Block / Freeman / Puerari Galaxies and their Masks

A Conference in Honour of K.C. Freeman, FRS
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7317-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 479 Seiten

Various kinds of masks obscure our view of our galaxy, the Milky Way, as well as of other galaxies. Masks of interstellar dust affect our measurements within galaxies, on scales ranging from individual supernovae to the galaxies themselves. The ,mass mask (our inability to image mass rather than light) gives astronomers a very incomplete picture of the size and structure of galaxies themselves, because we cannot image the dark matter which provides most of the galactic mass. Another mass is the dynamical mask: as galaxies form, much dynamical information is lost in the birthing process. A new thrust in research is to retrieve such information by means of chemical tagging. About 50 astronomers flew into Namibia in April 2010, to celebrate the 70th birthday of Professor K.C. Freeman, Fellow of the Royal Society. At age 70, Freeman, a father of dark matter in galaxies, continues to be one of planet's most highly cited astronomers. The current volume affords readers a unique perspective on galaxies by probing the thoughts of some of the greatest astronomers of our age. Contributions focus on galaxies from within our Local Group to those in our high redshift Universe. Approximately 40 in-depth review and contributed papers are contained in the volume, each written by an expert in the field. Two unusual features of the current volume include the Star Country of the San people of southern Africa as well as the introduction into astronomy of The Treachery of Images by the Belgian surrealist artist René Magritte. Everything we see hides another thing, we always want to see what is hidden by what we see, said Magritte. These words resonate the theme of the current volume Galaxies and their Masks, which is written at a level to be appreciated by both specialist and doctoral student alike.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Puerari, Ivânio

Block, David L.

Freeman, Kenneth C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;15
3;A Tribute to Ken Freeman;19
4;Stars are Small Dark-Coloured ThingsThat Live in Holes in the Ground ;35
4.1;1 Introduction;35
4.2;2 !nanni, Tamme and George Stow;36
4.3;3 Concluding Thoughts;53
4.4;References;55
5;Shrouds of the Night -- Galaxies and René Magritte ;57
5.1;1 Galaxies and René Magritte;57
5.2;2 The Treachery of Conventional Images of Galaxies;59
5.3;3 The Duality of Spiral Structure;60
5.4;4 The Building of Galactic Disks: Active Evolutionin the Triangulum Spiral M33;68
5.4.1;4.1 Farewell to Monolithic Collapse of M33;70
5.5;5 Lessons from the Andromeda Spiral;71
5.6;6 Conclusion -- ``La condition humaine'';71
5.7;References;74
6;Twin Masks of Spiral Structure? A Local Perspective ;79
6.1;1 Introduction;79
6.2;2 Approaches to Modeling;80
6.3;3 Model Statistics and the Two-Arm / Four-Arm Dichotomy;82
6.4;4 Central Bar;90
6.5;References;90
7;The Mask of Complexity in Disk Galaxies ;93
7.1;1 Introduction;93
7.2;2 Build-Up of Complication;94
7.3;3 Modeling;97
7.4;4 Toward Simplified Models of Disk Galaxies;98
