Bögre / Beemster Plant Growth Signaling

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-77590-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 10, 380 Seiten

Reihe: Plant Cell Monographs

Plant growth is of great economical and intellectual interest. Plants are the basis of our living environment, the production of our food and a myriad of plant-based natural products. Plant bio-mass is also becoming an important renewable energy resource. Agricultural plant cultivation and breeding programs have altered plant productivity and yield parameters extensively, yet the principles and underlying mechanisms are not well understood. At the cellular level, growth is the result of only two processes, cell division and cell expansion, but these two processes are controlled by intertwined signaling cascades and regulatory mechanisms forming complex regulatory networks. Ultimately this network is what plant scientists are trying to unravel. The sequencing of model and agronomically important plant genomes allows complete insight into the molecular components involved in each process. Methods to quantify the molecular changes, image growth processes and reconstruct growth regulatory networks are rapidly developing. This knowledge should help to elucidate key regulators and to design methods to engineer plant architecture and growth parameters for future human needs. This volume gives a comprehensive overview of what is known about plant growth regulation and growth restraints due to environmental conditions and should allow readers at all levels an entry into this exiting field of research.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bögre, László

Beemster, Gerrit

Bögre, Laszlo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Editors;7
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;12
4;Signals and Mechanisms in the Control of Plant Growth;14
4.1;1 Introduction and Background;14
4.2;2 Regulation of Growth;18
4.3;3 Plant Growth Responses to Environmental Change;21
4.4;4 Root Growth;25
4.5;5 Integration of Growth Control;27
4.6;6 Conclusions and Perspectives;29
4.7;References;31
5;Control of Plant Organ Size;38
5.1;1 Introduction;38
5.2;2 Control of Growth by Proliferation;41
5.3;3 Control of Growth by Expansion;46
5.4;4 How Does Organ Identity or Tissue Patterning Modify Growth?;48
5.5;5 Evolution of Plant Organ Size;51
5.6;6 Higher-Level Control of Organ Size and Plant-Wide Integration;52
5.7;7 Concluding Remarks;52
5.8;References;53
6;Control of Leaf Morphogenesis by Long- and Short- Distance Signaling: Differentiation of Leaves Into Sun or Shade Types and Compensated Cell Enlargement;60
6.1;1 Introduction;60
6.2;2 Differentiation of Leaves Into Sun and Shade Types;62
6.3;3 Organ-Wide Control of Leaf Size;66
6.4;References;71
7;Plant Growth Dynamics: Analysis of Basic Spatial and Temporal Growth Patterns on the Background of Photosynthetic Energy Gain and Interactions with the Environment;76
7.1;1 Introduction—The Relevance of Plant Growth;76
7.2;2 Technical Requirements and Optimized Cultivation Systems to Analyze Plant Growth Dynamics;77
7.3;3 Basic Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Organ Growth Distributions;82
7.4;4 Utilization of Light Energy as a Basic Requirement of Plant Growth;85
7.5;5 The Carbohydrate Metabolism Mediates Between the Gain of Light Energy and the Production of Biomass;88
7.6;6 The Effect of Altered Environmental Factors Interfering with the Connection Between Light, Photosynthesis and Leaf Growth Dynamics;90
7.7;7 Conclusions;93
7.8;References;94
8;Keeping the Balance Between Proliferation and Differentiation by the E2F Transcriptional Regulatory Network is Central to Plant Growth and Development;102
8.1;1 Introduction;102
8.2;2 Animal E2Fs;103
8.3;3 The Chlamidomonas E2F-RB Pathway; the Simplest Scenario;105
8.4;4 The Arabidopsis E2F Family;106
8.5;5 Conclusions;114
8.6;References;115
9;Plant Cell Growth Signalling and Its Link to Ploidy;120
9.1;1 Introduction;120
9.2;2 How is Endoreduplication Controlled in Plants?;122
9.3;3 How Is Cell Size Controlled in Plants?;133
9.4;4 Conclusion;135
9.5;References;135
10;Epidermal Signalling and the Control of Plant Shoot Growth;140
10.1;1 Introduction;140
10.2;2 The Ontogeny of the Shoot Epidermal Cell Layer;141
10.3;3 Epidermal Contribution to Plant Growth Control;143
