Blackburn / Go / Milner Nutritional Oncology

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-045417-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 848 Seiten

Nutritional oncology is an increasingly active interdisciplinary field where cancer is investigated as both a systemic and local disease originating with the changes in the genome and progressing through a multi-step process which may be influenced at many points in its natural history by nutritional factors that could impact the prevention of cancer, the quality of life of cancer patients, and the risk of cancer recurrence in the rapidly increasing population of cancer survivors.Since the first edition of this book was published in 1999, the idea that there is a single gene pathway or single drug will provide a cure for cancer has given way to the general view that dietary/environmental factors impact the progression of genetic and cellular changes in common forms of cancer. This broad concept can now be investigated within a basic and clinical research context for specific types of cancer. This book attempts to cover the current available knowledge in this new field of nutritional oncology written by invited experts. This book attempts to provide not only the theoretical and research basis for nutritional oncology, but will offer the medical oncologist and other members of multidisciplinary groups treating cancer patients practical information on nutrition assessment and nutritional regimens, including micronutrient and phytochemical supplementation. The editors hope that this volume will stimulate increased research, education and patient application of the principles of nutritional oncology.NEW TO THIS EDITION:* Covers hot new topics of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in cancer cell growth * Includes new chapters on metabolic networks in cancer cell growth, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics* Presents substantially revised chapters on breast cancer and nutrition, prostate cancer and nutrition, and colon cancer and nutrition* Includes new illustrations throughout the text, especially in the breast cancer chapter* Includes integrated insights into the unanswered questions and clearly defined objectives of research in nutritional oncology * Offers practical guidelines for clinicians advising malnourished cancer patients and cancer survivors on diet, nutrition, and lifestyle * Provides information on the role of bioactive substances, dietary supplements, phytochemicals and botanicals in cancer prevention and treatment

Autoren/Hrsg.

Milner, John

Blackburn, George L.

Go, Vay Liang W.

Heber, David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Title page;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Table of contents;6
5;Contributing Authors;14
6;Preface;18
7;Introduction: The Principles of Nutritional Oncology;20
8;I. Biology of Nutrition and Cancer;26
8.1;1: Fundamentals of Human Nutrition;26
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;26
8.1.2;CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD AND DIETARY QUALITY;26
8.1.3;ENERGETICS AND OBESITY;27
8.1.4;PROTEIN;27
8.1.5;QUALITY OF LIPIDS, FATS, AND FATTY ACIDS;29
8.1.6;FATTY ACID STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION;29
8.1.7;QUALITY OF CARBOHYDRATES;31
8.1.8;FUNCTIONAL FOODS;33
8.1.9;BUILDING DIETS FOR INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES;35
8.1.10;CONCLUSION;35
8.1.11;References;35
8.2;2: Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics;40
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;40
8.2.2;NUTRIGENETIC RESPONSE;42
8.2.3;NUTRITIONAL EPIGENETICS;44
8.2.4;TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGIES;44
8.2.5;BEYOND NUTRIGENOMICS;46
8.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;47
8.2.7;References;47
8.3;3: Genetics and Epigenetics in Cancer Biology;50
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;50
8.3.2;FUNDAMENTAL CELL BIOLOGY OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION IN THE COLON;51
8.3.3;GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING;54
8.3.4;SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS IN INTESTINAL CELL MATURATION, TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS, AND TUMORIGENESIS;55
8.3.5;EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION;66
