Chen Plastics from Bacteria

Natural Functions and Applications
2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-03287-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 14, 450 Seiten

Reihe: Microbiology Monographs

Due to the possibility that petroleum supplies will be exhausted in the next decades to come, more and more attention has been paid to the production of bacterial pl- tics including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), biopolyethylene (PE), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), and poly(p-phenylene) (PPP). These are well-studied polymers containing at least one monomer synthesized via bacterial transformation. Among them, PHA, PLA and PBS are well known for their biodegradability, whereas PE, PTT and PPP are probably less biodegradable or are less studied in terms of their biodegradability. Over the past years, their properties and appli- tions have been studied in detail and products have been developed. Physical and chemical modifications to reduce their cost or to improve their properties have been conducted. PHA is the only biopolyester family completely synthesized by biological means. They have been investigated by microbiologists, molecular biologists, b- chemists, chemical engineers, chemists, polymer experts, and medical researchers for many years. PHA applications as bioplastics, fine chemicals, implant biomate- als, medicines, and biofuels have been developed. Companies have been est- lished for or involved in PHA related R&D as well as large scale production. It has become clear that PHA and its related technologies form an industrial value chain in fermentation, materials, feeds, and energy to medical fields.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Chen, Guo-Qiang

Chen, George Guo-Qiang

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Chen_FM.pdf;1
2;Chen_Ch01.pdf;10
2.1;Introduction of Bacterial Plastics PHA, PLA, PBS, PE, PTT, and PPP;10
2.1.1;1 Introduction;11
2.1.2;2 Monomers of Bacterial Plastics Synthesized by Microorganisms;11
2.1.3;3 Polymerization of the Bacterial Plastics;12
2.1.4;4 Comparison of Bacterial Plastics;12
2.1.4.1;4.1 Thermal Properties and Mechanical Properties;12
2.1.4.2;4.2 Molecular Weights;14
2.1.4.3;4.3 Biodegradability;15
2.1.4.4;4.4 Structural and Property Modification;15
2.1.4.4.1;4.4.1 Chemical Modification;18
2.1.4.4.2;4.4.2 Physical Modification;18
2.1.4.5;4.5 Applications;19
2.1.5;5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives;20
2.1.6;References;20
3;Chen_Ch02.pdf;26
3.1;Plastics Completely Synthesized by Bacteria: Polyhydroxyalkanoates;26
3.1.1;1 Introduction;27
3.1.2;2 Biosynthesis of PHA;29
3.1.2.1;2.1 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of PHA Synthesis;29
3.1.2.2;2.2 Prokaryotic PHA;32
3.1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Homopolymer PHA;33
3.1.2.2.2;2.2.2 Copolymer PHA;33
3.1.2.2.3;2.2.3 Block Copolymer PHA;33
3.1.2.3;2.3 Eukaryotic PHA;34
3.1.3;3 Microbial Synthesis of PHA Monomers;35
3.1.3.1;3.1 PHA Monomers Produced by Microorganisms;35
3.1.3.2;3.2 The Application of PHA Monomers for Synthesis of Other Polyesters;36
3.1.4;4 Application of PHA;36
3.1.4.1;4.1 PHA as Packaging Materials;36
3.1.4.2;4.2 PHA as Biomedical Implant Materials;37
3.1.4.3;4.3 PHA as Drug Delivery Carriers;38
3.1.4.4;4.4 PHA as Biofuels;40
3.1.4.5;4.5 PHA Monomers as Drugs;41
3.1.5;5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives;42
3.1.6;References;43
4;Chen_Ch03.pdf;47
4.1;Natural Functions of Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates;47
