Christie Environmental Aspects of Textile Dyeing

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-84569-309-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 256 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

Textile dyes enhance our environment, bringing colour into our lives. The current range of dyes have been developed to withstand environmental effects, such as degradation by exposure to light and water. However, the industry involved with the application of dyes to textiles has a responsibility to ensure that potential for harm to the environment, for example through residues in waste-streams, and to the consumer is minimised. Written by an international team of contributors, this collection reviews current legislation and key technologies which make textile dyeing more efficient and environmentally friendly.The book begins by detailing European and US legislation relating to textile dyeing. Further chapters cover toxicology, environmentally responsible application of dyes and supercritical fluid textile dyeing. The book concludes with chapters on the reduction of pollution and minimisation of waste, the re-use of spent dyebath, chemical treatment of dye effluent and biotechnological treatment of dye effluent.Environmental aspects of textile dyeing is a standard reference source for manufacturers concerned with developing a sustainable industry. - Crucial guide to minimising harmful effects on environment and the consumer - Reviews current technologies and European and US legislation - Essential for all textile manufacturers

Dr R. M. Christie is Reader in Colour Chemistry in the School of Textiles & Design at Heriot-Watt University, UK. Dr Christie is internationally known for his work on colour chemistry, and organic pigments in particular.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Christie, R M