8.3.6;MITOCHONDRIA: A MECHANISM OF REGULATION AND INTEGRATION;68
8.3.7;References;70
8.4;4: Metabolic Networks in Cancer Cells;82
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;82
8.4.2;METABOLIC HYPOTHESIS OF TUMOR GROWTH;85
8.4.3;APPLYING METABOLIC CONTROL ANALYSIS;89
8.4.4;METABOLIC PROFILING OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION;89
8.4.5;RELATIVE ROLES OF GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS, AND METABOLOMICS IN CANCER RESEARCH;90
8.4.6;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;91
8.4.7;References;91
8.5;5: Energy Balance and Cancer;94
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;94
8.5.2;PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ENERGY BALANCE;95
8.5.3;EXERCISE AND ENERGY BALANCE IN CARCINOGENESIS;95
8.5.4;FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS;101
8.5.5;References;104
9;II. Epidemiology of Nutrition and Cancer;110
9.1;6: Nutritional Epidemiology;110
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;110
9.1.2;STUDY DESIGNS;110
9.1.3;SPECIAL ISSUES IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY;117
9.1.4;GENE–DIET INTERACTIONS;118
9.1.5;INTERPRETATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES;119
9.1.6;SUMMARY;119
9.1.7;References;119
9.2;7: Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cancer;122
9.2.1;PUBLISHED REVIEWS;125
9.2.2;INDIVIDUAL CANCER SITES;126
9.2.3;ALL CANCER;178
9.2.4;METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES;178
9.2.5;SUMMARY;186
9.2.6;References;187
9.3;8: Are Whole Grains Protective Against a Variety of Cancers?;200
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;200
9.3.2;WHOLE GRAINS AND CANCER;201
9.3.3;WHOLE GRAINS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT CANCERS;202
9.3.4;WHOLE GRAINS AND NONINTESTINAL CANCERS;205
9.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;206
9.3.6;References;207
9.4;9: Obesity and Cancer Risk;210
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;210
9.4.2;ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY;210
9.4.3;OBESITY AND CANCER RISK OF SPECIFIC SITES;212
9.4.4;CANCER SITES SUSPECTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY;215
9.4.5;SUMMARY;218
9.4.6;References;218
9.5;10: Nutrition and Tobacco-Related Cancers;224
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;224
9.5.2;TOBACCO CARCINOGENESIS;225
9.5.3;NUTRITION AND TOBACCO-RELATED CANCERS;227
9.5.4;SUMMARY;234
9.5.5;References;235
9.6;11: Alcohol and Cancer;244
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;244
9.6.2;ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: TRENDS AND PREVALENCE;244
9.6.3;ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES COMPOSITION;245
9.6.4;ALCOHOL METABOLISM;245
9.6.5;CHALLENGES IN STUDYING ALCOHOL AND CANCER;248
9.6.6;SUMMARY OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE;249
9.6.7;ALCOHOL DRINKING AND CANCER SURVIVAL;285
9.6.8;CONCLUSIONS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS;289
9.6.9;References;290
9.7;12: Environmental Toxins, Nutrition, and Cancer;298
9.7.1;INTRODUCTION;298
9.7.2;TOBACCO SMOKE;298
9.7.3;PARTICULATE MATTER;301
9.7.4;DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES;301
9.7.5;ARSENIC;302
9.7.6;CHROMIUM;303
9.7.7;CONCLUSIONS;304
9.7.8;References;304
10;III. Biological Approaches to Investigating Nutrition and Cancer;308
10.1;13: Endocrine and Paracrine Factors in Carcinogenesis;308
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;308
10.1.2;THE IGF AXIS AND ENERGY BALANCE;308
10.1.3;ESTROGENS AND CANCER;310
10.1.4;ANDROGENS AND CANCER;312
10.1.5;NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILIES AND ORPHAN RECEPTORS;313
10.1.6;LIPID SENSOR RECEPTORS AND LIPID METABOLISM;314
10.1.7;STEROID AND XENOBIOTIC RECEPTORS;316
10.1.8;FEED-FORWARD LOOPS AND UPREGULATION OF METABOLIC ENZYMES;316
10.1.9;A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR XENOBIOSIS AND OXIDANT STRESS IN CANCER;317
10.1.10;References;317
10.2;14: Oxidation and Antioxidation in Cancer;322
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;322
10.2.2;ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS;323
10.2.3;CONCLUSION;329
10.2.4;References;329
10.3;15: Thiols in Cancer;332
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;332
10.3.2;SULFUR HAS MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL ROLES AFFECTING CANCER;332
