A Systems Engineering Implementation
E-Book, Englisch, 576 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4987-0684-1
Verlag: CRC Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
It is financially disastrous for any automotive company to create a vehicle that very few people want. To design an automotive product that will be successful in the marketplace requires carefully orchestrated teamwork of experts from many disciplines, substantial amount of resources, and application of proven techniques at the right time during the product development process.
Automotive Product Development: A Systems Engineering Implementation is intended for company management personnel and graduate students in engineering, business management and other disciplines associated with the development of automotive and other complex products.
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Weitere Infos & Material
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Website Materials
Acknowledgments
Author
PART I: Automotive Product Development Process
Chapter 1 Introduction: Automotive Product Development
Introduction
Complex Product, Many inputs, Many Designers and Engineers
Basic Definitions of Process, System and Systems Engineering
Process
System
Systems Engineering
Product Development
Processes and Phases in Product Development
Automotive Product as a System
Automotive Product Development Process
What is Automotive Product Development?
Flow Diagram of Automotive Product Development
Timing Chart of the Automotive Product Development
Understanding Customer Needs
Using the Customer Needs to Deliver the "Whole" Product
Program Scope, Timings and Challenges
Scope of Vehicle Development Programs
Program Timings
Important Considerations in Managing Vehicle Programs
Some Frequently Asked Questions during Vehicle Development
Decision Making During Product Development
Disciplines Involved in Product Development
Selecting the Program Leader
Role of Early Vehicle Concept Development
Formation of Team Structure and Teams
Treating Suppliers as Partners
Other Internal and External Factors Affecting the Vehicle Programs
Internal Factors
External Factors
Importance, Advantages and Disadvantages of Systems Engineering
Importance of Systems Engineering
Advantages and Disadvantages of Systems Engineering
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2 Steps and Iterations Involved in the Automotive Product Development
Introduction
Systems Engineering Process and Models
The Process Begins with Understanding Customer and Business Needs and Government Requirements
Systems Engineering Process
Systems Engineering "V" Model
Systems Engineering Model with Five Types of Loops
Management of the Systems Engineering Process
Defining and Locating Gateways in Vehicle Program Timings
Managing by Vehicle Attributes
Vehicle Attributes and Attribute Requirements
What is an Attribute?
Attribute Requirements
Attribute Management
Vehicle Level Target Setting
Target Setting and Measures
Decomposition of a Vehicle into Manageable Lower Level Entities
Managing a Complex Product
Decomposition Tree
Relationship between Vehicle Attributes and Vehicle Systems
Interfaces between Vehicle Systems
Setting and Analyzing Requirements
What is a Requirement?
Why "specify" Requirements?
How are Requirements Developed?
Characteristics of a Good Requirement
Evaluations, Verification and Validation Tests
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 3 Customer Needs, Business Needs and Government Requirements
Introduction
Inputs to the Automotive Development Process
Customer Needs
List of Customer Needs
Business Needs
Government Requirements
Obtaining Customer Inputs
Observational Methods
Communication Methods
Experimentation Methods
Additional Methods
Determining Business needs—Product Portfolio, Model Changes and Profitability
Government Requirements in Safety, Emissions and Fuel Economy
Government Safety Requirements
EPA’s GHG Emissions and NHTSA’s CAFE Standards
Implementation Readiness of New Technologies
Vehicle Features: "Wow", "Must Have" and "Nice to Have" Features
Global Customers and Suppliers
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4 Role of Benchmarking and Target Setting
Introduction
Benchmarking
Photo-Benchmarking
Breakthrough
Differences between Benchmarking and Breakthrough
Benchmarking Competitors’ Vehicles: An Example
Examples of System, Sub-system and Component Level Benchmarking
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 5 Business Plan Development and Getting Management Approval
Introduction
Business Plan
What is a Business Plan?
Contents of the Business Plan
Process of Preparing a Business Plan
Risks in Product Programs
Make vs. Buy Decisions
An Example of a Business Plan
Vehicle Description
Market Segment
Program Timings
Financial Plan
Risks in the Vehicle Program
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6 New Technologies, Vehicle Features and Technology Development Plan
What Is a Technology Plan?