4.1.1;1 Introduction;48
4.1.2;2 The Role of PHA in Cell Survival Under Stress;49
4.1.3;3 Molecular Evidence Supporting a Role for PHA Synthesis in Stress Endurance;51
4.1.4;4 Regulation of PHA Synthesis;53
4.1.5;5 PHA in Soil and in Plant–Microbe Interactions;55
4.1.6;6 Relevance of PHA in Microbial Communities;57
4.1.7;7 Utilization of the Energy Obtained from PHA for Environmental Cues;58
4.1.7.1;7.1 Chemotaxis;58
4.1.7.2;7.2 Exopolysaccharide Production;59
4.1.7.3;7.3 PHA as a Carbon and Energy Source for “Environmental Bacteria”;60
4.1.8;8 Phylogenetic Aspects of PHA Metabolism and Their Relationship with the Environment;61
4.1.9;9 PHA Applications in Agriculture;63
4.1.10;10 Conclusions;64
4.1.11;References;64
5;Chen_Ch04.pdf;70
5.1;Towards Systems Metabolic Engineering of PHA Producers;70
5.1.1;1 Introduction;71
5.1.2;2 Traditional Metabolic Engineering of PHA Producers;72
5.1.2.1;2.1 Natural PHA Producers and Metabolic Engineering;72
5.1.2.2;2.2 Engineering of Non-PHA Producers;74
5.1.3;3 Systems-Biological Approach for PHA Production;78
5.1.3.1;3.1 Systems Metabolic Engineering for Strain Improvement;79
5.1.3.2;3.2 Metabolic Engineering Based on Omics Studies;80
5.1.3.3;3.3 Future of Systems Metabolic Engineering for PHA Production;84
5.1.4;4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;84
5.1.5;References;86
6.1;Microbial PHA Production from Waste Raw Materials;1
6.1.1;1 Introduction;1
6.1.1.1;1.1 General;1
6.1.1.2;1.2 The Increasing Interest in Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolyesters;1
6.1.1.3;1.3 Value-Added Utilization of ‘Waste PHAs’;1
6.1.1.4;1.4 The Need for Cheap Substrates and Their Occurrence;1
6.1.1.5;1.5 Seasonal Availability of Waste Streams;1
6.1.1.6;1.6 By-Products of Waste Streams;1
6.1.2;2 Available Waste Streams in Different Global Regions;1
6.1.2.1;2.1 Cheap Nitrogen Sources for Production of Active Biomass;1
6.1.2.2;2.2 Waste Lipids;1
6.1.2.3;2.3 Waste Streams from Biofuel Production;1
6.1.2.4;2.4 Surplus Whey from the Dairy Industry;1
6.1.2.5;2.5 Lignocellulosic Wastes;1
6.1.2.6;2.6 Starch;1
6.1.2.7;2.7 Materials from the Sugar Industry;1
6.1.2.8;2.8 Lactic Acid as a Versatile Intermediate Towards Follow-Up Products;1
6.1.3;3 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;1
6.1.4;References;1
7;Chen_Ch06.pdf;127
7.1;Industrial Production of PHA;127
7.1.1;1 Introduction;128
7.1.2;2 Industrial Production of PHB;130
7.1.2.1;2.1 PHB Produced by Chemie Linz, Austria, Using Alcaligenes latus;130
7.1.2.2;2.2 PHB Produced by PHB Industrial Usina da Pedra-Acucare Alcool Brazil Using Bhurkolderia sp.;131
7.1.2.3;2.3 PHB Produced by Tianjin Northern Food and Lantian Group China Using Ralstonia eutropha and Recombinant Escherichia col;132
7.1.3;3 Industrial Production of PHBV;132
7.1.4;4 Industrial Production of P3HB4HB;132
7.1.5;5 Industrial Production of PHBHHx;133
7.1.5.1;5.1 Metabolic Engineering for PHBHHx Production;134
7.1.6;6 Industrial Production of mcl Copolymers of (R)-3-Hydroxyalkanoates;135
7.1.7;7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives;136
7.1.8;References;137
8;Chen_Ch07.pdf;139
8.1;Unusual PHA Biosynthesis;139
8.1.1;1 Introduction;140
8.1.2;2 Naturally Occurring PHAs;142
8.1.2.1;2.1 Classification of Naturally Occurring PHAs;144
8.1.2.2;2.2 General Properties and Biotechnological Applications of Naturally Occurring PHAs;148
8.1.3;3 Unusual PHAs;149
8.1.3.1;3.1 UnPHAs Synthesized by Micro-Organisms;150
8.1.3.1.1;3.1.1 UnPHAs Belonging to Class 1;151
8.1.3.1.1.1;UnPHAs Containing Unsaturated or Functionalized Monomers;151
