Broom / Johnson Stress and Animal Welfare

Key Issues in the Biology of Humans and Other Animals
2. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-32153-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 19, 230 Seiten

Reihe: Animal Welfare

This is the Second Edition of a well-received book that reflects a fresh, integrated coverage of the concepts and scientific measurement of stress and welfare of animals including humans. This book explains the basic biological principles of coping with many forms of adversity. The major part of this work is devoted to explaining scientifically usable concepts in stress and welfare. A wide range of welfare indicators are highlighted in detail with examples being drawn from man and other species. The necessity for combining information from disciplines is emphasized with a one-health, one-welfare approach. This information forms the basis for a synthesis of new ideas. Among the issues covered are:

- How brain and body systems regulate using feelings, physiological responses, behaviour and responses to pathology

- Limits to adaptation

- Assessing positive and negative welfare during both short-term and long-term situations

- Ethical problems and suggestedsolutions

A proper assessment of animal welfare is essential to take informed decisions about what is morally acceptable in terms of practice and in the development of a more effective legislation. This work encapsulates a very wide body of literature on scientific aspects of animal welfare and will thus prove a valuable asset for animal welfare scientists, psychologists, students and teachers of all forms of biology, behaviour, medicine, veterinary medicine and animal usage.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Broom, Donald M.