Implementing New Technologies
Major Reasons for Changes Affecting Future Vehicle Designs
Creating a Technology Plan
Risks in Technology Implementation
New Technologies
Design Trends in Powertrain Development
Driver Aids and Safety Technologies
Driver Information Interface Technologies
Connected Vehicles or V2X Technologies
Self-Driving Vehicles
Light-Weighting Technologies
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
Technology Plan
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7 Relation of Vehicle Attributes to Vehicle Systems
Introduction
Overview of Tasks and Relationships between Customer Needs and System Allocation of Attribute Requirements to Vehicle Systems
Development of Overall Vehicle Specifications
Defining Attribute Requirements for the Proposed Vehicle
Refinement of Vehicle Attribute Requirements
Specification of Vehicle Functions from Attribute Requirements and Allocation of Functions to Vehicle Systems
Cascading Vehicle Attribute Requirements to Vehicle Systems
Systems Design Specifications
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8 Understanding Interfaces between Vehicle Systems
Introduction
Interfaces
What Is an Interface?
Types of Interfaces
Interface Requirements
Visualizing Interfaces
Representing an Interface
Interface Diagram
Interface Matrix
Examples of Interface Diagram and Interface Matrix
Vehicle Systems Interface Diagram and Interface Matrix
Vehicle Brake System Interfaces
Design Iterations to Eliminate or Improve Interfaces
Sharing of Common Entities across Vehicle Lines
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9 Cascading Vehicle Attribute Requirements into Vehicle Systems
Introduction
What IS Requirements Cascade?
Cascading Attribute Requirements to Lower Levels
Cascading Attribute Requirements to Develop Systems Design Requirements
Considerations Related to Cascading Attribute Requirements on Vehicle Systems
Examples of Attribute Requirements
Brake System and Its Subsystems Requirements
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10 Development of Vehicle Concepts
Introduction
Why Create a Vehicle Concept?
Process of Developing Vehicle Concepts
Other Issues Related to Vehicle Concept Creation
Product Variations and Differentiation
Definition of a Vehicle Platform
Number of Vehicle Concepts and Variations
Designing Vehicle Exterior and Interior as a System
Evaluation of Vehicle Concepts
Use of a Pugh Diagram for Concept Selection and Improvements
Planning for Models Packages and Optional Features
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 11 Selecting a Vehicle Concept
Introduction
Market Research Clinics
What is Market Research?
New Concept Vehicle
Specific Evaluation Issues
Pros and Cons of Market Research
Market Research Methods Used in Product Development
Methods to Obtain Data
Market Research Clinics
Some Examples of Vehicle Characteristics Evaluated in Market Research Clinics
Commonly Evaluated Vehicle Characteristics Covered in the Market Research Clinics
Exterior Buck Preparation and Evaluation Set-up
Interior Buck Preparation for Package Surveys
Precautions for Clinics to Avoid Biases
Sources of Errors
Types of Survey Questions and Data Analyses
Types of Market Research Clinics
Static vs. Dynamic Clinics
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 12 Managing Vehicle Development Programs
Introduction
Program Manager
Program versus Project Management
Program Management Functions
Developing Detailed Project Plan
Project Management
Steps in Project Planning
Tools Used in Project Planning
Gantt Chart
Critical Path Method
Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique
Work-Breakdown Structure
Project Management Software
Other Tools
Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP)
Contents of SEMP
Checklist for Critical Information
Role of Systems Engineers
Value of Systems Engineering Management Plan
An Example of Systems Engineering Management Plan
Complexity in Program Management
Timings in Project Management
Cost Management
Challenges in Project Management
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 13 Computer-Aided Technologies
Introduction
Computer-Aided Technologies
Claims: Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer-Aided Technologies
Computer-Aided Design, Engineering and Manufacturing
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) Methods and Visualizations
Product Visualization Tools
Design Tools Used in Specialized Engineering Activities
Concept Design
CAE vs. Physical Tests and Prototype Builds
Design Review Meetings
Verification Tests
Validation Tests
Advantages of CAD
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14 Vehicle Validation
Introduction
Scope of Validation Testing
When is Validation Performed?
