Chisum / Turvey Crime Reconstruction

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-12-386461-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 704 Seiten

Crime Reconstruction, Second Edition is an updated guide to the interpretation of physical evidence, written for the advanced student of forensic science, the practicing forensic generalist and those with multiple forensic specialists. It is designed to assist reconstructionists with understanding their role in the justice system; the development and refinement of case theory' and the limits of physical evidence interpretation. Chisum and Turvey begin with chapters on the history and ethics of crime reconstruction and then shift to the more applied subjects of reconstruction methodology and practice standards. The volume concludes with chapters on courtroom conduct and evidence admissibility to prepare forensic reconstructionists for what awaits them when they take the witness stand. Crime Reconstruction, Second Edition, remains an unparalleled watershed collaborative effort by internationally known, qualified, and respected forensic science practitioner holding generations of case experience among them. Forensic pioneer such as W. Jerry Chisum, John D. DeHaan, John I. Thorton, and Brent E. Turvey contribute chapters on crime scene investigation, arson reconstruction, trace evidence interpretation, advanced bloodstain interpretation, and ethics. Other chapters cover the subjects of shooting incident reconstruction, interpreting digital evidence, staged crime scenes, and examiner bias. Rarely have so many forensic giants collaborated, and never before have the natural limits of physical evidence been made so clear. - Updates to the majority of chapters, to comply with the NAS Report - New chapters on forensic science, crime scene investigation, wound pattern analysis, sexual assault reconstruction, and report writing - Updated with key terms, chapter summaries, discussion questions, and a comprehensive glossary; ideal for those teaching forensic science and crime reconstruction subjects at the college level - Provides clear practice standards and ethical guidelines for the practicing forensic scientist

William Jerry Chisum has been a criminalist since 1960. He studied under Dr. Paul L. Kirk at U.C. Berkeley, worked in San Bernardino, and set up the Kern County Laboratory in Bakersfield. After joining the California Dept. of Justice, he took a leave of absence (1971-73) to work at Stanford Research Institute. He has been President of the California Association of Criminalists three times, and has also served as President of the American Society of Crime Lab Directors. In October of 1998, he retired from 37 years of public service but continues working as a private consultant. An accomplished teacher and lecturer, he has also been published in many forensic science journals and books.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Chisum, W. Jerry

Turvey, Brent E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Crime Reconstruction;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Foreword;10
6;Preface to the First Edition;12
6.1;A Holistic Approach to Crime Reconstruction;12
6.2;Origins: The Forensic Generalist;12
6.3;The Forensic Generalist Fades;13
6.4;Modern Crime Reconstruction;16
6.5;Holistic Crime Reconstruction;18
6.6;References;20
7;Preface;21
8;Acknowledgments;33
9;About the Authors;35
10;Section 1: The Forensic Examiner;41
10.1;Chapter 1: Forensic Science;43
10.1.1;Forensic science;44
10.1.2;Generalists vs. specialists;46
10.1.3;Forensic confusion: technicians and scientists;47
10.1.4;Crime reconstruction;49
10.1.5;Crime reconstruction as a scientific practice;49
10.1.6;Role strain: asserting scientific impartiality;51
10.1.7;Summary;56
10.1.8;Questions;57
10.1.9;References;57
10.2;Chapter 2: A History of Crime Reconstruction;59
10.2.1;Dr. Joseph E. Bell (1837-1911);60
10.2.2;Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930);62
10.2.3;Dr. Johann (Hans) Baptist Gustav Gross (1847-1925);70
10.2.4;Dr. Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924);72
10.2.5;Dr. Edmond Locard (1872-1966);73
10.2.6;Edward Oscar Heinrich (1881-1953);76
10.2.7;Dr. Paul L. Kirk (1902-1970);78
10.2.8;The broader theme;82
10.2.9;Summary;82
10.2.10;Questions;83
10.2.11;References;83
10.3;Chapter 3: Crime Reconstruction: Ethos and Ethics;85
10.3.1;Evidence, crime reconstruction, and ethos;85