7.5;5 Conclusions;99
7.6;References;100
8;Cosmic Magnetic Fields -- An Overview ;101
8.1;1 Introduction;102
8.2;2 Observational Methods;103
8.3;3 Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way;105
8.4;4 Magnetic Fields in Galaxies;110
8.5;5 More Distant Magnetic Fields;115
8.6;6 Field Origin and Amplification;115
8.7;References;118
9;The Gaseous Halo Mask ;121
9.1;1 Introduction;121
9.2;2 Gas Stripping from Dwarf Galaxies;122
9.3;3 Tracking the Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations;124
9.4;4 What happens to the Stripped Gas?;127
9.5;5 Summary;129
9.6;References;129
10;Molecular Gas Properties of Galaxies: The SMA CO(2-1) B0DEGA Legacy Project ;131
10.1;1 Introduction;131
10.2;2 The B0DEGA Sample;132
10.3;3 Preliminary Results: CO(2--1) Morphologies and Concentration;133
10.4;4 Discussion;135
10.5;References;137
11;The DiVA's Mask: Iconifying Galaxies and Revealing HI Anomalies ;139
11.1;1 Introduction;139
11.2;2 Observations, Analysis, and Modelling;140
11.3;3 Preliminary Results;142
11.3.1;3.1 Iconifying Galaxies;142
11.3.2;3.2 Revealing HI Anomalies;142
11.4;4 Summary and Future Plans;145
11.5;References;145
12;Enigmatic Masks of Cosmic Dust: Lessons from Nearby Galaxies Through the Eyes of the Spitzer Space Telescope ;147
12.1;1 Introduction;147
12.2;2 Two Form Families of Stellar-Barred Spirals at 8.0m;148
12.2.1;2.1 Type 1: Tightly Coupled Morphologies at 3.6 and 8.0m;149
12.2.2;2.2 Type 2: Straight and Curved Dust Lanes in Emission, Without Trace of a Bar;150
12.3;3 Conclusion;152
12.4;References;153
13;The Large Magellanic Cloud: A Power Spectral Analysis of Spitzer Images ;155
13.1;1 Introduction;155
13.2;2 Data;156
13.3;3 Analysis;157
13.4;4 Results;157
13.5;5 Simulations;158
13.6;6 Conclusions;161
13.7;References;161
14;Light Cores Behind Dark Masks ;163
14.1;1 Introduction;163
14.2;2 Observations of NGC5236;164
14.3;3 Modeling of NGC5236 Nucleus;167
14.4;4 Observations of NGC253;168
14.5;5 Concluding Remarks;170
14.6;References;170
15;Globalization, Open Access Publishing, and the Disappearance of Print: Threat or Opportunity? ;173
15.1;1 Introduction;173
15.2;2 Globalization;174
15.3;3 Open Access Publishing;176
15.4;4 The Disappearance of Print;177
15.5;5 The Future;178
15.6;References;178
16;Super Star Clusters and Supernovae in Interacting LIRGs Unmasked by NIR Adaptive Optics ;181
16.1;1 Introduction;181
16.2;2 Super Star Cluster Candidates;182
16.2.1;2.1 The SSC NIR Luminosity Function;182
16.3;3 Searching for Extincted Core-Collapse SNe;184
16.4;4 SF and Dynamics in Interacting Galaxies;185
16.5;5 Summary;186
16.6;References;186
17;Structure, Mass, and Stability of Galactic Disks ;187
17.1;1 Stellar Disks;187
17.2;2 Stellar Kinematics;188
17.3;3 Mass-to-Light Ratios and ``Maximum Disk'';191
17.4;4 Flaring of HI Layers and Disk Masses;193
17.5;5 Flatness and Truncations in Stellar Disks;196
17.6;References;200
18;What Can the Radial Surface Brightness Profiles of Galaxy Discs Tell Us About Their Evolution? ;203
18.1;1 Profile Classification: A Brief Historical Summary;203
18.2;2 A Detailed Radial Profile Classification;205
18.3;3 Profiles of Unbarred Early-Type Galaxies and Statistics for a Representative Sample of Hubble Types;205