8.1.3.1.1.1.1;Unsaturated PHAs;151
8.1.3.1.1.1.2;PHAs Containing Functionalized Monomers;153
8.1.3.1.2;3.1.2 PHAs with Elongated Backbones (Class 2);159
8.1.3.1.3;3.1.3 PHAs Containing Thioester Linkages (Class 3);160
8.1.3.1.4;3.1.4 Functional Analyses of the Different Proteins Involved in the Synthesis and Accumulation of UnPHAs;161
8.1.3.1.4.1;Substrate Specificity of the Two Polymerases (PhaC1 and PhaC2) Involved in the Synthesis of mcl-UnPHAs;162
8.1.3.1.4.2;Depolymerases;163
8.1.3.1.4.3;Role Played by PhaDFI Proteins;164
8.1.3.2;3.2 UnPHAs Obtained by Chemical or Physical Modifications of Naturally Occurring One;165
8.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Functionalization of Microbial PHAs;165
8.1.3.2.1.1;Halogenation of PHAs;165
8.1.3.2.1.2;Epoxidation of Unsaturated PHAs;166
8.1.3.2.1.3;Hydroxylation of Unsaturated PHAs;166
8.1.3.2.1.4;Carboxylation of Unsaturated PHAs;166
8.1.3.2.1.5;Glycopolymers;167
8.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Cross-Linking of PHAs;167
8.1.3.2.2.1;Peroxide Cross-Linking;168
8.1.3.2.2.2;Sulphur Vulcanization;168
8.1.3.2.2.3;Sulphur-Free and Peroxide-Free Cross-Linking;168
8.1.3.2.2.4;Radiation-Induced Cross-Linking;168
8.1.3.2.3;3.2.3 Graft Copolymers of PHAs;169
8.1.3.2.4;3.2.4 Block Copolymers of PHAs;170
8.1.3.2.5;3.2.5 Blending of PHAs with Other Polymers;171
8.1.3.2.5.1;Totally Biodegradable Blends;171
8.1.3.2.5.2;Non-Totally Biodegradable Blends;172
8.1.4;4 Biotechnological Applications;172
8.1.5;5 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook;173
8.1.6;References;174
9;Chen_Ch08.pdf;193
9.1;Metabolic Engineering of Plants for the Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanaotes;193
9.1.1;1 Introduction;194
9.1.2;2 Polyhydroxybutyrate;194
9.1.2.1;2.1 Synthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate in the Cytoplasm;194
9.1.2.2;2.2 Synthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate in the Plastid;198
9.1.2.3;2.3 Synthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate in Mitochondria;203
9.1.2.4;2.4 Synthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate in the Peroxisome;203
9.1.3;3 Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate];204
9.1.3.1;3.1 Synthesis of Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] in the Cytosol;204
9.1.3.2;3.2 Synthesis of Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] in the Plastid;205
9.1.4;4 Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanaote;206
9.1.5;5 Short-Chain-Length to Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanaote Copolymers;211
9.1.6;6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;212
9.1.7;References;213
10;Chen_Ch09.pdf;218
10.1;Biosynthesis of Medium-Chain-Length Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates];218
10.1.1;1 Introduction;219
10.1.2;2 mcl-PHAs: Their Chemical Structure and Biosynthesis in Prokaryotes;219
10.1.2.1;2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties;219
10.1.2.2;2.2 Representative mcl-PHA Production Strains;221
10.1.2.3;2.3 Biochemistry of Biosynthesis;224
10.1.2.4;2.4 Genetic Engineering;227
10.1.3;3 General Production Processes;228
10.1.3.1;3.1 Basic Concepts of Nutrition;228
10.1.3.2;3.2 Batch and Fed-Batch Systems;228
10.1.3.3;3.3 Chemostat;229
10.1.3.4;3.4 High Cell Density Cultivations;229
10.1.3.4.1;3.4.1 Use of Elevated Pressure to Enhance Oxygen Transfer in Bioprocesses;230
10.1.4;4 Production Processes to Tailor mcl-PHAs;231
10.1.4.1;4.1 Multiple Nutrient Limited Growth;231
10.1.5;5 Conclusions;232