10.4;4 Specifying and Maintaining a Functional Epidermal Cell Layer;156
10.5;References;161
11;Signaling in Auxin-Dependent Plant Development;168
11.1;1 Introduction;168
11.2;2 Auxin Signaling;169
11.3;3 Signaling Directing Auxin Distribution;175
11.4;4 Conclusion;183
11.5;References;184
12;Brassinosteroid Signaling;192
12.1;1 Introduction;192
12.2;2 The Role of Receptor Kinases in BR Signaling;193
12.3;3 BRI1 Substrates and Interacting Proteins;202
12.4;4 Downstream Components of BR Signaling;203
12.5;5 Concluding Remarks;204
12.6;References;206
13;Ethylene: Inhibitor and Stimulator of Plant Growth;212
13.1;1 Ethylene Synthesis;212
13.2;2 Ethylene Signaling;215
13.3;3 Growth Inhibition;216
13.4;4 Growth Stimulation;221
13.5;5 The Balance Between Growth Stimulation and Growth Inhibition: Concentration Dependent?;226
13.6;References;227
14;Light and the Control of Plant Growth;236
14.1;1 Introduction;236
14.2;2 Biology of the Photoreceptors;238
14.3;3 Light Promotes Radicle Growth and Germination;239
14.4;4 Light Inhibits Hypocotyl, Internode and Leaf Petiole Extension Growth;240
14.5;5 Light Promotes Leaf Initiation and Cotyledon and Leaf Blade Expansion;246
14.6;6 A Conflict Between Positive and Negative Responses?;247
14.7;7 Is There a Central, Light-Dependent Control of Differentiation?;248
14.8;8 Increased Light Quantity Promotes and Adjusts the Growth of Leaves;250
14.9;References;251
15;TOR Signaling in Plants;256
15.1;1 Introduction—Plants and TOR;256
15.2;2 TORC1 and TORC2—the Central Themes of TOR Signaling;256
15.3;3 TOR Signaling in Plants—Introduction;259
15.4;4 Bioinformatics as a Tool;259
15.5;5 Rapamycin as a Tool;261
15.6;6 Biochemistry as a Tool: TOR and TORC Protein Interactions;262
15.7;7 Genetic Analysis of TOR Signaling in Plants;263
15.8;8 Implications for TOR Signaling in Plants;266
15.9;References;268
16;MAP Kinase Cascades Controlling Cell Division, Plant Growth and Development;274
16.1;1 Introduction;274
16.2;2 The Plant Genome Encodes a Variety of MAPKs, MAPKKs and MAPKKKs;275
16.3;3 The MAP Kinase Pathway as a Regulator of Plant Cytokinesis;275
16.4;4 YODA is a MAPKKK that is Part of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Regulating Cell Differentiation;281
16.5;5 MAP Kinase Signaling in Root Hair Development;282
16.6;6 MAP Kinase Pathways in Phytohormone Signaling;283
16.7;7 Multiple Roles of a MAP Kinase Pathway in Response to Various Signals;284
16.8;References;285
17;Protein Phosphatases in Plant Growth Signalling Pathways;290
17.1;1 Plant Protein Phosphatase Families;290
17.2;2 Protein Tyrosine Superfamily (PTP);293
17.3;3 PP2C Family of Plant Protein Phosphatases;297
17.4;References;304
18;Armadillo Repeat Proteins: Versatile Regulators of Plant Development and Signalling;312
18.1;1 Introduction;312
18.2;2 Arm-Repeat Proteins in Plant Growth, Development and Hormone Signalling;314
18.3;3 Arm-Repeat Proteins Regulate Plant Cell Architecture;319
18.4;4 Arm-Repeat Proteins in Plant Cell Death;321
18.5;5 Conclusions;323
18.6;References;324
19;Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomics as a Tool for the Analysis of Protein – Protein Interactions in Signaling Processes;328
19.1;1 Introduction;328
19.2;2 Domains, Motifs, and Modification;329
19.3;3 Strategies for Interaction Screening;332
19.4;4 Search for Kinases;336
19.5;5 Dynamics in Signaling Events;338
19.6;6 Conclusion;339
19.7;References;339
20;Signal Transduction Networks During Stress Responses in Arabidopsis: High-Throughput Analysis and Modelling;344
20.1;1 Introduction – Signalling Networks and Signalling Pathways;344
20.2;2 The Use of High-Throughput Transcriptomics Data to Infer Signalling Networks Activated During Stress;345
20.3;3 The Next Phase of Microarray Analysis is to Add Structure to the Data: Novel Available Bioinformatics Tools for Database- Hopping Biologists;349
20.4;4 The Modelling of Large Complex Networks;351
20.5;5 Computational Frameworks to Model Signalling Networks in;352
20.6;6 Protein Interaction Networks;355
20.7;7 Conclusions;358
20.8;References;359
21;Cell Growth Control in an Algal Model;364
21.1;1 Introduction;364
21.2;2 The Basic Cell Cycle;365
21.3;3 Multiple Fission: A Variation on the Theme;366
21.4;4 Chlamydomonas;369
21.5;5 Other Models;372
21.6;References;379
22;Subject Index;388