10.3.2;Responsibilities of the reconstructionist;86
10.3.3;On being mistaken;87
10.3.4;Logic in crime reconstruction;88
10.3.5;Fallacies of logic;89
10.3.6;Beyond fallacy: skewed and erroneous reconstructions;92
10.3.7;A canon of ethical conduct for the crime reconstructionist;96
10.3.8;Summary;98
10.3.9;Questions;99
10.3.10;References;99
10.4;Chapter 4: Observer Effects and Examiner Bias: Psychological Influences on the Forensic Examiner;101
10.4.1;The problem of objectivity;102
10.4.2;Cognitive psychology: a primer;103
10.4.3;Purpose;103
10.4.4;Observer effects;104
10.4.5;The third rail;108
10.4.6;Subjectivity and expectation in forensic science;109
10.4.7;Restructuring the public crime lab;125
10.4.8;Conclusion;127
10.4.9;Summary;128
10.4.10;Questions;129
10.4.11;References;129
10.5;Chapter 5: Practice Standards for the Reconstruction of Crime;131
10.5.1;Oversimplification and occam's razor;132
10.5.2;Reducing bias;136
10.5.3;Permission to reflect;138
10.5.4;Critical thinking;139
10.5.5;The scientific method;140
10.5.6;Science as falsification;142
10.5.7;Practice standards;143
10.5.8;Conclusion;150
10.5.9;Summary;151
10.5.10;Questions;152
10.5.11;References;152
11;Section 2: The Crime Scene;155
11.1;Chapter 6: Evidence Dynamics;157
11.1.1;Evidence dynamics;158
11.1.2;The assumption of integrity;158
11.1.3;Chain of custody;161
11.1.4;Secondary transfer;164
11.1.5;The crime scene;164
11.1.6;Forensic protocols;169
11.1.7;Victim and offender actions;178
11.1.8;Witness actions;179
11.1.9;Establishing scientific uncertainty: An evidence dynamics protocol;182
11.1.10;Evidence dynamics: The influence of future technologies;183
11.1.11;Summary;184
11.1.12;Questions;184
11.1.13;References;185
11.2;Chapter 7: Crime Scene Investigation;187
11.2.1;Crime scenes;188
11.2.2;Crime scene processing;191
11.2.3;For the Reconstructionist;198
11.2.4;Victims and suspects;208
11.2.5;Reconstruction;210
11.2.6;Crime scene analysis;211
11.2.7;Forensic relevance;211
11.2.8;Summary;215
11.2.9;Questions;216
11.2.10;References;217
11.3;Chapter 8: Methods of Crime Reconstruction;219
11.3.1;Crime reconstruction and experience;220
11.3.2;Reason, methods, and confidence;221
11.3.3;The role of evidence: reconstruction classifications;227
11.3.4;Creating timelines;233
11.3.5;Behavioral evidence analysis (BEA);243
11.3.6;The nature of reconstruction;246
11.3.7;Critical/creative thinking exercises;246
11.3.8;Answers-sort of;247
11.3.9;Summary;248
11.3.10;Questions;248
11.3.11;References;249
11.4;Chapter 9: Staged Crime Scenes;251
11.4.1;Definitions;252
11.4.2;The literature;252
11.4.3;Ad hoc reconstruction;257
11.4.4;"Appears staged";258
11.4.5;Use of crime reconstruction to determine staging;260
11.4.6;A study of 25 staged crime scenes;269
11.4.7;Conclusion;281
11.4.8;Summary;282
11.4.9;Questions;282
11.4.10;References;283
12;Section 3: The Physical Evidence;285
12.1;Chapter 10: Trace Evidence in Crime Reconstruction;287
12.1.1;Witnesses;287
12.1.2;Physical evidence;288
12.1.3;Traces: the small bits;288
12.1.4;Trace evidence defined;289
12.1.5;Utilization of trace evidence;290
12.1.6;Diversity and uniqueness, validity and probative value;291
12.1.7;Trace evidence transfer: locard revisited;293
12.1.8;Various forms of trace evidence transfer;293
12.1.9;Isolation and preliminary examination of evidence;295
12.1.10;Unique forms of trace evidence;303
12.1.11;Prosaic forms of trace evidence;304
12.1.12;Swgmat guidelines;322
12.1.13;Standards and databases for trace evidence identification;322
12.1.14;Potential sources of error in trace evidence analysis;323
12.1.15;Quality assurance practices for trace evidence analysis;324
12.1.16;Training of trace evidence analysts;326
12.1.17;Trace evidence interpretation in crime reconstruction;326
12.1.18;Trace evidence and the future;328
12.1.19;Summary;329
12.1.20;Suggested experiments for the trace instructor;330
12.1.21;Chapter 11: Wound Pattern Analysis;339
12.1.21.1;Types of wounds;340
12.1.21.2;Physical origins of wounds;344
12.1.21.3;Motivational origins of wounds;348
12.1.21.4;Wound pattern analysis: general guidelines;356
12.1.21.5;Summary;357
12.1.21.6;Questions;357
12.1.21.7;References;357
12.1.22;Chapter 12: Reconstruction Using Bloodstain Evidence;359
12.1.22.1;Historical context;360
12.1.22.2;Bloodstain prerequisites;360
12.1.22.3;Bloodstain analysis and the nas report;365
12.1.22.4;Background information;365
12.1.22.5;Reporting;381
12.1.22.6;Bloodstain pattern experiments;384