10.1.6;References;234
11;Chen_Ch10.pdf;242
11.1;Nodax™ Class PHA Copolymers: Their Properties and Applications;242
11.1.1;1 Introduction;243
11.1.2;2 Molecular Structure;243
11.1.3;3 Preparation Methods;245
11.1.3.1;3.1 Chemical Synthesis;245
11.1.3.2;3.2 Biosynthesis;246
11.1.4;4 Properties;247
11.1.4.1;4.1 Biological Properties;247
11.1.4.2;4.2 Thermal Properties and Crystallinity;248
11.1.4.2.1;4.2.1 Melt Temperature;248
11.1.4.2.2;4.2.2 Crystallinity;250
11.1.4.2.3;4.2.3 Glass-Transition Temperature;251
11.1.4.3;4.3 Mechanical Properties;251
11.1.4.4;4.4 Other Useful Properties;255
11.1.5;5 Processing and Conversion to Products;256
11.1.6;6 Production and Commercialization;257
11.1.7;7 Concluding Remarks;258
11.1.8;References;259
12;Chen_Ch11.pdf;261
12.1;Manufacturing of PHA as Fibers;261
12.1.1;1 Introduction;262
12.1.2;2 High Tensile Strength Fibers;264
12.1.2.1;2.1 Cold-Drawn and Two-Step-Drawn Fibers Produced from UHMW-P(3HB);264
12.1.2.1.1;2.1.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties;264
12.1.2.1.2;2.1.2 Structure Analysis;265
12.1.2.2;2.2 One-Step-Drawn Fibers Produced from Commercial PHA;267
12.1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties;267
12.1.2.2.2;2.2.2 Structure Analysis;269
12.1.3;3 Microbeam X-Ray Diffraction Study;271
12.1.3.1;3.1 Two Kinds of Fiber Structures;271
12.1.3.2;3.2 Generation Mechanism of Planar Zigzag Conformation (b-Structure);272
12.1.4;4 X-Ray Microtomography Study;273
12.1.5;5 Electrospun Nanofibers;276
12.1.6;6 Enzymatic and In Vivo Degradation of Fibers;278
12.1.6.1;6.1 Enzymatic Degradation of Strong Fibers and Nanofibers;278
12.1.6.2;6.2 In Vivo Degradation of Nanofibers;281
12.1.6.2.1;6.2.1 Morphological Changes;281
12.1.6.2.2;6.2.2 Histological Observation;282
12.1.7;7 Prospects;283
12.1.8;References;284
13;Chen_Ch12.pdf;287
13.1;Degradation of Natural and Artificial Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate]s: From Biodegradation to Hydrolysis;287
13.1.1;1 Introduction;288
13.1.2;2 Biodegradation of Bacterial Polyesters;288
13.1.2.1;2.1 Extracellular Degradation;290
13.1.2.1.1;2.1.1 Short-Chain-Length PHAs;290
13.1.2.1.2;2.1.2 Medium-Chain-Length PHAs;294
13.1.2.1.3;2.1.3 Structure and Degradation of PHB and Copolymers;295
13.1.2.2;2.2 Intracellular Degradation;299
13.1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Short-Chain-Length PHB;299
13.1.2.2.2;2.2.2 PHAs with Long Alkyl and/or Phenyl Substituents in the Side Chain;303
13.1.2.3;2.3 Degradation of PHAs Under Aqueous Conditions;306
13.1.3;3 Chemical Modification of Bacterial Polyesters: Hydrophilicity, Hydrolysis, Wettability;308
13.1.3.1;3.1 Introduction of Polar Groups;308
13.1.3.1.1;3.1.1 Introduction of Hydroxy Groups;309
13.1.3.1.2;3.1.2 Introduction of Carboxy Groups;309
13.1.3.2;3.2 Synthesis of Cationic PHA;311
13.1.3.3;3.3 Graft Copolymers from PHAs and Their Behavior in Aqueous Media;311
13.1.3.4;3.4 Amphiphilic Block Copolymers;312
13.1.3.4.1;3.4.1 PEG–PHB–PEG Copolymers;314
13.1.3.4.2;3.4.2 Poly(PHB/PEG urethane)s;314
13.1.3.4.3;3.4.3 PHB/PEG Diblock Copolymers;315
13.1.3.5;3.5 Wettability of Surfaces;315
13.1.4;4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;316
13.1.5;References;317
14;Chen_Ch13.pdf;326
14.1;Microbial Lactic Acid, Its Polymer Poly(lactic acid), and Their Industrial Applications;326
14.1.1;1 Lactic Acid and Its Derivatives;327
14.1.2;2 Production of Lactic Acid by Fermentation;329
14.1.3;3 Production of PLA;333
14.1.4;4 Markets and Applications for PLA;336
14.1.5;5 Characteristics and Modifications of PLA for Various Applications;337