18.4;4 The Time Evolution of Disc Truncations;209
18.5;5 Theoretical Models and Scenarios for Outer Disc Profile Evolution;213
18.6;6 Conclusions;217
18.7;References;218
19;The Complex Interplay of Dust and Star Light in Spiral Galaxy Discs ;221
19.1;1 Introduction;221
19.2;2 Dust Effects on Bulge and Disc Parameters;222
19.3;3 The Energy Balance in Spiral Galaxies;223
19.4;References;226
20;Galaxy Morphology Revealed By SDSS: Blue Elliptical Galaxies ;229
20.1;1 Introduction;229
20.2;2 Morphology and Photometric Properties of SDSS Galaxies;230
20.3;3 Blue Elliptical Galaxies;231
20.3.1;3.1 Morphology;231
20.3.2;3.2 Spectral Properties;232
20.3.3;3.3 Fraction of Blue Elliptical Galaxies;233
20.4;4 Discussion and Conclusions;233
20.5;References;234
21;Rings and Bars: Unmasking Secular Evolution of Galaxies ;235
21.1;1 Introduction;235
21.2;2 Bars;237
21.2.1;2.1 Basic Properties of Bars;238
21.2.2;2.2 Bar Dust Lanes;240
21.2.3;2.3 Bars and Spirals;241
21.2.4;2.4 Bars and Secular Evolution;242
21.3;3 Rings;244
21.4;4 Future Work: The S4G Survey;248
21.5;5 Conclusions;250
21.6;References;250
22;Bars and Bulges Through Masks of Time ;255
22.1;1 Introduction;256
22.1.1;1.1 Exploring Masks of Time Older Than 1Gyr;256
22.1.2;1.2 Exploring Masks of Time Younger Than 1Gyr;257
22.2;2 Stellar Line-Strength Indices of Bars and Bulges;258
22.2.1;2.1 Metallicity Gradient Along the Bar;258
22.2.2;2.2 Mean Values and Metallicity Gradients in the Bulge Region;259
22.3;3 Stellar Content in the Disk Region of Barred Galaxies;260
22.4;4 Massive Recent and Current Star Formation in Barred Galaxies;260
22.4.1;4.1 NGC 1530;260
22.4.2;4.2 NGC 2903;262
22.5;References;264
23;Tidal Trails and Mass-Segregated Isothermal Clusters ;267
23.1;1 Introduction;267
23.2;2 Analytic Approximation to Orbits;268
23.3;3 The Orbital Time to Reach a Given Point;270
23.4;4 Application to Tidal Trails;272
23.5;5 Mass Segregation and Cluster Evolution;274
23.6;6 Mass-Segregated Isothermal Clusters;275
23.7;7 Critical Radii for Gravothermal Instability;277
23.8;References;279
24;Stellar Debris Streams: New Probes of Galactic Structureand Formation;281
24.1;1 Introduction;281
24.2;2 Distant Halo Streams;283
24.2.1;2.1 The Sagittarius Stream;284
24.2.2;2.2 The Virgo Stellar Stream;285
24.2.3;2.3 The Palomar 5 Tidal Tails;285
24.2.4;2.4 The Monoceros Ring;286
24.2.5;2.5 The NGC 5466 Tidal Tails;286
24.2.6;2.6 The Orphan Stream;287
24.2.7;2.7 The GD-1 Stream;287
24.2.8;2.8 The Anticenter Stream;288
24.2.9;2.9 The EBS Stream;288
24.2.10;2.10 Acheron, Cocytos, and Lethe;288
24.2.11;2.11 Styx;289
24.2.12;2.12 The Cetus Polar Stream;289
24.3;3 The Next Steps;289
24.4;References;291
25;Chemical Enrichment in Galaxies: Constraints on Nucleogenesis and Galaxy Evolution ;295
25.1;1 How to Model the Chemical Enrichment in Galaxies;295
25.2;2 The Chemical Evolution of Spirals: The Milky Way;298
25.2.1;2.1 The Time-Delay Model;299
25.3;3 Time-Delay Model and Star Formation Histories;300
25.4;4 Abundance Ratios in Dwarf Spheroidals;301
25.5;5 Elliptical Galaxies;302
25.6;6 Dwarf Irregulars;307
25.7;References;307
26;Chemodynamical Simulations of Galaxies ;311
26.1;1 Introduction;311
26.2;2 Chemical Enrichment Sources;312