Leseproben

2 Environmental legislation USA
H.A. Boyter    Institute of Textile Technology, USA 2.1 Introduction
Textile dyeing and all the related processes have a long history in the timeline of civilization. During this history, the chemicals used have been researched, synthesized, developed, and chosen to provide the consumer long life and continued fashion appeal of the garments, furnishings, or materials. To provide these qualities, the chemicals used had to resist the effects of the environment. Materials were required that were durable, fast (light and water), and not chemically degradable. However, these same properties that protect the properties of the consumer material create problems for the textile dyeing industry when the chemicals are released into the environment. In 1986, Horning, speaking of dyes, stated that ‘The regulatory climate of today is one of increasing complexity.’1 Today, we might think of those as the simpler days of regulation. As regulatory agencies in the United States have addressed the chemicals associated with textile dyeing, there have been two approaches. The bulk of the regulations have been those of general environment legislation, while few have addressed specific chemicals, although this trend is changing. Although, environmental legislation related to textile processes was in place before, the passage of the USEPA 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (Title III of SARA of 1986) began the increase in number and stringency of regulations that apply to textile dyeing and related processes. This was reaffirmed with the passage of the 1990 Pollution Prevention Act. Since then, legislation has increased at the Federal, state, and even the local level. In the United States, the approach on the Federal and state levels, has been to create legislation that deals with the flow of materials in manufacturing and not with the different manufacturing sectors. This has led to regulations on air, water, wastewater, solid wastes, and consumer exposure. Then, industry sectors are examined within the framework of these regulations and, if needed, specific chemicals are limited or banned. In addition to Federal and State legislation, other requirements that impact textile dyeing operations in the United States have increased. These include non-US regulations for those operating in the global economy, requirements of sustainability and ecological interest groups and, more frequently, the result of the increase in information through the media and, more recently, the internet. This chapter is intended to provide an introduction to the Federal and state legislation in the United States that has an impact on textile dyeing. Because the US Textile Industry has become more specialized, not all cases where environmental regulations apply can be covered. In addition, legislation not directly related to dyeing, such as pesticide regulations under FIFRA and consumer regulations (flammability) have been excluded. Lastly, information on state legislation and requirements of non-government groups are given in the form of examples. General sourcing for information is given at the end of the chapter including information on the legislation and regulations sited. 2.2 Current regulations
A keyword search of the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) website (www.epa.gov, September 25, 2006) for the term ‘textile’ returns 11 348 hits while a search of the terms ‘dye’ or ‘dyeing’ returns 2181. A review of the entries doesn’t reveal a good place to start a review without some previous knowledge. This is because the laws and regulations of the United States are not written from an industry viewpoint, but from the regulatory standpoint. Thus, it is important to understand how the processes of the textile dyeing industry are viewed by regulatory agencies. A search of the USEPA publications website NEPIS (National Environmental Publications Information System) by keywords returns 1758 (textile) and 1685 (dye) publication hits. Two publications that are essential in beginning a review of the processes of the textile dyeing industry, laws, and regulations are produced by the USEPA. These are ‘Profile of the Textile Industry – EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project’, USEPA 310-R-97-009, September 1997, and ‘Best Management Practices for Pollution Prevention in the Textile Industry’, USEPA 625-R-96-004, September 1996. The first publication gives a review of the processes involved, applicable regulations, and some history, while the second gives the details of textile dyeing processes and pollution prevention opportunities. The following summary of current regulations reflects those for which the majority of textile dyeing operations will be responsible for compliance. 2.3 Toxic Release Inventory and Right-To-Know
The requirements of what are commonly called the ‘Toxic Release Inventory’ (TRI) and ‘Community Right-To-Know’ are two parts of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) enacted in 1986 and expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. This legislation, which is also called SARA Title III, requires manufacturers and related companies to report on their activities based on the usage of hazardous chemicals. The four main activities are Emergency Planning (Section 301-303), Emergency Release Notification (304), Community Right-To-Know (RTK) Reporting (311-312), and Toxic Chemical Release (TRI) Reporting (313). In addition to USEPA regulations, some states have additional requirements that may have to be met. This legislation and associated regulations are in the forefront of the public debate in the United States. The government and private groups publish documents each year and maintain websites that allow the public to review all of the data from the TRI 313 reporting for industries that must report and publicize the results. For example, the reader should review the websites, http://www.rtknet.org/ and http://www.scorecard.org/. Right-To-Know reporting is required for chemicals present at a facility above listed threshold values. TRI reporting is required for listed chemicals that are used in total at a facility above threshold values during the reporting year. For textile dyeing, reporting under the RTK regulations is commonly required for textile auxiliaries and processing aids such as acids, caustic, and salt since no specific dyes or pigments are covered and the general threshold of 10000 pounds is usually not met for most dyes and pigments. For TRI reporting, several specific dyes are listed, but again the threshold levels (25 000 pounds) are usually not met except for high volume dyes. Few of the TRI listed dyes are still in use in the United States. However, unlike the RTK requirements, TRI reporting is also required for chemical categories. Dyes containing metals such as copper, chromium, cobalt, zinc, and nickel must be considered together as ‘metal compounds’ and, thus, thresholds can be exceeded. Thresholds for additional categories such as glycol ethers and polybrominated biphenyls may be exceeded by textile dyeing operations. The major impact of the RTK and TRI regulations are found in the reporting from processes related to textile dyeing including boiler operations (emissions and fuels), process water preparation, wastewater treatment, and cleaning operations. The chemicals and chemical categories covered by the RTK and TRI regulations can change yearly and the trend is for an increasing number of listings and lowering of the threshold amounts. More recent additions include the Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds category (PACS) with a threshold of 100 pounds and the Dioxins category with a threshold of 0.1 grams. The standard summary of the chemicals and chemical categories can be found in the USEPA document called ‘The List of Lists’.2 In addition, two guidance documents have been developed that apply to textile dyeing operations.3,4 2.4 Waste
Waste from textile-dyeing operations can be of two types, hazardous and non-hazardous under Federal regulations. The Federal program that regulates hazardous waste is the Resource and Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). A summary of textile manufacturing and RCRA has been created.5 RCRA Regulations establish a ‘cradle-to-grave’ system governing hazardous waste from the point of generation to disposal. RCRA hazardous wastes include the specific materials listed in the regulations (designated with the code ‘P’– acutely toxic chemicals, ‘U’– other listed chemicals, ‘K’– specific industry wastes, or ‘F’– specific industrial process wastes) or materials which exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity and designated with the code ‘D’). The types of materials that can be regulated as hazardous waste in textile-dyeing operations included acids and caustic (corrosives), hydrogen peroxide (oxidizers), solvents used as carriers or cleaning agents, and chromium dyes. These will only be considered hazardous waste if collected and discarded as waste. Under many normal operations, these materials would be passed through a local or facility wastewater system and be exempt from the RCRA requirements. In addition, packaging (drums, totes, boxes) containing any of these materials may be subject to regulation if not cleaned and handled properly. Materials used for maintenance of machinery such...