Buchholz / Styczynski Smart Grids

Fundamentals and Technologies in Electric Power Systems of the future
2. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-3-662-60930-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 425 Seiten

Nowadays, Smart Grid has become an established synonym for modern electric power systems. Electric networks are fed less and less by large, centrally planned fossil and nuclear power plants but more and more by millions of smaller, renewable and mostly weather-dependent generation units. A secure energy supply in such a sustainable and ecological system requires a completely different approach for planning, equipping and operating the electric power systems of the future, especially by using flexibility provisions of the network users according to the Smart Grid concept. The book brings together common themes beginning with Smart Grids and the characteristics of power plants based on renewable energy with highly efficient generation principles and storage capabilities. It covers the advanced technologies applied today in the transmission and distribution networks and innovative solutions for maintaining today's high power quality under the challenging conditions of large-scale shares of volatile renewable energy sources in the annual energy balance. Besides considering the new primary and secondary technology solutions and control facilities for the transmission and distribution networks, prospective market conditions allowing network operators and the network users to gain benefits are also discussed. The growing role of information and communication technologies is investigated. The importance of new standards is underlined and the current international efforts in developing a consistent set of standards are updated in the second edition and described in detail. The updated presentation of international experiences to apply novel Smart Grid solutions to the practice of network operation concludes this book.

Dr. Bernd M. Buchholz and Prof. Dr. Zbigniew A. Styczynski worked for many years to develop Smart Grid solutions within national and international projects and to introduce them in the practice of network operations.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Buchholz, Bernd M.

Styczynski, Zbigniew A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Acknowledgments;7
3;Contents;9
4;Abbreviations;15
5;1 Vision and Strategy for the Electricity Networks of the Future;21
5.1;1.1 The Drivers of Smart Grids;21
5.2;1.2 The Core Elements of the European Smart Grid Vision;25
5.3;1.3 Ambitious Changes of the Energy Policy in Europe and the Consequences for Smart Grids;31
5.4;References;37
6;2 Smart Generation: Resources and Potentials;38
6.1;2.1 New Trends and Requirements for Electricity Generation;38
6.2;2.2 Volatile Renewable Energy Sources: Wind and Sun;41
6.2.1;2.2.1 Wind Power Plants;41
6.2.2;2.2.2 Utilization of Solar Power for Electricity Generation;48
6.3;2.3 Cogeneration of Heat and Power Applying Renewable Energy Sources;54
6.3.1;2.3.1 Bio Fuel Power Plants;55
6.3.2;2.3.2 Geothermal Power Plants;57
6.3.3;2.3.3 Fuel Cells;59
6.4;2.4 Electric Energy Storage Systems;62
6.4.1;2.4.1 Introduction and Categories of Electricity Storage;62
6.4.2;2.4.2 Long-Term Bulk Energy Storage Plants;64
6.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants;64
6.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage;65
6.4.3;2.4.3 Stationary Electric Batteries;67
6.4.4;2.4.4 “Power to Gas” by Electrolysis and Methanation;70
6.4.5;2.4.5 Electric Energy Management by Thermal Storage;72
6.5;2.5 Enhanced Flexibility Requirements for Controllable Power Plants;74
6.6;References;78
7;3 Modern Technologies and the Smart Grid Challenges in Transmission Networks;80
7.1;3.1 Substations: The Network Nodes;80
7.1.1;3.1.1 Schemes and Components of Transmission Substations;81
7.1.2;3.1.2 Innovative Air Insulated Switchgear Technology;85
7.1.3;3.1.3 Gas Insulated Switchgear;89
7.2;3.2 Control and Automation of Power Systems by Digital Technologies;91
7.2.1;3.2.1 The Hierarchy and the Data Processing of Power System Control and Automation;91
7.2.2;3.2.2 Protection and Control in Substations;94
