Chianese / Kramer Industrial Crystallization Process Monitoring and Control

1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-527-64517-6
Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 230 Seiten, E-Book

Crystallization is an important technique for separation and purification of substances as well as for product design in chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological process industries. This ready reference and handbook draws on research work and industrial practice of a large group of experts in the various areas of industrial crystallization processes, capturing the essence of current trends, the markets, design tools and technologies in this key field. Along the way, it outlines trouble free production, provides laboratory controls, analyses case studies and discusses new challenges.

 

First the instrumentation and techniques used to measure the crystal size distribution, the nucleation and solubility points, and the chemical

composition of the solid and liquid phase are outlined. Then the main techniques adopted to control industrial crystallizers, starting from

fundamental approaches to the most advanced ones, including the multivariable predictive control are described. An overview of the main

crystallizer types is given with details of the main control schemes adopted in industry as well as the more suitable sensors and actuators.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Chianese, Angelo

Kramer, Herman J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

PREFACE

 

CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Introduction

Particle Size Distribution

Particle Size Distribution Moments

Particle Size Distribution Characterization on the Basis of Mass Distribution

 

FORWARD LIGHT SCATTERING

Introduction

Principles of Laser Diffraction

Scatter Theory

Deconvolution

The Effects of Shape

Multiple Scattering

Application of Laser Diffraction for Monitoring and Control of Industrial Crystallization Processes

Conclusions

 

FOCUSED BEAM REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENT

Measurement Principle

Application Examples

Advantages and Limitations

 

TURBIDIMETRY FOR THE ESTIMATION OF CRYSTAL AVERAGE SIZE

Introduction

Determination of Average Particle Size from Specific Turbidity

Procedure to Evaluate Average Crystal Size by Turbidimetry for a High Solid Slurry Concentration

Conclusion

 

IMAGING

Introduction

Literature Overview

The Sensor Design

Application of In Situ Imaging for Monitoring Crystallization Processes

Conclusions

 

TURBIDIMETRY AND NEPHELOMETRY

Introduction

Measurement of Nucleation and Solubility Points

The Developed Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Instruments

The Examined Systems

Obtained Results

 

SPEED OF SOUND

Introduction

In-Process Ultrasound Measurement

Determining Solubility and Metastable Zone Width

Measuring Crystal Growth Rates

Detecting Phase Transitions with Ultrasound

 

IN-LINE PROCESS REFRACTOMETER FOR CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT IN SUGAR CRYSTALLIZERS

Introduction

Measurement Principle

In-Line Instrument Features and Benefits

Features and Benefits

Example of Application in the Crystallization

Conclusion

 

ATR-FTIR SPECTROSCOPY

Introduction

Calibration

Speciation Monitoring

Co-Crystal Formation

Solubility Measurement

Crystal Growth Rates

Polymorph Transformation

Crystallization Monitoring and Control

Impurity Monitoring

Conclusions

 

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Introduction

Factors Influencing the Raman Spectrum

Calibration

Applications

Conclusions

 

BASIC RECIPE CONTROL

Introduction

Incentives for Basic Recipe Control

Main Mechanisms, Sensors, and Actuators

Basic Recipe Control Strategy

Seeding as a Process Actuator

Rate of Supersaturation Generation

Mixing and Suspension of Solids

Fines Removal and Dissolution

Implementation of Basic Recipe Control

Conclusions

 

SEEDING TECHNIQUE IN BATCH CRYSTALLIZATION

Introduction

Seeding Operation: Main Principles and Phenomena

Use of Seeding for Batch Crystallization: Main Process Parameters

Control of Batch Crystallization by Seeding: Empirical Rules for Design

 

ADVANCED RECIPE CONTROL

Introduction

Incentives and Strategy of the Advanced Recipe Control

Modeling for Optimization, Prediction, and Control

Model Validation

Rate of Supersaturation Generation

Mixing Conditions

Implementation

Example of Modeling, Optimization, and Open-Loop Control of a 75-l Draft-Tube Crystallizer

Conclusions

 

ADVANCED MODEL-BASED RECIPE CONTROL

Introduction

Online Dynamic Optimization

MPC for Batch Crystallization

Conclusions and Perspectives

 

FINES REMOVAL

Introduction

Fines Removal by Heat Dissolution

Modeling of an MSMPR Continuous Crystallizer with Fines Removal

Fines Destruction in the Industrial Practice

CSD Control by Fines Removal for Pilot Scale Crystallizers

The Cycling Phenomenon as Undesired Effect of Fines Destruction in Industrial Crystallizers

 

MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL

Introduction

Approach for Designing and Implementing an MPC Control System

Process Modeling

The Performance Index

Constraints

The MPC Optimization

Tuning

State Estimation

Implementation

MPC of Crystallization Processes

Delta-Mode MPC

Conclusions and Perspectives

 

INDUSTRIAL CRYSTALLIZERS DESIGN AND CONTROL

Introduction

Forced Circulation Crystallizer

Draft-Tube-Baffle Crystallizer

Process Variables in Crystallizer Operation

Sensors

Control Devices

Über Autor(innen)

Angelo Chianese is full Professor of Chemical Plant Design at the University of Rome La Sapienza. He worked as a process engineer for the first 10 years of his working life, before joining academia. Prof. Chianese has more than 30 years in the field of industrial crystallization.

In this respect, he collaborated with the major academic laboratories all over the world and major industrial companies. Between 1998 and 2001 he was the coordinator of the European Thematic Network on Industrial Crystallization (acronym. CRYSOPT) and since 1990 was partner in many European projects. He is one of the two Italian delegates at the European Working Party on Crystallization.

 

Herman J. M. Kramer is associate professor at the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, working on the design, monitoring and control of crystallization and precipitation processes. He headed a large number of international multi client, multidisciplinary, research projects on design, monitoring and control of industrial crystallization. He was president of the Dutch Association of Crystal growth and is nowadays member of the European Working Party of Industrial Crystallization.