Whole Vehicle Tests
Methods Used for Evaluation
Customer ratings
Expert Reviews
Company Employees and Management Personnel
Laboratory and Controlled Field Tests
Some Examples of Validation Tests and Test Details
Vehicle Performance
Comfort
Noise Vibrations and Harshness
Crash Safety
Styling and Appearance
Packaging and Ergonomics
Electrical and Electronics
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 15 Creating a Brochure and a Website for the Vehicle
Introduction
Why Create a Vehicle Brochure?
Vehicle Website vs. Brochure
Contents of the Brochure
Picture Galleries
Vehicle Price
Examples of Brochure Contents
Vehicle Dimensions – Exterior and Interior
Powertrain and Fuel Economy
Key Vehicle Attributes
Safety Features
Special Features Categories
Concluding Remarks
References
PART II: Tools Used in the Automotive Design Process
Chapter 16 Tool Box fox Automotive Product Development
Introduction
Tools Used during Product Development Phases
Spreadsheets
Design Standards and Guidelines
Product Planning Tools
CAD and Packaging Tools
Engineering Analysis Tools
Quality Tools
Human Factors and Ergonomics Tools
Safety Engineering Tools
Measurement Tools
Program/Project Management Tools
Financial Analysis Tools
Market Research Tools
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 17 Decision Making Tools
Introduction
An Automaker’s Decision Making Problem: An Example
Decision Making in Product Design
Key Decisions in Product Life Cycle
Trade-offs during Design Stages
What Is Involved in Decision Making?
Alternatives, Outcomes, Payoffs and Risks
Maximum Expected Value Principle
Other Principles in Selecting Alternatives
Data Gathering for Decision Making
Importance of Timely Decisions
Robustness Evaluation through Sensitivity Analysis
Multi-attributes Decision Models
Pugh Diagram
Weighted Pugh Analysis
Weighted Total Score for Concept Selection
Analytical Hierarchy Method
AHP Application for Multi-attribute Decision Making
Informational Needs in Decision Making
Risks in Product Development and Product Uses
Definition of Risk and Types of Risks in Product Development
Types of Risks during Product Uses
Risk Analysis
Risk Matrix
Risk Priority Number
Problems in Risk Measurements
Importance of Early Decisions during Product Development
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 18 Product Planning Tools
Introduction
Benchmarking and Breakthrough
Benchmarking
Breakthrough
Pugh Diagram
An Example of Pugh Diagram Application
Timing Charts and Gateways
Quality Function Deployment
An Example of QFD Chart
Cascading QFDs
Advantages and Disadvantages of QFD
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
An Example of FEMA
Failure Modes and Effects and Criticality Analysis
Other Product Development Tools
Business Plan
Program Status Chart
Standards
CAD Tools
Prototyping and Simulation
Physical Mock-ups
Technology Assessment Tools
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 19 Financial Analysis in Automotive Programs
Introduction
Types of Costs and Revenues in Vehicle Programs
Non-Recurring and Recurring Costs
Costs and Revenues in Product Life Cycle
Fixed vs. Variable Costs
Make vs. Buy Decisions
Parts and Platform Sharing
Quality Costs
Manufacturing Costs
Safety Costs
Product Termination Costs
Total Life Cycle Costs
Effect of Time on Costs
Program Financial Plan
An Example: Automotive Product Program Cash Flow
Challenges in Estimating Costs and Revenues
Product Pricing Approaches
Traditional Cost-Plus Approach
Market Price-Minus Profit Approach
Other Cost Management Software Applications
Trade-offs and Risks
Types of Costs
Estimating Costs
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 20 Vehicle Package Engineering Tools
Introduction
Vehicle Packaging Background
What Is Packaged in a Vehicle?
Vehicle Packaging Organizations
Specializations within Vehicle Package Engineering
Vehicle Packaging Personnel
Package Engineering and Ergonomics
Principle Used in Vehicle Packaging
Vehicle Packaging Procedure
Vehicle Package Engineering Tasks and Process
Standard Practices Used in Vehicle Packaging
Mechanical Packaging
Occupant Packaging
CAD Models and Package Bucks
Interior Package Reference Points and Seat Track Related Dimensions
Interior Dimensions
Driver Package Development Steps and Calculations
Entry and Exit Considerations
Problems during Entry and Exit
Vehicle Features and Dimensions Related to Entry and Exit
Driver Field of View
Visibility of and over the Hood
Command Seating Position
Short Driver Problems
Tall Driver Problems
Sun Visor Design Issues
Wiper Defroster Requirements
Obscurations Caused by A-Pillars
Mirror Field of View Requirements
Methods to Measure Field of View
Polar Plots
Other Packaging Issues and Vehicle Dimensions
Concluding Remarks
Reference
Chapter 21 Product Evaluation Methods
Introduction
Overview on Product Evaluation Methods
Types of Data Collection and Measurement Methods
Methods of Data Collection and Analysis
Observational Methods
Communication Methods
Experimental Methods
Evaluations during Vehicle Development
Physical Tests with Measurement Instruments
Market Research Methods
Ergonomic Evaluations
Objective Measures and Data Methods
Subjective Methods and Data Analysis
Rating on a Scale
Paired Comparison Based Methods
Thurstone’s Method of Paired Comparisons
Analytical Hierarchy Method
Some Applications of Evaluation Techniques in Automotive Design
Checklists
Observational Studies
Vehicle User Interviews
Ratings on Interval Scales
Studies Using Programmable Vehicle Bucks
Driving Simulator Studies
Field Studies and Drive Tests
System and Component Verification and Validation Methods
Concluding Remarks
References
PART III. Examples and Illustrations
Chapter 22 Applications of Tools
Introduction
Benchmarking of Low Cost Vehicles
Photo Benchmarking
Quality Function Deployment
CAD Evaluations
Observational Studies in Designing a Center Console
Models for Ergonomic Evaluations
Legibility Prediction Model
Windshield Veiling Glare Prediction Model
Simulators, Laboratory and Field Studies
Driving Simulators
Laboratory and Field Tests
Package Evaluation Surveys
Concept Selection Market Research
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 23 Developing a Passenger Car: A Case Study
Introduction
Customer Characteristics and Needs, Market Segment, Benchmarking and
Vehicle Specification
Customer Characteristics
Customer Needs
Market Segment
Benchmarking
Description of the Target Vehicle
Changes in the Target Vehicle
Assessment of the Target Vehicle
Customer Needs Pugh Diagram
Vehicle Attributes Pugh Diagram
Vehicle Systems Pugh Diagram
Program Timings, Sales and Financial Projections
Program Timings
Projected Sales
Financial Projections
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 24 Developing a Pick-up Truck: A Case Study
Introduction
Customer Characteristics and Needs, Market Segment, Benchmarking and
Vehicle Specification
Customer Characteristics
Customer Needs
Market Segment
Benchmarking
Description of the Target Vehicle
Changes in the Target Vehicle
Assessment of the Target Vehicle
Customer Needs Pugh Diagram
Vehicle Attributes Pugh Diagram
Vehicle Systems Pugh Diagram
Program Timings, Sales and Financial Projections
Program Timings
Projected Sales
Financial Projections
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 25 Developing a Sports Utility Vehicle: A Case Study
Introduction
Customer Characteristics and Needs, and Market Segment
Customer Characteristics
Customer Needs
Market Segment
Description of the Target Vehicle
Benchmarking
Technology Plan
Assessment of the Target Vehicle
Customer Needs Pugh Diagram
Vehicle Attributes Pugh Diagram
Vehicle Systems Pugh Diagram
Program Timings, Sales and Financial Projections
Program Timings
Projected Sales
Financial Projections
Concluding Remarks
References
Appendix 1: Benchmarking and Preliminary Design Specifications
Appendix 2: QFD, Requirements Cascade and Interface Analysis for a Selected Vehicle System
Appendix 3: Business Plan Development
Appendix 4: Conceptual Design of the Proposed Vehicle and Technology Plan
Appendix 5: Systems Engineering Management Plan and Vehicle Brochure
Index