10.3.3;THIOLS IN CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION;333
10.3.4;MOST DIETARY AND CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS ARE BIOACTIVATED TO REACTIVE MUTAGENS;334
10.3.5;THE GSH SYSTEM PROTECTS AGAINST CANCER BY DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE ELECTROPHILES;334
10.3.6;THE LIVER FUNCTIONS TO MAINTAIN SYSTEMIC CYSTEINE SUPPLY THROUGH AN ENTERORGAN GSH/CYSTEINE CYCLE;335
10.3.7;OPTIMAL SULFUR AMINO ACID INTAKE IN HUMANS REMAINS UNCERTAIN;335
10.3.8;DIETARY GSH PROVIDES A MEANS TO DECREASE RISK FROM DIRECT-ACTING DIETARY CARCINOGENS;335
10.3.9;THIOLS IN THE DIET FUNTION TO PROTECT AGAINST DIRECT-ACTING CARCINOGENS IN THE DIET;336
10.3.10;THIOLS IN REDOX SIGNALING AND CONTROL;336
10.3.11;SYSTEMS ACT INDEPENDENTLY TO INCREASE THE SPECIFICITY OF REDOX CONTROL;339
10.3.12;OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CARCINOGENESIS;339
10.3.13;GLUTATHIONE PLAYS OPPOSING ROLES IN CARCINOGENESIS;339
10.3.14;THIOREDOXIN IS OVEREXPRESSED IN CANCER;341
10.3.15;SUMMARY;342
10.3.16;References;342
10.4;16: Principles of Tumor Immunology;346
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;346
10.4.2;IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE OF TUMORS;348
10.4.3;DO TUMOR CELLS EXPRESS TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS?;348
10.4.4;IMMUNE RESPONSE TO CANCER;349
10.4.5;IMMUNOTHERAPY;350
10.4.6;FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL ANTICANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY;353
10.4.7;References;354
10.5;17: Animal Models in Nutritional Oncology Research;358
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;358
10.5.2;AN OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL MODELS;359
10.5.3;ORGAN-SPECIFIC ANIMAL TUMOR MODELS;360
10.5.4;FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS;368
10.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;369
10.5.6;References;369
11;IV. Gene–Nutrient Interaction and Cancer Prevention;374
11.1;18: The Challenge of Nutrition in Cancer Prevention;374
11.1.1;OVERVIEW OF THE NUTRITION–CANCER RELATIONSHIP;374
11.1.2;DISCOVERY;377
11.1.3;DEVELOPMENT;382
11.1.4;DELIVERY;385
11.1.5;References;386
11.2;19: Dietary Assessment;392
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;392
11.2.2;STUDY DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT;392
11.2.3;METHODS OF DIETARY ASSESSMENT;393
11.2.4;NUTRITIONAL BIOMARKERS;395
11.2.5;SUMMARY;398
11.2.6;References;398
11.3;20: Prostate Cancer;402
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;402
11.3.2;INTERNATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS;403
11.3.3;PROSTATE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENESIS OF PROSTATE CANCER;403
11.3.4;GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION IN PROSTATE CANCER;404
11.3.5;HORMONES, OBESITY, AND PROSTATE CANCER;404
11.3.6;CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH;413
11.3.7;References;413
11.4;21: Breast Cancer;418
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;418
11.4.2;BREAST ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY;418
11.4.3;EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES;419
11.4.4;ENDOCRINOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER;420
11.4.5;EXOGENOUS HORMONES AND BREAST CANCER RISK;421
11.4.6;MACRONUTRIENT INTAKES, DIET, ENERGY BALANCE, AND BREAST CANCER RISK;422
11.4.7;INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BREAST CANCER: PROPOSED MECHANISMS;423
11.4.8;ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND BREAST CANCER RECURRENCE AND SURVIVAL;423
11.4.9;ALCOHOL AND FOLATE INTAKE IN BREAST CANCER;424
11.4.10;GENETICS, NONGENETIC FACTORS, AND GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION IN BREAST CANCER;425
11.4.11;References;427
11.5;22: Skin Cancer;430
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;430
11.5.2;THE NATURE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;431
11.5.3;THE ETIOLOGICAL ROLE OF UV RADIATION IN SKIN CANCER;432
11.5.4;EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS;433
11.5.5;UV-INDUCED SKIN CANCER AND DIETARY MODIFICATION;434
11.5.6;POSSIBLE MODE OF ACTION OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS IN MODULATION OF UV CARCINOGENESIS;436
11.5.7;CLINICAL STUDIES OF NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS;437