7.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Historical Development;94
7.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Advanced IED Technology;97
7.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Protection and Control Schemes in UHV, EHV and HV Substations;102
7.2.3;3.2.3 Control Center Technologies;110
7.3;3.3 Transmission Technologies;114
7.3.1;3.3.1 Overview;114
7.3.2;3.3.2 AC-Transmission;117
7.3.3;3.3.3 DC-Transmission;120
7.3.4;3.3.4 Flexible AC Transmission Using Active and Reactive Power Control;126
7.4;3.4 Present Challenges for Transmission Grids;130
7.4.1;3.4.1 The Impact of Fluctuating Wind and Solar Power Generation;130
7.4.2;3.4.2 The Dislocation of Generation and Load Centers;133
7.4.3;3.4.3 Power In-Feed by Power Electronics and Short Circuit Power;135
7.5;References;139
8;4 Design of Distribution Networks and the Impact of New Network Users;140
8.1;4.1 Categories of Distribution Networks;140
8.2;4.2 Primary and Secondary MV Distribution;141
8.3;4.3 Network Categories for MV and LV;147
8.4;4.4 Neutral Grounding Concepts;151
8.4.1;4.4.1 Resonant Grounding;153
8.4.2;4.4.2 Isolated Neutral;155
8.4.3;4.4.3 Solid and Low Impedance (Current Limiting) Neutral Grounding;156
8.4.4;4.4.4 Combined Methods;156
8.4.5;4.4.5 Summary Grounding Methods;157
8.4.6;4.4.6 Practical Experiences for Efficient Selection of the Neutral Grounding Method;158
8.4.6.1;4.4.6.1 Industrial 6 kV Network;158
8.4.6.2;4.4.6.2 Industrial 20 kV System;160
8.5;4.5 Protection for Distribution Networks;162
8.5.1;4.5.1 MV Networks;162
8.5.2;4.5.2 The Feeding Substations of MV Networks;169
8.5.3;4.5.3 LV Networks;170
8.6;4.6 Distribution Network Operation;171
8.6.1;4.6.1 Ensuring Power Quality;171
8.6.2;4.6.2 Process Management;176
8.7;4.7 New Trends in Distribution Systems;180
8.7.1;4.7.1 Distributed Generation and New Types of Load;180
8.7.2;4.7.2 Impact on Power Quality;181
8.8;References;183
9;5 Smart Operation and Observability at the Transmission Level;185
9.1;5.1 The Root Causes of Large Blackouts and the Lessons Learned;186
9.1.1;5.1.1 Overview and the Voltage Collapse Phenomena;186
9.1.2;5.1.2 Northeast USA/Canada Blackout 2003;188
9.1.3;5.1.3 Large Supply Interruption in London 2003;191
9.1.4;5.1.4 Blackout in Sweden and Denmark 2003;192
9.1.5;5.1.5 The Italian Blackout 2003;193
9.1.6;5.1.6 The Blackout of Athens 2004;194
9.1.7;5.1.7 The Large Disturbance in the Southern Moscow 2005;196
9.1.8;5.1.8 The Large System Disturbance in Germany and Continental Europe 2006;197
9.2;5.2 Control Areas and System Services;199
9.2.1;5.2.1 Power System Management;200
9.2.2;5.2.2 Frequency Control;202
9.2.3;5.2.3 Voltage Control;205
9.2.4;5.2.4 Restoration of Supply;206
9.2.5;5.2.5 Generation Scheduling: Merit Order Principle;206
9.2.6;5.2.6 System Service Provision by Distributed Energy Resources;207
9.3;5.3 Power System Observation and Intelligent Congestion Management;212
9.3.1;5.3.1 Need for More Observation in the Power System;212
9.3.2;5.3.2 Prediction Methods for a Secure Power System Operation;214
9.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Basic Prediction Principles of Power Injections from Volatile RES;214
9.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Day-Ahead Congestion Forecast (DACF) in the Interconnected Transmission System;218
9.3.2.3;5.3.2.3 The Need for Network Level Overlapping Congestion Forecasts;218
9.3.2.4;5.3.2.4 The Cellular Approach for Predictions, Balancing and Schedule Management;220
9.3.3;5.3.3 Modern Protection Concepts;223
9.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Protection Security Assessment;223
9.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Adaptive Protection;225
9.3.3.3;5.3.3.3 System Protection;228
9.3.4;5.3.4 Wide Area Monitoring by Phasor Measurement;230
9.3.5;5.3.5 Steady State and Dynamic Security Assessment;235
9.3.6;5.3.6 Weather Condition Monitoring and Flexible Line Loading;240
9.4;5.4 Conclusions;241
9.5;References;241
10;6 The Three Pillars of Smart Distribution;243
10.1;6.1 The Relationship Between Smart Grids and Smart Markets in Distribution Systems;243
10.2;6.2 Pillar 1: Automation and Remote Control of Local Distribution Networks;247
