHAIN TRANSFER;59
8.4.6;INTIMATE MECHANISM OF THE PROPAGATION REACTION;61
8.4.7;CONCLUSION;62
8.4.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;63
8.4.9;REFERENCES;63
8.5;CHAPTER 5. THE STEREOSPECIFIC POLYMERIZATION OF DIENES: MECHANISTIC ASPECTS;66
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;66
8.5.2;MONOMER INSERTION;67
8.5.3;FORMATION OF 1,4-POLYMERS;68
8.5.4;POLYMERIZATION TO 1,2 OR 3,4 POLYMERS;73
8.5.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;76
8.5.6;REFERENCES;76
8.6;CHAPTER 6. POLYPROPYLENE: A QUARTER OF A CENTURY OF INCREASINGLY SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT;78
8.6.1;INTRODUCTION;78
8.6.2;ORIGINS OF POLYPROPYLENE;79
8.6.3;COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE;80
8.6.4;FUTURE PROSPECTS;100
8.6.5;CONCLUSION;105
8.6.6;REFERENCES;107
9;PART II: CONSTITUTIONAL AND CONFIGURATIONAL ORDER IN SYNTHETIC POLYMERS AND BIOPOLYMERS;108
9.1;CHAPTER 7. STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY OF LACTAM POLYMERS;110
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;110
9.1.2;FORMATION OF HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURES;110
9.1.3;CONSEQUENCES OF SIDE REACTIONS;118
9.1.4;REFERENCES;125
9.2;CHAPTER 8. SYNTHESIS OF SEQUENCE DEFINED POLYNUCLEOTIDES VIA DIESTER, TRIESTER AND PHOSPHITE COUPLING METHODS;126
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;126
9.2.2;THE PHOSPHODIESTER APPROACH;127
9.2.3;THE PHOSPHOTRIESTER APPROACH;130
9.2.4;THE PHOSPHITE TRIESTER APPROACH AND SYNTHESIS ON A POLYMER SUPPORT;134
9.2.5;APPLICATION OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHEMISTRY TO IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS;138
9.2.6;CONCLUDING REMARKS;147
9.2.7;REFERENCES;148
9.3;CHAPTER 9. ON THE METHODOLOGY OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURE RESEARCH IN SOLID POLYMERS;150
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;150
9.3.2;CRYSTAL LAMELLA; THE LAMELLAR THICKNESS (FOLD LENGTH);151
9.3.3;NEUTRON SCATTERING - APPLICATION TO POLYMER SINGLE CRYSTALS;172
9.3.4;BLOCK C0P0LYMERIC COMPOSITES;182
9.3.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;192
9.3.6;REFERENCES;193
9.4;CHAPTER 10. ORDER VERSUS REGULARITY IN GLOBULAR PROTEINS;196
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;196
9.4.2;THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN;198
9.4.3;THE TERTIARY STRUCTURE;199
9.4.4;THE TERTIARY STRUCTURE AS AN "APERIODIC CRYSTAL MOLECULE";199
9.4.5;THE PACKING DENSITY OF GLOBULAR PROTEINS;200
9.4.6;HOMOLOGOUS PROTEINS AS "ISOMORPHOUS CRYSTAL MOLECULES";201
9.4.7;REFERENCES;202
9.5;CHAPTER 11. PROPERTIES OF MACROMOLECULES IN LIQUID CRYSTAL SOLVENTS;204
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;204
9.5.2;POLYMER NEMATIC PHASE DIAGRAMS;204
9.5.3;ORIENTATIONAL ORDER PARAMETER IN POLYMER/NEMATIC SOLUTIONS;206
9.5.4;INFLUENCE OF THE POLYMERIC CHAINS ON THE FRICTION COEFFICIENTS OF THE NEMATIC PHASE;208
9.5.5;CONCLUSION;208
9.5.6;REFERENCES;208
9.6;CHAPTER 12. OPTICAL AND SCATTERING STUDIES OF POLYMER BLENDS;210
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;210
9.6.2;AMORPHOUS/AMORPHOUS BLENDS;210
9.6.3;CRYSTALLINE/AMORPHOUS BLENDS;213
9.6.4;CRYSTALLINE/CRYSTALLINE BLENDS;216
9.6.5;CONCLUSIONS;216
9.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;217
9.6.7;REFERENCES;217
10;PART III: POLYMERS TAILORED TO SPECIFIC PURPOSES;218
10.1;CHAPTER 13. STRUCTURAL ORDER AND BLOOD COMPATIBILITY OF POLYMERIC PROSTHESES;220
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;220
10.1.2;PLATELET ADHESION TO POLYMER SURFACE;221
10.1.3;PROTEIN ADSORPTION TO POLYMER SURFACES;222
10.1.4;SMALL DIAMETER VASCULAR PROSTHESES DEVELOPMENT;224
10.1.5;POLYMER SURFACE MORPHOLOGY;226
10.1.6;REFERENCES;234
10.2;CHAPTER 14. PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN POLYMER SYSTEMS;236
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;236
10.2.2;I. PHOTOCHEMICAL DISSOCIATION REACTIONS;236
10.2.3;II. PHOTOCHEMICAL ISOMERIZATIONS;239
10.2.4;III. DISSOCIATION - RECOMBINATION REACTIONS;241
10.2.5;CONCLUSION;245
10.2.6;REFERENCES;245
10.3;CHAPTER 15. IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES AND CELLS;246
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;246
10.3.2;ENZYMOLOGY;247
10.3.3;PROCESSES;247
10.3.4;ANALYSIS;249
10.3.5;MEDICINE;249
10.3.6;TAILOR-MADE MODIFICATIONS OF AN ENZYME'S CATALYTIC PROPERTIES THROUGH THE SURROUNDING POLYMER SUPPORT;250
10.3.7;CONCLUSION;251
10.3.8;REFERENCES;251
10.4;CHAPTER 16. THE EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SYNTHETIC MEMBRANES;254
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;254
10.4.2;GAS TRANSPORT;255
10.4.3;WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT;261
10.4.4;ORGANIC VAPOR TRANSPORT;262
10.4.5;REFERENCES;262