11.5.8;CONCLUSIONS;442
11.5.9;References;443
11.6;23: Colon Cancer;448
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;448
11.6.2;THE MULTISTEP PROCESS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS;449
11.6.3;INHERITED AND SPONTANEOUS COLON CANCER;450
11.6.4;NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN COLON CANCER;451
11.6.5;NUTRIENT–NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS;455
11.6.6;ANTIOXIDANTS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS;456
11.6.7;CONCLUSION;456
11.6.8;References;457
11.7;24: Gastric Cancer;462
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;462
11.7.2;BACKGROUND;462
11.7.3;DIETARY FACTORS AND GASTRIC CANCER;463
11.7.4;MICRONUTRIENTS;466
11.7.5;PREVENTION TRIALS FOR GASTRIC CANCER;468
11.7.6;CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES;469
11.7.7;References;469
11.8;25: Pancreatic Cancer;474
11.8.1;INTRODUCTION;474
11.8.2;BACKGROUND;474
11.8.3;GENES ALTERED IN SPORADIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS;475
11.8.4;THE IMPORTANCE OF DIET;481
11.8.5;METABOLIC HYPOTHESIS FOR PANCREATIC CANCER;490
11.8.6;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;490
11.8.7;References;492
11.9;26: Bladder Cancer;500
11.9.1;BACKGROUND;500
11.9.2;SMOKING AND BLADDER CANCER;500
11.9.3;INTRINSIC GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS IN BLADDER CANCER;501
11.9.4;CHEMOPREVENTION OF BLADDER CANCER;502
11.9.5;THE FUTURE OF BLADDER CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION: A RATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF NEW AGENTS;508
11.9.6;CONCLUSIONS;511
11.9.7;References;511
11.10;27: Differentiation Induction in Leukemia and Lymphoma;516
11.10.1;INTRODUCTION;516
11.10.2;RETINOIDS;517
11.10.3;RETINOID THERAPY OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME;522
11.10.4;ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA AND RETINOIDS;523
11.10.5;CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA AND RETINOIDS;523
11.10.6;1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D;523
11.10.7;VITAMIN K;526
11.10.8;ASCORBIC ACID;526
11.10.9;FUTURE PERSPECTIVE;526
11.10.10;References;527
12;V. Bioactive Food Components and Botanical Approaches to Cancer;532
12.1;28: Dietary Supplements in Cancer Prevention and Therapy;532
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;532
12.1.2;PREVALENCE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENT USAGE AMONG PEOPLE WITH CANCER AND THE GENERAL POPULATION;532
12.1.3;ROLE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND DURING THERAPY;538
12.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;541
12.1.5;References;542
12.2;29: Dietary Fiber and Carbohydrates;546
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;546
12.2.2;CARBOHYDRATE CLASSIFICATION AND METABOLISM;546
12.2.3;DIETARY FIBER;546
12.2.4;CARBOHYDRATES AND CANCER;548
12.2.5;SIMPLE SUGARS AND CANCER;548
12.2.6;GLYCEMIC INDEX AND CANCER;549
12.2.7;FIBER AND CANCER;549
12.2.8;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;552
12.2.9;References;553
12.3;30: Dietary Lipids;556
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;556
12.3.2;FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS;556
12.3.3;EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, PROSPECTIVE, AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES;558
12.3.4;THE TRANSLATION INITIATION CONNECTION;561
12.3.5;CONCLUSION;566
12.3.6;References;566
12.4;31: Calcium and Vitamin D;570
12.4.1;OVERVIEW: CALCIUM, VITAMIN D, AND CANCER;570
12.4.2;VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM METABOLISM: INTERPLAY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND NUTRITION;570
12.4.3;CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF VITAMIN D ACTION;572
12.4.4;MODULATION OF CELL TURNOVER AND CARCINOGENESIS BY VITAMIN D IN VIVO: ANIMAL STUDIES;575
12.4.5;CALCIUM AND CANCER RISK;576
12.4.6;EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES ON VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND CANCER;576
12.4.7;SUMMARY;578
12.4.8;References;578
12.5;32: Soy Isoflavones;584
12.5.1;INTRODUCTION;584
12.5.2;HISTORY OF SOY;584
12.5.3;FOOD MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SOYBEANS;584
12.5.4;CHEMISTRY AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOFLAVONES;585
