Bull / Wu / Theodoridis Academic Press Library in Signal Processing

Image and Video Compression and Multimedia
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-420157-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 5, 494 Seiten

Reihe: Academic Press Library in Signal Processing

This fifth volume, edited and authored by world leading experts, gives a review of the principles, methods and techniques of important and emerging research topics and technologies in image and video compression and multimedia. With this reference source you will: - Quickly grasp a new area of research - Understand the underlying principles of a topic and its application - Ascertain how a topic relates to other areas and learn of the research issues yet to be resolved - Quick tutorial reviews of important and emerging topics of research in Image and Video Compression and Multimedia - Comprehensive references to journal articles and other literature on which to build further, more specific and detailed knowledge - Edited by leading people in the field who, through their reputation, have been able to commission experts to write on a particular topic

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bull, David

Wu, Min

Theodoridis, Sergios

Chellappa, Rama

Leseproben

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Video Coding
David R. Bull,    Bristol Vision Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK Abstract
Visual information is the primary consumer of communications bandwidth across all broadcast, internet, and mobile networks. Users are demanding increased video quality, increased quantities of video content, more extensive access, and better reliability. This is creating a major tension between the available capacity per user in the network and the bit rates required to transmit video content at the desired quality. Network operators, content creators, and service providers therefore are all seeking better ways to transmit the highest quality video at the lowest bit rate, something that can only be achieved through video compression. This chapter provides an introduction to some of the most common image and video compression methods in use today and sets the scene for the rest of the contributions in later chapters. It first explains, in the context of a range of video applications, why compression is needed and what compression ratios are required. It then examines the basic video compression architecture, using the ubiquitous hybrid, block-based motion compensated codec. Finally it briefly examines why standards are so important in supporting interoperability. This chapter, necessarily only provides an overview of video coding algorithms, and the reader if referred to Ref. [1] for a more comprehensive description of the methods used in today’s compression systems. Keywords
Image compression; Video compression; Video applications; Discrete cosine transform; Entropy coding; Motion estimation; Video standards Nomenclature
1-D one dimensional 2-D two dimensional 3-D three dimensional AC alternating current. Used to denote all transform coefficients except the zero frequency coefficient ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line ASP advanced simple profile (of MPEG-4) AVC advanced video codec (H.264) B bi-coded picture bpp bits per pixel bps bits per second CCIR international radio consultative committee (now ITU) CIF common intermediate format codec encoder and decoder CT computerized tomography CTU coding tree unit CU coding unit DC direct current. Refers to zero frequency transform coefficient. DCT discrete cosine transform DFD displaced frame difference DFT discrete Fourier transform DPCM differential pulse code modulation DVB digital video broadcasting EBU European Broadcasting Union FD frame difference fps frames per second GOB group of blocks GOP group of pictures HDTV high definition television HEVC high efficiency video codec (H.265) HVS human visual system I intra coded picture IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IP internet protocol ISDN integrated services digital network ISO International Standards Organization ITU International Telecommunications Union. -R Radio; -T Telecommunications JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group kbps kilobits per second LTE long term evolution (4G mobile radio technology) MB macroblock mbps mega bits per second MC motion compensation MCP motion compensated prediction ME motion estimation MEC motion estimation and compensation MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MRI magnetic resonance imaging MV motion vector P predicted picture PSNR peak signal to noise ratio QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QCIF quarter CIF resolution QPSK quadrature phase shift keying RGB red, green, and blue color primaries SG study group (of ITU) SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers TV television UHDTV ultra high definition television UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system VDSL very high bit rate digital subscriber line VLC variable length coding VLD variable length decoding YCbCr color coordinate system comprising luminance, Y, and two chrominance channels, Cb and Cr 5.01.1 Introduction
Visual information is the primary consumer of communications bandwidth across all broadcast, internet, and mobile networks. Users are demanding increased video quality, increased quantities of video content, more extensive access, and better reliability. This is creating a major tension between the available capacity per user in the network and the bit rates required to transmit video content at the desired quality. Network operators, content creators, and service providers therefore are all seeking better ways to transmit the highest quality video at the lowest bit rate, something that can only be achieved through video compression. This chapter provides an introduction to some of the most common image and video compression methods in use today and sets the scene for the rest of the contributions in later chapters. It first explains, in the context of a range of video applications, why compression is needed and what compression ratios are required. It then examines the basic video compression architecture, using the ubiquitous hybrid, block-based motion compensated codec. Finally it briefly examines why standards are so important in supporting interoperability. This chapter, necessarily only provides an overview of video coding algorithms, and the reader if referred to Ref. [1] for a more comprehensive description of the methods used in today’s compression systems. 5.01.2 Applications areas for video coding
By 2020 it is predicted that the number of network-connected devices will reach 1000 times the world’s population; there will be 7 trillion connected devices for 7 billion people [2]. Cisco predict [3] that this will result in 1.3 zettabytes of global internet traffic in 2016, with over 80% of this being video traffic. This explosion in video technology and the associated demand for video content are driven by: • Increased numbers of users with increased expectations of quality and mobility. • Increased amounts of user generated content available through social networking and download sites. • The emergence of new ways of working using distributed applications and environments such as the cloud. • Emerging immersive and interactive entertainment formats for film, television, and streaming. 5.01.2.1 Markets for video technology
A huge and increasing number of applications rely on video technology. These include: 5.01.2.1.1 Consumer video Entertainment, personal communications, and social interaction provide the primary applications in consumer video, and these will dominate the video landscape of the future. There has, for example, been a massive increase in the consumption and sharing of content on mobile devices and this is likely to be the major driver over the coming years. The key drivers in this sector are: • Broadcast television, digital cinema and the demand for more immersive content (3-D, multiview, higher resolution, frame rate, and dynamic range). • Internet streaming, peer to peer distribution, and personal mobile communication...