Johnson, Ken G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Animal Welfare Series Preface;6
2;Preface to Second Edition;9
3;Acknowledgements;12
4;Contents;13
5;Chapter 1: One Welfare, One Health, One Stress: Humans and Other Animals;18
5.1;1.1 The Terms Animal, Welfare, Health and Stress;18
5.2;1.2 Animal Welfare and Social Change;22
5.3;1.3 The Debate About Animal Usage;24
5.4;1.4 Genetics, Epigenetics and What the Environment Can Change;26
5.5;1.5 The Challenge Ahead;27
5.6;References;28
6;Chapter 2: Adaptation, Regulation, Sentience and Brain Control;31
6.1;2.1 Adaptation;31
6.2;2.2 Homeostatic Control;32
6.3;2.3 Sentience and the Role of the Brain in Coping;34
6.4;2.4 Habituation and Sensitisation;35
6.5;2.5 Motivational State;36
6.6;2.6 Outputs from Decision Centres;39
6.6.1;2.6.1 Neural and Muscular Outputs;39
6.6.2;2.6.2 Hormonal and Neurohormonal Outputs;40
6.7;2.7 Control Systems and Needs;42
6.7.1;2.7.1 Simple Models of Control;42
6.7.2;2.7.2 Motivational State as the Determinant of Action;45
6.7.3;2.7.3 Other Concepts that Have Been Used to Explain Motivation;46
6.7.4;2.7.4 The Concepts of Needs and Freedoms;47
6.7.5;2.7.5 Motivational Dilemmas and the `Trade-off´ Concept;49
6.8;2.8 Types of Control;50
6.8.1;2.8.1 Rates of Neural and Hormonal Response;51
6.8.2;2.8.2 Feedback and Feedforward Controls;51
6.8.3;2.8.3 Predictability of Stimulation;53
6.9;2.9 Pain;55
6.10;2.10 Other Feelings and Emotions: Positive and Negative;56
6.11;2.11 Development of Regulatory Systems;57
6.11.1;2.11.1 Early Abilities, Preferences and Experiences;57
6.11.2;2.11.2 Learning and Memory;58
6.11.3;2.11.3 Lifetime and Evolutionary Changes;59
6.12;References;60
7;Chapter 3: Limits to Adaptation;65
7.1;3.1 Limitations of Timing and Temporal Aspects of Stimulus Modality;65
7.1.1;3.1.1 Changes in Frequency;65
7.1.2;3.1.2 Changes in Duration;68
7.1.3;3.1.3 The Impact of Novelty;70
7.1.4;3.1.4 The Value of Forewarning;70
7.2;3.2 Limitations of Intensity as an Information Basis for Adaptation;71
7.2.1;3.2.1 Changes in Intensity;71
7.2.2;3.2.2 Hazard Avoidance and Lethal Limits;71
7.3;3.3 Variation in Adaptation Has Consequences for Responses to Stimulation;73
7.4;3.4 Integrating Time, Intensity and Mode of Stimulation;74
7.5;3.5 The Concepts of Tolerance and Coping;76
7.6;3.6 Variations in Patterns of Adaptation;78
7.6.1;3.6.1 Differing Rates and Methods of Adaptation;78
7.6.2;3.6.2 Hypersensitivity;79
7.6.3;3.6.3 Hyposensitivity and Stress-Induced Analgesia;79
7.7;3.7 Other Factors Affecting Adaptation and Coping;80
7.7.1;3.7.1 Lack of Stimulation;80
7.7.2;3.7.2 Unpredictable Stimulation;81
7.7.3;3.7.3 Frustration of Behavioural Output;82
7.8;3.8 Effects of Human Selection of Animals on Their Ability to Adapt;83
7.9;References;84
8;Chapter 4: Stress and Welfare: History and Usage of Concepts;87
8.1;4.1 Stress;87
8.2;4.2 Welfare;97
8.3;4.3 Welfare Assessment;103
8.4;4.4 Welfare in Relation to Stress;107
8.5;4.5 Welfare in Relation to Naturalness;108
8.6;4.6 Welfare and Well-Being;109
8.7;4.7 Welfare and Quality of Life;109
8.8;4.8 Welfare and a Life Worth Living;109
8.9;4.9 Welfare in Other Languages;110
8.10;4.10 Welfare and Sentience;110
8.11;References;111
9;Chapter 5: Assessing Welfare: Short-Term Responses;114
9.1;5.1 Behavioural Measures of Welfare;116
9.1.1;5.1.1 Orientation and Startle Responses;116
9.1.2;5.1.2 Individual Differences in Behavioural Responses;118
9.1.3;5.1.3 Measures for Assessing Pain;118
9.2;5.2 Physiological Measures of Welfare;121
9.2.1;5.2.1 Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability;121
9.2.2;5.2.2 Rate of Breathing, Breathlessness and Body Temperature;124
9.2.3;5.2.3 The Adrenal Axes;125
9.2.4;5.2.4 Other Hormones;131
9.2.5;5.2.5 Enzymes, Other Proteins and Metabolic Products;132
9.2.6;5.2.6 Blood, Muscle and Other Carcass Characteristics;133
9.3;5.3 Using Indicators to Evaluate Welfare;135
9.4;5.4 Short-Term Welfare Problems and Concepts of Stress;136
9.5;References;138
10;Chapter 6: Assessing Welfare: Long-Term Responses;146
10.1;6.1 Direct Measures of Good Welfare;147
10.2;6.2 Cognitive Bias and Other Indirect Measures of Good Welfare;148
10.3;6.3 Qualitative Behavioural Assessment;149
10.4;6.4 Reduced Reproductive Success;151
10.5;6.5 Reduced Life Expectancy;152
10.6;6.6 Weight, Growth and Body Condition;154
10.7;6.7 Cardiovascular and Blood Measures;155
10.8;6.8 Adrenal Axes;156
10.8.1;6.8.1 Sympathetic Nervous System and Adrenal Medulla;156
10.8.2;6.8.2 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex;156
10.9;6.9 Measures of Immune System Function;157
10.9.1;6.9.1 Measuring White Cell Numbers;158
10.9.2;6.9.2 Antibody Production;158
10.9.3;6.9.3 T-Lymphocyte Function;159
10.9.4;6.9.4 Other Body Defences;161
10.10;6.10 Bone Strength, Muscle Strength and Injury;162
10.11;6.11 Disease Incidence Measures;163
10.12;6.12 Brain Measures;164
10.13;6.13 Behavioural Measures;165
10.13.1;6.13.1 Problems with Movement;166
10.13.2;6.13.2 Behaviour Associated with Lack of a Resource;168
10.13.3;6.13.3 Behaviour Associated with Lack of Social or Sexual Partners;169
10.13.4;6.13.4 Consequences of Inability to Perform a Behaviour;170
10.13.5;6.13.5 Sickness Behaviour and Physiology;171
10.14;6.14 Other Consequences of Frustration and Lack of Control;172
10.14.1;6.14.1 Aggression;172
10.14.2;6.14.2 Stereotypies;172
10.14.3;6.14.3 Depression, Apathy and Unresponsiveness;175
10.15;6.15 Lack of Stimulation and Overstimulation;177
10.15.1;6.15.1 Lack of Stimulation;177
10.15.2;6.15.2 Overstimulation;177
10.15.3;6.15.3 Problems Caused by Specific Localised Stimulation;179
10.16;6.16 Interrelationships Among Measures and Welfare Outcome Measures;179
10.17;References;180
11;Chapter 7: Preference Studies and Welfare;188
11.1;7.1 Time and Energy Allocation in a Rich Environment;189
11.2;7.2 Experimental Studies of Animal Preferences;191
11.2.1;7.2.1 Assessing the Importance of Preferences;191
11.2.2;7.2.2 Operant Techniques in the Assessment of Preferences;193
11.3;7.3 Environmental Enrichment;200
11.4;7.4 Do Preference Studies Tell us What Is Important for Animals?;202
11.5;References;203
12;Chapter 8: Ethics: Considering World Issues;207
12.1;8.1 World Problems;207
12.2;8.2 Value Systems;208
12.3;8.3 Anti-Microbial Resistance;210
12.4;8.4 Climate Change;211
12.5;8.5 Sustainability;211
12.5.1;8.5.1 Adverse Effects on Human Welfare, Including Human Health;212
12.5.2;8.5.2 Poor Welfare of Animals;212
12.5.3;8.5.3 Unacceptable Genetic Modification;213
12.5.4;8.5.4 Harmful Environmental Effects;213
12.5.5;8.5.5 Inefficient Usage of World Food Resources;213
12.5.6;8.5.6 Not ``Fair Trade´´: Producers in Poor Countries Do Not Receive a Fair Reward;214
12.5.7;8.5.7 Not Preserving Rural Communities;214
12.6;8.6 How Humans Impose on Other Animals: And Vice Versa;215
12.6.1;8.6.1 The most Successful Animals;215
12.6.2;8.6.2 Numbers of Animals Kept by Humans in Relation to Welfare Problems;215
12.6.3;8.6.3 Ethics of Killing and Welfare;217
12.7;8.7 Setting Ethical Limits to Assessed Welfare;218
12.7.1;8.7.1 Animals in a Natural Environment;218
12.7.2;8.7.2 Humans under the Same Strain;219
12.7.3;8.7.3 The Informed and Compassionate Arbiter;219
12.8;8.8 Food Production Systems for the Future;220
12.8.1;8.8.1 Sustainable Animal and Forage Plant Systems;222
12.9;8.9 Stress and Welfare in the General Ethical Framework;222
12.10;References;222
13;Chapter 9: Stress and Welfare in the World;225
13.1;9.1 Studying Stress and Welfare;225
13.2;9.2 Using the Term Stress Scientifically;226
13.2.1;9.2.1 Avoidance of Stress;227
13.2.2;9.2.2 Reduction of Stress and Improvement of Welfare;228
13.2.3;9.2.3 Monitoring Welfare;228
13.3;9.3 Welfare in the Moral World;229
14;Glossary;231
15;Index;238