12.5.5;SOY AND HUMAN HEALTH;590
12.5.6;PRECLINICAL EXPERIMENTS EXPLORING THE SOY–CANCER PREVENTION HYPOTHESIS;590
12.5.7;GENISTEIN AND BREAST CANCER MODELS;591
12.5.8;TIMING OF EXPOSURE TO SOY IN HUMANS;592
12.5.9;SOY, ISOFLAVONES, AND PREEXISTING BREAST CANCER;592
12.5.10;CONCLUSION;593
12.5.11;References;594
12.6;33: Selenium and Cancer Prevention;598
12.6.1;INTRODUCTION;598
12.6.2;BREAST CANCER;598
12.6.3;COLON CANCER;599
12.6.4;SELENIUM AND PROSTATE CANCER;599
12.6.5;MICROARRAY METHODS SEARCHING FOR POTENTIAL Se TARGETS;602
12.6.6;REDOX MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS BY MSA;602
12.6.7;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;603
12.6.8;CONCLUSION;604
12.6.9;References;604
12.7;34: Glucosinolates;608
12.7.1;INTRODUCTION;608
12.7.2;OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF GLUCOSINOLATES IN EDIBLE PLANTS;608
12.7.3;EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING GLUCOSINOLATES AND CANCER PREVENTION;611
12.7.4;CHEMOPREVENTION STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS;612
12.7.5;MECHANISMS OF CANCER PREVENTION BY GLUCOSINOLATE DERIVATIVES;614
12.7.6;CLINICAL STUDIES WITH GLUCOSINOLATE DERIVATIVES;616
12.7.7;CONCLUSION;618
12.7.8;References;619
12.8;35: Green Tea;622
12.8.1;INTRODUCTION;622
12.8.2;TEA CHEMISTRY AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROPERTIES;622
12.8.3;INHIBITION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN ANIMAL MODELS;623
12.8.4;MECHANISMS OF CANCER PREVENTION;624
12.8.5;BIOAVAILABILITY AND METABOLISM;626
12.8.6;EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES;627
12.8.7;INTERVENTION STUDIES;628
12.8.8;CONCLUSIONS;629
12.8.9;References;629
12.9;36: Garlic;632
12.9.1;INTRODUCTION;632
12.9.2;BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS AND THEIR METABOLITES;633
12.9.3;FREE RADICALS AND GARLIC;634
12.9.4;EPIGENOMICS AND GARLIC;634
12.9.5;GARLIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMICS;635
12.9.6;GARLIC AND PROTEOMICS;635
12.9.7;MULTIPLE TARGETS;636
12.9.8;INTERACTION WITH OTHER FOOD COMPONENTS;638
12.9.9;References;638
12.10;37: Berries;640
12.10.1;INTRODUCTION;640
12.10.2;STRUCTURAL TYPES OF BERRY BIOACTIVES;640
12.10.3;DISTRIBUTION OF BERRY BIOACTIVES;643
12.10.4;CHEMOPREVENTION STUDIES WITH BERRY BIOACTIVES;647
12.10.5;DIETARY INTAKE OF BERRY BIOACTIVES;648
12.10.6;BIOAVAILABILITY AND METABOLISM OF BERRY BIOACTIVES;649
12.10.7;CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;650
12.10.8;References;650
12.11;38: Isoprenoids and Novel Inhibitors of Mevalonate Pathway Activities;654
12.11.1;INTRODUCTION;654
12.11.2;ISOPRENOIDS: PURE AND MIXED;654
12.11.3;PART A: POSTULATED ISOPRENOID-MEDIATED ACTION: SUPPRESSION OF FARNESYL PROTEIN TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY;657
12.11.4;PART B: POSTULATED ISOPRENOID-MEDIATED ACTION: SUPPRESSION OF HMG CoA REDUCTASE ACTIVITY;659
12.11.5;CANCER PREVENTION;661
12.11.6;SUMMARY;662
12.11.7;References;662
13;VI. Nutritional Assessment and Support of the Cancer Patient;670
13.1;39: Cancer Anorexia and Cachexia;670
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;670
13.1.2;MALNUTRITION AND CACHEXIA IN CANCER;670
13.1.3;RELATIVE ROLES OF ANOREXIA AND METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES;671
13.1.4;CANCER ANOREXIA;676
13.1.5;APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA;678
13.1.6;CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT;679
13.1.7;References;681
13.2;40: Weight Management in the Breast Cancer Survivor;686
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;686
13.2.2;OBESITY AND BREAST CANCER MORTALITY: NONPATIENT POPULATIONS;686
13.2.3;OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, AND BREAST CANCER PROGNOSIS;687
13.2.4;WEIGHT GAIN AFTER DIAGNOSIS AND BREAST CANCER OUTCOMES;691
13.2.5;OBESITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBIDITIES IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS;692
13.2.6;OBESITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS;692
13.2.7;POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR AN ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC EFFECT OF OBESITY;692
13.2.8;METHODS FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND MAINTENANCE FOR BREAST CANCER PATIENTS;697
13.2.9;SUMMARY;699
13.2.10;References;699
13.3;41: Nutrition Support of the Adult Cancer Patient;704