10.2.1;6.2.1 Voltage Control;247
10.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Traditional Voltage Quality Control and the Adaptation to the Smart Grid Conditions;247
10.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 Involvement of the Network Users into Voltage Control;251
10.2.2;6.2.2 Opportunities for Power Flow Control;252
10.2.3;6.2.3 Automated and Remote Controlled Recovery of Supply After Fault Trips;254
10.2.4;6.2.4 Enhanced MV Protection Concepts;256
10.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 The Changing Protection Conditions [1];256
10.2.4.2;6.2.4.2 Adapted Protection Schemes in Distribution Networks with Connected DERs [6];260
10.2.4.3;6.2.4.3 Phasor Measurement in Distribution Networks;263
10.2.5;6.2.5 The Economy of the Smart Grid Enhancement in Distribution;265
10.3;6.3 Pillar 2: Flexibility by Virtual Power Plants: Smart Aggregation;268
10.3.1;6.3.1 Basics of Virtual Power Plants;268
10.3.2;6.3.2 Demand Side Management: The Role of Storage and Controllable Loads;270
10.3.3;6.3.3 Business Models of Virtual Power Plants on Prospective Markets;274
10.4;6.4 Pillar 3: Smart Metering and Market Integration of the Consumers;279
10.4.1;6.4.1 Basics of the Digital Metering Technology;279
10.4.2;6.4.2 Dynamic Tariffs;281
10.4.3;6.4.3 The Impact on Consumer Behavior: Demand Side Response;284
10.4.4;6.4.4 Electric Vehicle Management;289
10.5;6.5 Communication Needs for Smart Distribution;294
10.6;References;296
11;7 Design of the Smart Energy Market;297
11.1;7.1 Prospective Markets for Power Supply: A Vision and a Case Study;302
11.2;7.2 Smart Services for Network Operations and Electricity Markets;309
11.2.1;7.2.1 The Overview of the Smart Services;309
11.2.2;7.2.2 Metering Services;310
11.2.3;7.2.3 Data Communication and Information Management;312
11.3;References;313
12;8 Advanced Information and Communication Technology: The Backbone of Smart Grids;314
12.1;8.1 The Importance of Uniform ICT Standards for Smart Grids;314
12.1.1;8.1.1 Functions of ICT Standards;314
12.1.2;8.1.2 Communication Standards;315
12.1.3;8.1.3 Standards for Data Management;318
12.1.4;8.1.4 Information Security;321
12.2;8.2 The History of Communication Development for Supervision and Control in Power Systems;322
12.2.1;8.2.1 The Design Development of Remote Substation Control;322
12.2.2;8.2.2 Introduction of Digital Communication Protocols;326
12.3;8.3 Seamless Communication by Applying the Standard Series IEC 61850;334
12.3.1;8.3.1 The Reference Model and the Structure of IEC 61850;334
12.3.2;8.3.2 The Data Model;337
12.3.3;8.3.3 Three Protocols on One Bus: The Communication Service Structure;343
12.3.4;8.3.4 Protocol Services;344
12.3.5;8.3.5 Independent Engineering;349
12.3.6;8.3.6 Conformance and Acceptance Testing;352
12.3.7;8.3.7 New Standard Parts for Smart Grid Extensions;356
12.4;8.4 Data Management Based on the Common Information Model CIM IEC 61968/70;359
12.5;8.5 Data and Communications Security IEC/TS 62351;364
12.6;8.6 Global Activities for Uniform Smart Grid Standards;366
12.6.1;8.6.1 The Reference Model IEC/TR 62357;366
12.6.2;8.6.2 The European Mandate M/490;368
12.6.3;8.6.3 Global Activity Analysis Within the E-Energy/Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap;373
12.7;Appendix;380
12.8;References;382
13;9 Smart Grids Worldwide;384
13.1;9.1 Smart Grids for the World’s Largest Power Systems;384
13.1.1;9.1.1 Ambitious Power System Development Strategy in China;384
13.1.2;9.1.2 Development Targets for Interconnections in the USA;388
13.1.3;9.1.3 The Power System Enhancement in Russia and its Neighbouring Countries;394
13.2;9.2 Overview of Smart Grid Projects in Europe;400
13.2.1;9.2.1 Projects of the 5th–8th Framework Programmes of the European Union;400
13.2.2;9.2.2 The European Inventory of National Smart Grid Projects;403
13.3;9.3 Selected Smart Grid Application Experiences;409
13.3.1;9.3.1 Web2Energy: The Three Pillars of Smart Distribution in Practice;409
13.3.2;9.3.2 RegModHarz: Region Supplied by a Virtual Power Plant;413
13.3.3;9.3.3 DSR Projects in the USA;417
13.3.4;9.3.4 The South Korean Smart Grid Test-Bed on Jeju Island;420
13.4;References;423