12.1.22.7;Summary;403
12.1.22.8;Questions;404
12.1.22.9;References;404
12.2;Chapter 13: Shooting Incident Reconstruction;405
12.2.1;Shooting incident reconstruction-a process;406
12.2.2;Application of the scientific method;407
12.2.3;Considerations during direct investigation of the shooting incident;410
12.2.4;Reconstruction without the benefit of personal involvement in the original crime scene investigation;411
12.2.5;Firearms and shooting incident reconstruction;412
12.2.6;Examination of ammunition;417
12.2.7;Projectile holes, impact sites, and ricochets;425
12.2.8;Determining the direction of projectile travel and angle of impact by examination of bullet holes, impact sites, and ricochets;431
12.2.9;Projectile paths;438
12.2.10;Shooter location, position, and orientation along established bullet paths;448
12.2.11;Further narrowing shooter position possibilities;452
12.2.12;Presence of intervening objects along bullet path;458
12.2.13;Summary;459
12.2.14;Questions;460
12.2.15;References;460
12.3;Chapter 14: Shooting Incident Reconstruction;463
12.3.1;Gunfire involving vehicles;463
12.3.2;Shotgun evidence: reconstruction considerations;469
12.3.3;Diagrams and illustrations;476
12.3.4;Clothing of participants;480
12.3.5;Review of the autopsy report;481
12.3.6;Medical records and physician reports;487
12.3.7;Review of investigative crime scene protocols;487
12.3.8;Corroborating witness accounts with the physical evidence;490
12.3.9;Review of physical evidence reports;490
12.3.10;Revisiting the shooting scene;491
12.3.11;Reconstruction through role-playing;492
12.3.12;Closing comments;492
12.3.13;Summary;493
12.3.14;Questions;494
12.3.15;References;494
12.4;Chapter 15: Fire Scene Reconstruction;495
12.4.1;The challenge of fire scene reconstruction;495
12.4.2;Scientific method;497
12.4.3;The basic investigation;498
12.4.4;Documentation;499
12.4.5;Establish starting conditions;500
12.4.6;Basic fire chemistry;502
12.4.7;Basic fire dynamics;503
12.4.8;Evaluate heat transfer patterns;505
12.4.9;Fire scene reconstruction;511
12.4.10;Area of origin;512
12.4.11;Causation;514
12.4.12;Case study;519
12.4.13;Criminalistics aspects;521
12.4.14;Fire deaths and injuries;523
12.4.15;Fire testing;533
12.4.16;Computer modeling;535
12.4.17;Laboratory tests;538
12.4.18;Conclusions;539
12.4.19;Summary;539
12.4.20;Questions;540
12.4.21;References;540
12.5;Chapter 16: Sexual Assault: Issues in Evidence Examination and Interpretation;543
12.5.1;Data: Knowns and Unknowns;543
12.5.2;The Role of Reconstruction;545
12.5.3;False Allegations of Sexual Assault;546
12.5.4;Sexual Assault Examination Protocols;546
12.5.5;The Crime Scene;565
12.5.6;Sexual homicide;566
12.5.7;Summary;569
12.5.8;Questions;569
12.5.9;References;569
12.6;Chapter 17: Reconstructing Digital Evidence;571
12.6.1;Overview of digital evidence;572
12.6.2;Digital crime scene investigation;576
12.6.3;Interpretation of digital evidence1;577
12.6.4;Attribution using digital evidence;581
12.6.5;Digital document authentication;582
12.6.6;Evaluation of source;584
12.6.7;Assessing alibis and statements;584
12.6.8;Determining motivation and intent;585
12.6.9;Conclusion;586
12.6.10;Summary;586
12.6.11;Questions;587
12.6.12;Acknowledgments;587
12.6.13;References;587
12.7;Section 4: The Courtroom;589
12.7.1;Chapter 18: Crime Reconstruction;591
12.7.1.1;Forensic science under scrutiny;592
12.7.1.2;What is expected from the reconstructionist?;611
12.7.1.3;Conclusion;639
12.7.1.4;Summary;640
12.7.1.5;Questions;640
12.7.1.6;References;641
12.7.2;Chapter 19: Forensic Examination Reports;647
12.7.2.1;Communication;648
12.7.2.2;Professionalism and disclosure;649
12.7.2.3;Due process, brady violations and the confrontation clause;649
12.7.2.4;Terminology;658
12.7.2.5;Logical fallacies in crime reconstruction;659
12.7.2.6;Report structure;664
12.7.2.7;Fact checking;667
12.7.2.8;Peer review;667
12.7.2.9;Summary;668
12.7.2.10;Questions;668
12.7.2.11;References;669
12.7.3;Chapter 20: Reconstruction Court Presentation and Testimony;671
12.7.3.1;Pretrial courtoom considerations;672
12.7.3.2;Courtroom rules and etiquette;676
12.7.3.3;Jury psychodynamics;684
12.7.3.4;Summary;685
12.7.3.5;Questions;686
12.7.3.6;References;686
12.8;Appendix I: Crime Reconstruction Report: Sharp Force Homicide;688
12.8.1;Background;689
12.8.2;Conclusions;690
13;Appendix II: Bloodstain Pattern Case Study;705
14;Appendix III: Staged Crime Scene Analysis;712
15;Glossary;723
16;Index;733