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;704
13.3.2;ENTERAL NUTRITION SUPPORT;704
13.3.3;PARENTERAL NUTRITION SUPPORT;708
13.3.4;MEETING NUTRIENT GOALS;712
13.3.5;HOME NUTRITION SUPPORT;713
13.3.6;References;716
13.4;42: Assessing Endocrine Effects of Cancer and Ectopic Hormone Syndromes;720
13.4.1;ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES IN THE CANCER PATIENT;720
13.4.2;PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES;721
13.4.3;ECTOPIC HORMONE SYNDROMES;722
13.4.4;ECTOPIC PITUITARY, HYPOTHALAMIC, AND PLACENTAL HORMONES;723
13.4.5;CONCLUSION;726
13.4.6;References;727
13.5;43: Counseling the Cancer Survivor;730
13.5.1;INTRODUCTION;730
13.5.2;SURVIVORSHIP;731
13.5.3;DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;735
13.5.4;References;735
13.6;44: Nutritional Support and Quality of Life;738
13.6.1;INTRODUCTION;738
13.6.2;DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF LIFE;739
13.6.3;PURPOSE OF QUALITY OF LIFE MEASUREMENT;741
13.6.4;QUALITY OF LIFE AND NUTRITION;743
13.6.5;EXERCISE AND QUALITY OF LIFE;743
13.6.6;CONCLUSION;743
13.6.7;References;744
14;VII: Nutritional Implementation Guidelines and Practice;746
14.1;45: Modern Statistical Methods in Clinical Nutrition;746
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;746
14.1.2;DESCRIPTION OF THE WINS STUDY;746
14.1.3;DESIGN ISSUES;747
14.1.4;IMPORTANT STATISTICAL ISSUES;748
14.1.5;CONDUCT OF THE TRIAL;749
14.1.6;STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRIAL DATA;750
14.1.7;RESULTS OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRIAL DATA;752
14.1.8;SUMMARY;761
14.1.9;CONCLUSIONS;762
14.1.10;References;762
14.2;46: Evidence-based Practice Management in Cancer Prevention and Treatment;764
14.2.1;INTRODUCTION;764
14.2.2;CANCER RATES AND CAUSATION;764
14.2.3;GRADING OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE;767
14.2.4;HISTORY OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE;768
14.2.5;HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE;771
14.2.6;THE ROLES OF RCTs AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES;773
14.2.7;METHODOLOGY ADVANCES IN OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES;773
14.2.8;FACTORS PROMOTING EVOLUTION IN HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE;773
14.2.9;EVOLUTIONS IN EVIDENCE-BASED ASSESSMENTS OF RESEARCH QUALITY;774
14.2.10;ADAPTING TO UNCERTAINTY;775
14.2.11;AN EMERGING STATE OF THE ART;775
14.2.12;References;776
14.2.13;APPENDIX;780
14.3;47: Dietary Guidelines in Cancer Prevention;782
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION: HISTORY OF NUTRITION GUIDELINES IN PUBLIC HEALTH;782
14.3.2;CURRENT NUTRITION GUIDELINES;785
14.3.3;INDIVIDUALIZING THE RADIANT PYRAMID;790
14.3.4;CANCER-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES;792
14.3.5;NUTRITION GUIDELINES AND THE FUTURE;797
14.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;802
14.3.7;References;802
14.4;48: Dietary Interventions;804
14.4.1;UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT CANCERS (HEAD AND NECK CANCERS);805
14.4.2;ESOPHAGEAL CANCER;807
14.4.3;GASTRIC CANCER;808
14.4.4;COLORECTAL CANCER;809
14.4.5;BREAST CANCER;813
14.4.6;LUNG CANCER;815
14.4.7;PROSTATE CANCER;817
14.4.8;CONCLUSIONS;821
14.4.9;References;821
14.5;49: Future Directions in Cancer and Nutrition Research: Gene–Nutrient Interactions, Networks, and the Xenobiotic Hypothesis;832
14.5.1;INTRODUCTION;832
14.5.2;GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION AND THE XENOBIOTIC HYPOTHESIS OF CANCER;833
14.5.3;CONCLUSION;834
15;Index;836

Leseproben

Contributing Authors Huseyin Aktas Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Demetrius Albanes Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Leonard Augenlicht Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467 Elisa V. Bandera The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901 Stephen Barnes Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 J. Carl Barrett Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Leslie Bernstein Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 Radha M. Bheemreddy Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Homer S. Black Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77042 George L. Blackburn Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Benjamin