26.3;3 Chemodynamical Code;315
26.4;4 Cosmological Simulations;315
26.5;5 Elliptical Galaxies;318
26.6;6 The Milky Way Galaxy;319
26.6.1;6.1 Age--Metallicity Relations;321
26.6.2;6.2 [/Fe] - [Fe/H] Relations;322
26.6.3;6.3 [X/Fe]-[Fe/H] Diagrams;324
26.6.4;6.4 [/Fe]-[Mn/Fe] Diagram;325
26.7;References;326
27;Elemental Abundance Patterns of Disk Substructure ;327
27.1;1 Introduction;327
27.1.1;1.1 Disk Substructure;328
27.2;2 Elemental Abundances;329
27.2.1;2.1 High-Resolution Spectroscopy;330
27.3;3 Open Clusters;331
27.4;4 Moving Groups and Superclusters;332
27.4.1;4.1 HR1614 Moving Group;332
27.4.2;4.2 Hyades Supercluster;333
27.4.3;4.3 The Argus Association;335
27.5;5 Conclusions;335
27.6;References;336
28;Searching for Structures and Streams in the Extended SolarNeighbourhood with RAVE;339
28.1;1 Introduction;339
28.2;2 Radial Velocities;340
28.3;3 The Red Clump;341
28.3.1;3.1 The Hercules Moving Group;342
28.3.2;3.2 Tilt of the Velocity Ellipsoid;344
28.4;4 Conclusion;345
28.5;References;346
29;On the Age--Metallicity--Velocity Relation in the NearbyDisk Using the RAVE Survey;347
29.1;1 The Age--Metallicity and Age--Velocity Relation in the Galactic disk;347
29.2;2 The Age--Metallicity--Velocity Relation Project;348
29.2.1;2.1 Sample Definition;348
29.2.2;2.2 Follow-Up Observations and Data Analysis;348
29.3;3 The Age of Stars;349
29.4;4 The Velocity--Metallicity Relation in the Solar Neighborhood;350
29.5;References;351
30;The HERMES Project: Reconstructing Galaxy Formation ;353
30.1;1 Introduction;353
30.2;2 Galactic Archaeology;354
30.2.1;2.1 The Galactic Halo;354
30.2.2;2.2 The Galactic Disk;355
30.2.3;2.3 The Galactic Thick Disk;356
30.3;3 Chemical Tagging;356
30.4;4 Galactic Archaeology with HERMES;357
30.5;5 HERMES and Gaia;358
30.6;6 Other HERMES Science;359
30.7;References;359
31;Stellar Halos: Unmasking a Galaxy's History ;361
31.1;1 Stellar Halos;361
31.2;2 Methods;362
31.3;3 Results I;363
31.3.1;3.1 Sky Distribution;363
31.3.2;3.2 Radial Velocities;364
31.4;4 Results II. Solar Neighborhood;365
31.4.1;4.1 Kinematics;365
31.5;5 How to Retrieve the History of the Stellar Halo;367
31.6;6 Conclusions;369
31.7;References;370
32;The Outer Halos of Elliptical Galaxies ;373
32.1;1 Introduction;373
32.2;2 Density Distribution and Kinematics of Outer Halo Stars;374
32.3;3 Dark Matter and Dynamics;376
32.4;4 Stellar Population and Assembly History;377
32.5;References;378
33;Galaxies: Lighthouses in the Shoals of Dark Halos ;381
33.1;1 Introduction;381
33.2;2 From Big to Small;384
33.3;3 Scaling Relations;387
33.4;4 The Radius of First Turnaround;391
33.5;5 Parent Halos and Their Children;392
33.6;6 Summary;393
33.7;References;394
34;Dark Haloes as Seen with Gravitational Lensing ;395
34.1;1 Ken Freeman's Dark Side;395
34.2;2 Gravitational Lensing and Dark Matter;396
34.3;3 Microlensing;397
34.4;4 Strong Lensing;398
34.5;5 Weak Lensing;399
34.5.1;5.1 Future Directions;401
34.6;6 The KiDS project;402
34.7;7 Conclusions;405
34.8;References;405
35;Behind the Mask: Resolving the Core--Cusp Problem in Spiral Galaxies ;407
35.1;1 The Core--Cusp Problem;407
35.2;2 NGC 6822;408
35.3;3 Dwarf Galaxy Models with Supernova Winds;409
35.4;References;412
36;A GALAXY BASELINE: Multiwavelength Study of a Sampleof the Most Isolated Galaxies in the Local Universe;413
36.1;1 Introduction;413
36.2;2 AMIGA Sample Description and Revisions;414
36.2.1;2.1 Isolation Revision;414
36.2.2;2.2 Morphology Refinement;414
36.3;3 Detailed Morphological Study of Selected Subsamples;415
36.4;4 FIR Emission, Radio Continuum Emission, and Nuclear Activity;415
36.5;5 Atomic Gas;416
36.6;6 Concluding Remarks;417
36.7;References;417
37;Diffuse Light and Galaxy Interactions in the Core of Nearby Clusters ;419
37.1;1 Diffuse Light in Clusters;419
37.2;2 PNs as Kinematical Traces;420
37.3;3 The Virgo Cluster Core;420
37.3.1;3.1 PNs Line-of-Sight Velocity and Projected Phase-Space Distributions;421
37.3.2;3.2 Dynamical Status of the Virgo Cluster Core;423
37.3.3;3.3 ICL Large-Scale Distribution in the Virgo Cluster from PNs Narrowband Surveys;425
37.4;4 Observing Techniques for the Kinematics of Diffuse Light in Clusters;426
37.4.1;4.1 Counter Dispersed Slitless Imaging Technique;427
37.4.2;4.2 The Multi-slit Imaging Spectroscopy Technique;427
37.5;5 The Un-mixed Kinematics of the Intracluster Stars in the Fornax and Hydra Cluster Cores;427
37.6;6 The Ongoing Sub-cluster Merger in the Coma Cluster Core;429
37.7;7 Cosmological Simulations and ICL;430
37.8;8 Summary and Conclusions;430
37.9;References;431
38;Feedback in Star and Galaxy Formation ;433
38.1;1 Introduction;433
38.2;2 In the Beginning…;433
38.3;3 Star Formation;434
38.3.1;3.1 Feedback: Interstellar Clouds;436
38.4;4 Feedback: Disk Galaxies;436
38.5;5 Luminosity Function of Galaxies;437
38.6;6 Feedback in Low-Mass Galaxies;438
38.7;7 Feedback in Massive Galaxies;438
38.7.1;7.1 The AGN--Star Formation Connection;439
38.7.2;7.2 Modes of Star Formation;440
38.8;8 Conclusions;441
38.9;References;442
39;When Bad Masks Turn Good ;443
39.1;1 Bad Dust -- The Struggle of Extragalactic Adaptive Optics;443
39.2;2 Good Dust -- A Surprise at High Redshifts;450
39.3;References;456
40;Spitzer's View of Galaxies in the High-Redshift Universe ;459
40.1;1 Introduction;459
40.2;2 The Spitzer Space Telescope;460
40.3;3 IRAC Observations of the Early Universe;461
40.4;4 Identifying High-Redshift Galaxies;462
40.5;5 IRAC Observations of Galaxies at z = 5 to 7 (1.2--0.78 Gyr after Big Bang);463
40.6;6 Observations of Galaxies at z >7 (<800 MyrAfter the Big Bang);464
40.7;7 The Search for Lensed Galaxies at z 7;466
40.8;8 A Search for the First Stars ( 200 Myr after the Big Bang);466
40.9;9 Future Observations to Search for High-Redshift Galaxies;466
40.10;10 Summary;469
40.11;References;469
41;Bandshifting and Other Masks of the Clumpy Populationsin High-Redshift Galaxies;471
41.1;1 Introduction;471
41.2;2 Clumpy Galaxies;473
41.3;3 Local Analogs and Galaxy Interactions;477
41.4;4 Selection Effects for Clump Properties;478
41.5;5 Conclusions;481
41.6;References;482
42;Supernovae, Dust, and Cosmology ;485
42.1;1 Introduction;485
42.2;2 Dust-Scattered Light from SN;487
42.2.1;2.1 The Cloud Model;487
42.2.2;2.2 The Dust Model;488
42.2.3;2.3 The Light Echo;488
42.3;3 Effect on the Distance Estimate;491
42.4;4 Probability Consideration;492
42.5;5 Conclusion;495
42.6;References;495
43;Endpiece - On Location in Dead Vlei;497
44;List of Participants;502
45;CODA;505