14.1.5.1;5.1 Crystallization of PLA by Nucleating Agents;339
14.1.5.2;5.2 Compounding PLA with Other Polymers and/or Chemical Additives;340
14.1.5.3;5.3 Compounding PLA with Nonplastic Materials;342
14.1.5.4;5.4 Processing Technology To Improve PLA Performance;342
14.1.5.5;5.5 Polymerization or Copolymerization To Modify PLA;343
14.1.6;6 Factors Helping the Growth of the PLA Industry;343
14.1.6.1;6.1 Government Regulations and Public Awareness;344
14.1.6.2;6.2 Development of Compounding, Converting, and Process Equipment Technologies;344
14.1.6.3;6.3 Development of Polymerization Technology;345
14.1.6.4;6.4 Reduction of Plant Cost and Entry Risk;345
14.1.6.5;6.5 Infrastructure of Recycling or Composting PLA Waste;345
14.1.7;7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;346
14.1.8;References;348
15;Chen_Ch14.pdf;350
15.1;Microbial Succinic Acid, Its Polymer Poly(butylene succinate), and Applications;350
15.1.1;1 Introduction;351
15.1.2;2 Production of Succinic Acid;352
15.1.3;3 Synthesis of PBS and Its Copolymers;354
15.1.3.1;3.1 Historical Outline and Recent Industrial Developments of PBS;354
15.1.3.2;3.2 Synthesis of PBS;356
15.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Transesterification Polymerization;356
15.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Direct Polymerization of Succinic Acid and Butanediol to Synthesize PBS;356
15.1.3.2.3;3.2.3 Condensation Polymerization Followed by Chain Extension;358
15.1.3.2.4;3.2.4 Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of PBS;359
15.1.3.3;3.3 Synthesis of PBS Copolymers and Branched PBS;360
15.1.4;4 Crystalline Structure and Properties of PBS and Its Copolymers;360
15.1.4.1;4.1 Crystalline Structure of PBS and Its Copolymers;360
15.1.4.2;4.2 Thermal Properties of PBS and Its Copolymers;364
15.1.4.3;4.3 Processing Properties of PBS;366
15.1.4.4;4.4 Mechanical Properties of PBS;368
15.1.4.5;4.5 Degradability of PBS and Its Copolymers;370
15.1.4.5.1;4.5.1 Nonenzymatic Hydrolytic Degradation;371
15.1.4.5.2;4.5.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of PBS and Its Copolymers;375
15.1.4.5.3;4.5.3 Environmental Biodegradation of PBS and Its Copolymers;377
15.1.5;5 Application of PBS;386
15.1.6;6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;387
15.1.7;References;388
16;Chen_Ch15.pdf;392
16.1;Microbial Ethanol, Its Polymer Polyethylene, and Applications;392
16.1.1;1 Introduction;393
16.1.2;2 Microbial Ethanol;393
16.1.2.1;2.1 Feedstock;394
16.1.2.2;2.2 Starch Ethanol;395
16.1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Pretreatment of Starch Material;395
16.1.2.2.2;2.2.2 Hydrolysis of Starch;396
16.1.2.2.3;2.2.3 Fermentation;396
16.1.2.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Strains;396
16.1.2.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Fermentation Technology;396
16.1.2.3;2.3 Sugarcane Ethanol;397
16.1.2.4;2.4 Cellulose Ethanol;397
16.1.2.4.1;2.4.1 Pretreatment of Cellulose Material;398
16.1.2.4.2;2.4.2 Hydrolysis and Saccharification of Cellulose;399
16.1.2.4.3;2.4.3 Fermentation;399
16.1.2.4.4;2.4.4 Purification;400
16.1.3;3 Ethylene via Dehydration of Microbial Ethanol;400
16.1.3.1;3.1 Background;400
16.1.3.2;3.2 Chemistry;401
16.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Catalysts for Microbial Ethanol Dehydration;401
16.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Mechanism for Microbial Ethanol Dehydration;402
16.1.3.3;3.3 Process Description;402
16.1.4;4 Polyethylene and Applications;404
16.1.4.1;4.1 Bio-Based Polyethylene Used in Films;405
16.1.4.2;4.2 Bio-Based Polyethylene Used in Pipe Plate;405
16.1.4.3;4.3 Bio-Based Polyethylene Used in Fiber;406
16.1.4.4;4.4 Bio-Based Polyethylene Used in Hollow Products;406
16.1.5;5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;406
16.1.6;References;407
17;Chen_Ch16.pdf;408
17.1;Microbial 1,3-Propanediol, Its Copolymerization with Terephthalate, and Applications;408
17.1.1;1 Introduction to 1,3-Propanediol;409
17.1.2;2 PDO Production by Chemical Methods;409
17.1.2.1;2.1 Degussa Process Using Propylene as a Feedstock;410
17.1.2.2;2.2 Preparation of PDO Using Ethylene Oxide as a Feedstock;410
17.1.2.3;2.3 Preparation of PDO via Selective Dehydroxylation of Glycerol;411
17.1.2.4;2.4 Other Processes Reported for the Preparation of PDO;412
17.1.3;3 PDO Production by Microbial Fermentation;413
17.1.3.1;3.1 Microorganisms and the Metabolic Pathway;413
17.1.3.1.1;3.1.1 Gene Overexpression of Key Enzymes;416
17.1.3.1.2;3.1.2 Knocking Out Genes Responsible for the Formation of Undesired By-Products;416
17.1.3.1.3;3.1.3 Strain Construction To Produce PDO from Glucose Directly;416
17.1.3.2;3.2 Fermentation Technology;417
17.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Micro-Aerobic Fermentation of PDO;419
17.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 PDO Production Using Glucose as an Auxiliary Substrate;419
17.1.3.2.3;3.2.3 PDO Production by Crude Glycerol;419
17.1.3.2.4;3.2.4 Using Glucose as the Substrate To Produce PDO;420
17.1.3.3;3.3 Separation and Extraction;420
17.1.4;4 PTT Production with PDO;421
17.1.4.1;4.1 Introduction to PTT;422
17.1.4.2;4.2 The Production of PTT;423
17.1.4.3;4.3 The Properties of PTT Made from PDO;424
17.1.4.4;4.4 The Market and Applications for PTT;424
17.1.5;5 Outlook;425
17.1.6;References;426
18;Chen_Ch17.pdf;429
18.1;Microbial cis-3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol, Its Polymer Poly(p-phenylene), and Applications;429
18.1.1;1 Introduction;430
18.1.2;2 Synthetic Approaches to PPP;430
18.1.3;3 Biocatalytic Production of cis-DHCD;432
18.1.3.1;3.1 Aromatic Oxidation in Microorganisms;432
18.1.3.2;3.2 Aromatic Dioxygenases;433
18.1.3.3;3.3 Synthesis of cis-DHCD;435
18.1.3.4;3.4 Recovery of cis-DHCD;438
18.1.4;4 Polymerization: From cis-DHCD to PPP;439
18.1.4.1;4.1 Derivatives of cis-DHCD;440
18.1.4.2;4.2 Polymerization of cis-DHCD Derivatives;440
18.1.4.3;4.3 Aromatization Process to PPP;441
18.1.5;5 Properties and Applications of PPP;442
18.1.6;6 Summary and Future Developments;444
18.1.7;References;445
19;Chen_Index.pdf;449
20.1;Microbial PHA Production from Waste Raw Materials;92
20.1.1;1 Introduction;93
20.1.1.1;1.1 General;93
20.1.1.2;1.2 The Increasing Interest in Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolyesters;94
20.1.1.3;1.3 Value-Added Utilization of ‘Waste PHAs’;98
20.1.1.4;1.4 The Need for Cheap Substrates and Their Occurrence;99
20.1.1.5;1.5 Seasonal Availability of Waste Streams;101
20.1.1.6;1.6 By-Products of Waste Streams;102
20.1.2;2 Available Waste Streams in Different Global Regions;103
20.1.2.1;2.1 Cheap Nitrogen Sources for Production of Active Biomass;103
20.1.2.2;2.2 Waste Lipids;104
20.1.2.3;2.3 Waste Streams from Biofuel Production;106
20.1.2.4;2.4 Surplus Whey from the Dairy Industry;108
20.1.2.5;2.5 Lignocellulosic Wastes;112
20.1.2.6;2.6 Starch;115
20.1.2.7;2.7 Materials from the Sugar Industry;116
20.1.2.8;2.8 Lactic Acid as a Versatile Intermediate Towards Follow-Up Products;119
20.1.3;3 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;120
20.1.4;References;121