Bonavida Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Laszlo G. Boros Harbor UCLA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Susan Bowerman Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Eve Callahan Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 Catherine L. Carpenter Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 David Cella Institute for Health Services Research and Policy Studies, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Manish C. Champaneria Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Michael Chorev Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Judith Christman Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467 Barbara E. Cohen Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Pinchas Cohen Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Tracy D’Alessandro Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 Paul Davis Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 Sven de Vos Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Yan Dong Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 Johanna Dwyer , Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Robert M. Elashoff Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095 Karam El-Bayoumy Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 Charles E. Elson Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Michele R. Forman MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030 Allen C. Gao Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 Jeanine Genkinger Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Ellen Giarelli University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Edward Giovannucci Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Vay Liang W. Go David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Peter Greenwald Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Sandra Guilmeau Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467 J.A. Halperin Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Jason M. Hansen Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Diane M. Harris Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 David Heber Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Barbara Heerdt Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467 Dietrich Hoffmann Division of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595 Ashraful Hoque MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030 Stephen D. Hursting Department of Human Ecology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 Clement Ip Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 Elizabeth T. Jacobs Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724 Linda A. Jacobs University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Elizabeth H. Jeffery Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Gordon L. Jensen , Vanderbilt Center for Human Nutrition, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212 Dean P. Jones Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Kelly Kawaoka John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Lalita Khaodhiar Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115 Helen Kim Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 Lidija Klampfer Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467 David M. Klurfeld Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 H. Phillip Koeffler Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 Lawrence H. Kushi Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California 94611 Joshua D. Lambert Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 Donald Lamm BCG Oncology, Phoenix, Arizona 85032 Janelle M. Landau Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 Wai-Nang Paul Lee University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095 Ron Lieberman Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Scott Lippman MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030 Somdat Mahabir Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Sandra Maier Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467 John Mariadason Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467 James Marshall Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 María Elena Martínez Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724 Marjorie McCullough Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia...