Bhattacharya / Stubblefield Regenerative Medicine Using Pregnancy-Specific Biological Substances

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84882-718-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 460 Seiten

The proposed book is a holistic review of the clinical use of placental substances, amniotic fluid, the umbilical cord and its contents. It is intended to be a unique presentation of the current advances as well as also discussing the future applications of these substances. Attention is yet to be focused on the widespread clinical use of pregnancy-related biological substances. The aim for this book is to inform clinicians of the use of such materials and increase awareness of their therapeutic benefits. As such, this reference resource will be of great value to hematologists, rheumatologists, cardiologists, transplant technologists and all involved in regenerative medicine.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bhattacharya, Niranjan

Stubblefield, Phillip

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Regenerative Medicine UsingPregnancy-Specific Biological Substances;2
1.1;Copyright Page;3
1.2;Introduction;4
1.3;Foreword;17
1.4;Preamble;19
1.5;Preface;20
1.6;Acknowledgments;22
1.7;Contents;24
1.8;Contributors;28
1.9;Part I Massive Wastage of Pregnancy SpecificBiological Substances;33
1.9.1;1: A Massive Wastage of the Global Resources;34
1.9.1.1;1.1 The Placenta;34
1.9.1.2;1.2 Amniotic Membranes;35
1.9.1.3;1.3 Amniotic Fluid;36
1.9.1.4;1.4 The Umbilical Cord;36
1.9.1.4.1;1.4.1 Wharton’s Jelly;36
1.9.1.4.2;1.4.2 Vessels;36
1.9.1.4.3;1.4.3 Epithelium;36
1.9.1.5;1.5 Umbilical Cord Blood;37
1.9.1.6;1.6 Factors Affecting Availability;37
1.9.1.7;References;38
1.10;Part II Basic Science and the Role of Placenta;40
1.10.1;2: Placenta as a Source of Stem Cells and as a Key Organ for Fetomaternal Tolerance;41
1.10.1.1;2.1 Placenta Structure;41
1.10.1.2;2.2 Embryological Development of the Placenta;42
1.10.1.3;2.3 Immunology of the Placenta;43
1.10.1.4;2.4 Possible Mechanisms Controlling Fetomaternal Tolerance;44
1.10.1.5;2.5 Placenta as a Source of Hematopoietic Stem Cells;46
1.10.1.6;2.6 Placenta as a Source of Nonhematopoietic Multipotent Stem and/or Progenitor Cells: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies;47
1.10.1.7;2.7 Conclusion;49
1.10.1.8;References;49
1.10.2;3: Placenta and Umbilical Cordin Traditional Chinese Medicine;54
1.10.2.1;3.1 History of the Medicinal Use of the Human Placenta;54
1.10.2.2;3.2 Preparation of the Human Placenta;54
1.10.2.3;3.3 Clinical Use of Human Placenta;55
1.10.2.4;3.4 Pharmacological Use of the Human Placenta;55
1.10.2.5;3.5 Adverse Effects of Human Placenta;56
1.10.2.6;3.6 Conclusion;56
1.10.2.7;References;56
1.11;Part III Use of Cord Blood in Biochemistry;57
1.11.1;4: Use of Umbilical Venous Blood on Assessing the Biochemical Variations of Acid–Base, Nutritional and Metabolic Parameters on Growth-Retarded Fetuses, in Comparison with Gestational Control Cases: A Study;58
1.11.1.1;4.1 Introduction;58
1.11.1.2;4.2 Materials and Methods;58
1.11.1.2.1;4.2.1 Population Under Study;58
1.11.1.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Control Group;59
1.11.1.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Pathological Group;59
1.11.1.2.2;4.2.2 Sampling Procedure;59
1.11.1.2.3;4.2.3 Analytical Methods;59
1.11.1.2.4;4.2.4 Statistics;60
1.11.1.3;4.3 Results;60
1.11.1.3.1;4.3.1 Gaseous and Acid–Base Parameters in Umbilical Venous Blood (Table 4.1, Fig. 4.1);60
1.11.1.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Control Population (n = 109);60
1.11.1.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Pathological Population;61
1.11.1.3.1.2.1;Severe Growth Retardation (n = 29);61
1.11.1.3.1.2.2;Moderate Growth Retardation (n = 11);62
1.11.1.3.2;4.3.2 Metabolic Parameters in Umbilical Venous Blood (Table 4.2, Fig. 4.2);62
1.11.1.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 Control Population (n = 109);62
1.11.1.3.2.2;4.3.2.2 Pathological Population;62
1.11.1.3.2.2.1;Severe Growth Retardation (n = 29);62
1.11.1.3.2.2.1.1;Glucose;62
1.11.1.3.2.2.1.2;Lactate and Pyruvate;62
1.11.1.3.2.2.1.3;Free Fatty Acids;62
1.11.1.3.2.2.1.4;Ketone Bodies;62
1.11.1.3.2.2.1.5;Cholesterol;63
1.11.1.3.2.2.2;Moderate Growth Retardation (n = 11);63
1.11.1.4;4.4 Discussion;65
1.11.1.5;4.5 Conclusion;66
1.11.1.6;References;67
1.12;Part IV Use of Cord Blood as Blood Substitute;69
1.12.1;5: Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion and Its Therapeutic Potentialities;70
1.12.1.1;5.1 Introduction;70
1.12.1.2;5.2 Umbilical Cord Blood as a Source of Components in Transfusional Therapy;71
1.12.1.3;5.3 Human Umbilical Cord Blood Features;71
1.12.1.3.1;5.3.1 Hematologic Parameters of Newborn Blood;71
1.12.1.3.2;5.3.2 Newborn Hemoglobin;72
1.12.1.3.3;5.3.3 Coagulation Factor Features of Umbilical Cord Blood;72
1.12.1.3.4;5.3.4 Immunological Features of Umbilical Cord Blood;73
1.12.1.3.5;5.3.5 Erythrocyte Antigens and Antibodies;74
1.12.1.4;5.4 Hemocomponents from Umbilical Cord Blood;74
1.12.1.5;5.5 Stored Umbilical Cord Blood Features and Quality;75
1.12.1.6;5.6 Suggestion for Collection, Preparation, and Storage of Umbilical Cord Blood;76
1.12.1.7;5.7 Risk of Infectious Disease due to Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion;76
1.12.1.8;5.8 Therapeutic Use of Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion;77
1.12.1.8.1;5.8.1 Use of Cord Blood RBCsin Transfusion in Anemia Patients;78
1.12.1.9;5.9 Use of Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion in Sickle Cell Anemia Patients;78
1.12.1.9.1;5.9.1 Use of Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion in Patients with Malaria;78
1.12.1.9.2;5.9.2 Use of Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion in Patients with Diabetes;79
1.12.1.9.3;5.9.3 Use of Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients;79
1.12.1.10;5.10 Conclusions;79
1.12.1.11;References;80
1.12.2;6: Autologous Placental Blood Transfusion for the Therapy of Anemic Neonates;82
1.12.2.1;6.1 Background;82
1.12.2.2;6.2 Placental Blood Collection;82
1.12.2.3;6.3 Storage Stability;83
1.12.2.4;6.4 Microbial Contamination;84
1.12.2.5;6.5 Maternal Blood Contamination;86
1.12.2.6;6.6 Pharmacokinetics and Safety;86
1.12.2.7;6.7 Efficacy of Autologous Placental Blood in Avoiding Allogenous Blood Transfusions;86
1.12.2.8;6.8 Summary;88
1.12.2.9;References;88
1.12.3;7: Cord Blood: A Massive Waste of a Life-Saving Resource, a Perspective on Its Current and Potential Uses;91
1.12.3.1;7.1 Introduction;91
1.12.3.2;7.2 History of UCB Transplantation;91
1.12.3.3;7.3 Cord Blood Banking;91
1.12.3.4;7.4 Current State of the Art;92
1.12.3.5;7.5 Cord Blood Transplantation for Hemoglobinopathies;92
1.12.3.6;7.6 Double Cord Blood Transplants: Filling a Niche?;93
1.12.3.7;7.7 Biological Characteristics of UCB;93
1.12.3.8;7.8 CB Graft Characteristic, Engraftment, and Outcome;93
1.12.3.9;7.9 Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of UCB;94
1.12.3.10;7.10 Clinical Results;94
1.12.3.10.1;7.10.1 Related Donor CB Transplantation;94
1.12.3.10.2;7.10.2 Unrelated Donor CB Transplantation;94
1.12.3.11;7.11 Future Potential in Regenerative Medicine and Comparisons to Human Embryonic Stem Cells;95
1.12.3.12;7.12 Conclusions;96
1.12.3.13;References;96
1.12.4;8: Clinical Experience of Cord Blood Autologous Transfusion;98
1.12.4.1;8.1 Introduction;98
1.12.4.2;8.2 Concepts of Placental Transfusion;98
1.12.4.3;8.3 Concept of Stored Autologous Placental Transfusion;98
1.12.4.4;8.4 The Feasibility of Autologous Blood Collection and Safety;99
1.12.4.5;8.5 Risk of Autologous Cord Blood Transfusion;99
1.12.4.6;8.6 Stored Autologous Placental Transfusion for Anemia of Prematurity;99
1.12.4.7;8.7 Stored Autologous Placental Transfusion for Surgical Newborns;100
1.12.4.8;8.8 Autologous Cord Blood;100
1.12.4.9;8.9 Delayed Cord Clamping as Placental Transfusion;100
1.12.4.10;8.10 Definition of Delayed and Late Cord Clamping;100
1.12.4.10.1;8.10.1 Aim of Placental Transfusion;100
1.12.4.10.2;8.10.2 Magnitude of Placental Transfusion;101
1.12.4.10.3;8.10.3 Physiology of Placental Transfusion;101
1.12.4.10.4;8.10.4 Potential Benefits of Placental Transfusion;101
1.12.4.10.4.1;8.10.4.1 Preterm Infants;101
1.12.4.10.4.2;8.10.4.2 Term Infants;102
1.12.4.10.5;8.10.5 Potential Harms of Placental Transfusion;102
1.12.4.10.5.1;8.10.5.1 Preterm Infants;102
1.12.4.10.5.2;8.10.5.2 Term Infants;102
1.12.4.11;8.11 Milking of Umbilical Cord;102
1.12.4.11.1;8.11.1 Concept of Milking of the Umbilical Cord;103
1.12.4.12;8.12 Procedure of Umbilical Cord Milking;103
1.12.4.13;8.13 Potential Benefits of Milking of Umbilical Cord;103
1.12.4.14;8.14 Potential Harms of Milking of Umbilical Cord;103
1.12.4.15;8.15 Summary;104
1.12.4.16;References;104
1.12.5;9: Emergency Use of Human Cord Blood;107
1.12.5.1;9.1 Radiation Casualties of Fewer Than 100;109
1.12.5.2;9.2 Disproportionately More Radiation Victims;109
1.12.5.3;9.3 Blood for the Operating Rooms;110
1.12.5.4;9.4 1,000–10,000 Casualties;110
1.12.5.5;9.5 Source of Cord Blood;110
1.12.5.6;9.6 Back Up;110
1.12.5.7;9.7 72 Hours;110
1.12.5.8;9.8 Critical Issues;110
1.12.5.9;9.9 During the Emergency;110
1.12.5.10;9.10 Summary;111
1.12.5.11;References;111
1.12.6;10: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in Trauma Care: The US Multicenter Prehosptial Trial;113
1.12.6.1;10.1 Potential Role of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in Trauma Care;113
1.12.6.2;10.2 Clinical Evaluation of Modified Tetrameric Hemoglobin in Trauma Care: The First Multicenter Trial;113
1.12.6.3;10.3 Clinical Safety of Polymerized Hemoglobin in Trauma Care: The New Generation;115
1.12.6.4;10.4 Clinical Efficacy of Polymerized Hemoglobin in Trauma Care;116
1.12.6.4.1;10.4.1 Perioperative Applications: Reduce Allogeneic RBC Transfusions in Trauma Care;116
1.12.6.5;10.5 Perioperative Applications: Reduce Allogeneic RBC Transfusions During Initial;116
1.12.6.5.1;10.5.1 Resuscitation and Thereby Decrease ARDS and MOF;116
1.12.6.6;10.6 Acute Hemorrhagic Shock: When Stored RBCs are Unavailable in Trauma Care;119
1.12.6.7;10.7 Current Phase III US Multicenter Prehospital HBOC Trial;120
1.12.6.8;References;122
1.12.7;11: Placental Umbilical Cord Blood as a True Blood Substitute with an Edge;124
1.12.7.1;11.1 Background;124
1.12.7.2;11.2 Antigenic Difference of Adult RBC and Cord Blood RBC;125
1.12.7.3;11.3 Basic Immunological Characters of Cord Blood Constituents;126
1.12.7.4;11.4 Contemporary Experience with Allogeneic Cord Blood Transfusion as an Adult Blood Substitute;126
1.12.7.5;11.5 Other Impacts of Cord Blood Transfusion, i.e., Cell Therapy Potential on the Host;129
1.12.7.6;11.6 Special Advantages of Cord Blood Transfusion;129
1.12.7.7;References;130
1.13;Part V Immunotherapy Potential of FetalCell in Maternal System;133
1.13.1;12: Implications of Feto-maternal Cell Transfer in Normal Pregnancy;134
1.13.1.1;12.1 Introduction;134
1.13.1.2;12.2 Materno-fetal Cell Transfer and Its Implications on Immunity and Tolerance;134
1.13.1.3;12.3 Feto-maternal Cell Traffic and Its Use for Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis;136
1.13.1.4;12.4 Feto-maternal Cell Traffic and Its Long-Term Consequences;137
1.13.1.5;References;139
1.13.2;13: Early Reports on the Prognostic Implications and Immunotherapeutic Potentials of Cd34 Rich Cord Whole Blood Transfusion in Advanced Breast Cancer with Severe Anemia;142
1.13.2.1;13.1 Introduction;142
1.13.2.2;13.2 Materials and Methods;143
1.13.2.3;13.3 Result and Analysis;143
1.13.2.4;13.4 Discussion;153
1.13.2.5;13.5 Conclusion;156
1.13.2.6;References;157
1.14;Part VI Use of Placental Umbilical Cord Bloodin Neurology;158
1.14.1;14: Anti-inflammatory Effects of Human Cord Blood and Its Potential Implication in Neurological Disorders;159
1.14.1.1;14.1 Introduction;159
1.14.1.2;14.2 Inflammatory Response in Neurological Disorders and Brain Injury;159
1.14.1.3;14.3 Immunomodulatory Strategies for Therapy of CNS Disorders;159
1.14.1.4;14.4 Immunological Properties of HUCBCs;160
1.14.1.4.1;14.4.1 Phenotypical Characteristics of HUCBCs;160
1.14.1.4.2;14.4.2 Immunomodulatory Properties of HUCBCs;160
1.14.1.5;14.5 Experimental Evidence of Anti-inflammatory Properties of HUCBCs in Models of CNS Disorders;161
1.14.1.5.1;14.5.1 Site of Migration and Engraftment of Intravenously Transplanted HUCBCs;161
1.14.1.5.2;14.5.2 Modulation of Splenocyte Phenotype and Function by HUCBCs;162
1.14.1.5.3;14.5.3 Modulation of Brain Inflammatory Cells and Cytokines by HUCBCs;162
1.14.1.6;14.6 Conclusion;164
1.14.1.7;References;164
1.14.2;15: Transforming “Waste” into Gold: Identification of Novel Stem Cells Resources with Therapeutic Potential in Neuromuscular Disorders;167
1.14.2.1;15.1 Introduction;167
1.14.2.2;15.2 Umbilical Cord;167
1.14.2.3;15.3 Adipose Tissue;169
1.14.2.4;15.4 Conclusion;171
1.14.2.5;References;171
1.14.3;16: Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells for Stroke;173
1.14.3.1;16.1 Introduction;173
1.14.3.2;16.2 The Characteristics of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells;175
1.14.3.3;16.3 From the Beginning to the Current Niche for HUCB in Neuroscience; Focusing on In vitro Studies177
1.14.3.4;16.4 The Application of HUCB in Stroke Research Focusing on In vivo Studies;178
1.14.3.5;16.5 Disclosure statement;181
1.14.3.6;References;182
1.14.4;17: Placental Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion for Stem Cell Therapy in Neurological Diseases;186
1.14.4.1;17.1 Introduction;186
1.14.4.2;17.2 Stem Cell Therapy in Neurological Diseases;186
1.14.4.3;17.3 Umbilical Cord Blood: An Alternative Source of Stem Cells;187
1.14.4.4;17.4 Therapeutic Uses of Human Placental Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion in Neurology;189
1.14.4.5;17.5 Conclusion;190
1.14.4.6;References;190
1.15;Part VII Use of Placental Umbilical Cord BloodSerum in Ophthalmology;192
1.15.1;18: Umbilical Cord and Its Blood: A Perspective on Its Current and Potential Use in Ophthalmology;193
1.15.1.1;18.1 Introduction;193
1.15.1.2;18.2 Rationale of Serum Therapy in Ophthalmology;193
1.15.1.3;18.3 History of Serum Use in Ophthalmology;194
1.15.1.4;18.4 Introduction of Umbilical Cord Serum in Ophthalmology;194
1.15.1.5;18.5 Preparation of Umbilical Cord Serum Eye Drops;195
1.15.1.6;18.6 Safety and Stability;196
1.15.1.7;18.7 Application of Umbilical Cord Serum Eye Drops in Ophthalmology;196
1.15.1.7.1;18.7.1 Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects;196
1.15.1.7.2;18.7.2 Dry Eye Syndrome;196
1.15.1.7.3;18.7.3 Ocular Complications of GVHD;197
1.15.1.7.4;18.7.4 Neurotrophic Keratitis;198
1.15.1.7.5;18.7.5 Miscellaneous;198
1.15.1.8;18.8 Complications and Considerations;198
1.15.1.9;18.9 Future Application;199
1.15.1.10;References;200
1.16;Part VIII Use of Placental Umbilical Cordin Cardiovascular Surgery;202
1.16.1;19: Umbilical Vein Grafts for Lower Limb Revascularization;203
1.16.1.1;19.1 Operative Technique;206
1.16.1.2;19.2 Results;208
1.16.1.3;19.3 Complications;209
1.16.1.3.1;19.3.1 Thrombosis;209
1.16.1.3.2;19.3.2 Infection;211
1.16.1.3.3;19.3.3 Aneurysms;211
1.16.1.3.4;19.3.4 Intimal Hyperplasia;211
1.16.1.4;19.4 Summary;211
1.16.1.5;References;212
1.17;Part IX Use of Cord Blood in CardiovascularMedicne;213
1.17.1;20: Cord Blood Stem Cells in Angiogenesis;214
1.17.1.1;20.1 Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC);214
1.17.1.2;20.2 Angiogenesis in Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI);214
1.17.1.3;20.3 Angiogenesis in Retinal and Chordial Abnormalities;215
1.17.1.4;20.4 Conclusion;215
1.17.1.5;References;216
1.17.2;21: Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Cord Blood: Magic Bullets Against Ischemia?;218
1.17.2.1;21.1 EPCs: A Concept, a Marker, or an Identity?;218
1.17.2.1.1;21.1.1 1997: “The Year of the Contact”; the First Definition of EPCs218
1.17.2.1.2;21.1.2 Revisiting the Concept and the Definition: The Heterogeneous EPCs’ Nature;218
1.17.2.1.3;21.1.3 The Search for a Common Progenitor of EPCs and HPCs. But Does It Really Exist?;219
1.17.2.2;21.2 EPCs “At Work”: Multiple Ways to Promote Blood Vessel Formation;220
1.17.2.2.1;21.2.1 Some Important Definitions;220
1.17.2.2.2;21.2.2 EPCs as “Builders” of New Blood Vessels into Ischemic Tissues;220
1.17.2.2.3;21.2.3 EPCs as “Organizers” of Novel Blood Vessel Development;220
1.17.2.3;21.3 Cord-Blood-Derived EPCs to Promote Angiogenesis: Why and How?;221
1.17.2.3.1;21.3.1 Newborn Versus Adult EPCs: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Possible Escapes;221
1.17.2.3.2;21.3.2 In Vivo Studies;222
1.17.2.3.3;21.3.3 The Perspectives;223
1.17.2.4;References;223
1.17.3;22: Therapeutic Potential of Placental Umbilical Cord Blood in Cardiology;227
1.17.3.1;22.1 Introduction;227
1.17.3.1.1;22.1.1 Possible Cellular Source for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy;227
1.17.3.1.2;22.1.2 Allograftable Cellular Source;227
1.17.3.1.3;22.1.3 Lineage of Stem Cells in Placental Umbilical Cord Blood;228
1.17.3.1.4;22.1.4 Cardiomyogenic Transdifferentiation Potential In Vitro;228
1.17.3.1.5;22.1.5 Effect of UCB-Derived Stem Cell in Cardiology In Vivo;230
1.17.3.1.6;22.1.6 Limitations and Future of UCBMSCs in Cardiology;231
1.17.3.2;References;231
1.17.4;23: Stem Cell Therapy for Heart Failure Using Cord Blood;233
1.17.4.1;23.1 Introduction;233
1.17.4.2;23.2 Inhibition of Inflammatory Cascade by Mesenchymal Stem Cells;233
1.17.4.3;23.3 Inhibition of Death/Repair;234
1.17.4.4;23.4 Currently Stem Cell Therapy Helps Heart Patients: Just Not That Well;235
1.17.4.5;23.5 How to Increase Stem Cell Efficacy?;238
1.17.4.6;23.6 Making Stem Cells Home Better;238
1.17.4.7;23.7 Revitalize Stem Cells;239
1.17.4.8;23.8 Use Stem Cell Combinations;240
1.17.4.9;23.9 Cardiovascular Regenerative Cell Therapy Using UCB-Derived HSC;240
1.17.4.10;23.10 Cardiac Angiogenesis Using UCB-Derived HSCs;241
1.17.4.11;23.11 Conclusion;241
1.17.4.12;References;242
1.17.5;24: Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells in the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction;249
1.17.5.1;24.1 Introduction;249
1.17.5.2;References;257
1.18;Part X Use of Placental Umbilical Cord Bloodin Other Subspecialitiesof Regeneration Medicine;259
1.18.1;25: Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells;260
1.18.1.1;25.1 Characteristics of UCB-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells;261
1.18.1.2;25.2 Another Source of Fetal MSC: Placental Tissues and Umbilical Cord;262
1.18.1.3;25.3 Prospects for the Clinical Utilization of UCB-MSC;262
1.18.1.4;References;263
1.18.2;26: Cord Blood Stem Cell Expansion Ex Vivo: Current Status and Future Strategies;265
1.18.2.1;26.1 Introduction;265
1.18.2.1.1;26.1.1 Types of Stem Cells;265
1.18.2.1.2;26.1.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cells;265
1.18.2.1.3;26.1.3 Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells (CB HSCs);266
1.18.2.2;26.2 Strategy for Ex Vivo CB HSC Expansion;266
1.18.2.2.1;26.2.1 The Problems for Large Ex Vivo Expansion of HSCs;266
1.18.2.2.2;26.2.2 Culture Systems for Stem Cell Expansion;266
1.18.2.3;26.3 Cellular Basis for CB HSC Expansion;267
1.18.2.3.1;26.3.1 The Mechanisms Underlying Feeder Cells Supporting HSC Expansion Ex Vivo;268
1.18.2.3.2;26.3.2 Manipulation of Feeder Cells for Ex Vivo HSC Expansion;269
1.18.2.3.3;26.3.3 The Choice of HSC Subsets for Ex Vivo Expansion;270
1.18.2.3.4;26.3.4 Cell Culture Condition and CB HSC Expansion;270
1.18.2.3.5;26.3.5 The Factors That Determine the Success and Failure of CB HSC Transplantation;271
1.18.2.4;26.4 Molecular Basis for CB HSC Expansion;271
1.18.2.4.1;26.4.1 Transcription Factors That Contribute to Stem Cell Expansion;272
1.18.2.4.2;26.4.2 Signal Transduction Pathways That Govern Stem Cell Fate and Expansion;272
1.18.2.4.3;26.4.3 Growth Factors and Cytokines That Regulate CB HSC Expansion;273
1.18.2.4.4;26.4.4 Proteins That Promote CB HSC Expansion;274
1.18.2.4.5;26.4.5 Small Molecules That Enhance CB HSC Expansion;274
1.18.2.5;26.5 Concluding Remarks;275
1.18.2.6;References;275
1.18.3;27: Embryonic-Like Stem Cells and the Importance of Human Umbilical Cord Blood for Regenerative Medicine;280
1.18.3.1;27.1 Introduction;280
1.18.3.2;27.2 The Rise of Umbilical Cord Stem Cells to Prominence;280
1.18.3.3;27.3 Over 20,000 Transplants Achieved;281
1.18.3.4;27.4 Cord-Derived Transplants Leave the Hematology Clinic;282
1.18.3.5;27.5 Research Leads the Way in Developing Cord-Related Stem Cells;283
1.18.3.6;27.6 Cord Blood Banking –A Controversial but Necessary Choice;285
1.18.3.7;27.7 Conclusion;288
1.18.3.8;References;289
1.18.3.9;Suggested Readings;290
1.18.4;28: Use of Non-hematopoietic Stem Cells of Fetal Origin from Cord Blood, Umbilical Cord, and Placenta in Regeneration Medicine;291
1.18.4.1;28.1 Introduction;291
1.18.4.2;28.2 Non-hematopoietic Cord Blood Stem Cells;292
1.18.4.2.1;28.2.1 Tissue Specific Monopotent Stem Cells in Cord Blood?;292
1.18.4.2.2;28.2.2 Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells (USSC);292
1.18.4.2.3;28.2.3 Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC);293
1.18.4.2.4;28.2.4 Cord Blood Endothelial Progenitors;294
1.18.4.2.5;28.2.5 Embryonic-Like Stem Cells in Cord Blood;294
1.18.4.2.6;28.2.6 Cord Blood Stem Cells – Many Categories of Stem Cells with Different Characteristics or Different Approaches to Charac;295
1.18.4.3;28.3 Umbilical Cord Stromal Cells;295
1.18.4.4;28.4 Placental Stem Cells;296
1.18.4.4.1;28.4.1 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Amniotic and Chorionic Regions;296
1.18.4.4.2;28.4.2 Amniotic Epithelial Cells;297
1.18.4.5;28.5 Possible Clinical Applications of Non-hematopoietic Fetal Stem Cells;297
1.18.4.6;28.6 Conclusion;299
1.18.4.7;References;299
1.18.5;29: Animal Studies of Cord Blood and Regeneration;304
1.18.5.1;29.1 Cord Blood Transplants: History;304
1.18.5.2;29.2 Studies in the Regenerative Use of Cord Blood;307
1.18.5.3;29.3 Conclusion;309
1.18.5.4;References;309
1.18.6;30: Immune Privilege of Cord Blood;313
1.18.6.1;30.1 Introduction;313
1.18.6.2;30.2 Cord Blood Hematopoietic Cells;314
1.18.6.3;30.3 Immune Modulation by Hematopoietic Stem Cells;314
1.18.6.4;30.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cord Blood;315
1.18.6.5;30.5 Non-Stem Cell Components of Cord Blood Are Hypoimmunogenic;316
1.18.6.6;30.6 Immune Effectors in Cord Blood;317
1.18.6.7;30.7 Clinical Safety of Cord Blood Transplants Without Immune Suppression;317
1.18.6.8;30.8 Why No GVHD?;318
1.18.6.9;30.9 Therapeutic Efficacy;318
1.18.6.10;30.10 Conclusions;319
1.18.6.11;References;320
1.18.7;31: Combination Cellular Therapy for Regenerative Medicine: The Stem Cell Niche;326
1.18.7.1;31.1 Introduction;326
1.18.7.2;31.2 Cellular Content of CB Products;326
1.18.7.3;31.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs);327
1.18.7.3.1;31.3.1 Immunologic Properties of MSCs;328
1.18.7.4;31.4 The Stem Cell Niche;329
1.18.7.5;31.5 Ex Vivo Expansion of Cord Blood Cells on MSC;329
1.18.7.6;31.6 Summary;330
1.18.7.7;References;331
1.18.8;32: Use of Cord Blood in Regenerative Medicine;333
1.18.8.1;32.1 Introduction;333
1.18.8.2;32.2 Regenerative Medicine Applications;333
1.18.8.3;32.3 Preclinical Studies;334
1.18.8.3.1;32.3.1 Heart Disease;334
1.18.8.3.2;32.3.2 Juvenile Diabetes;334
1.18.8.3.3;32.3.3 Neurological Diseases and Injuries;335
1.18.8.3.4;32.3.4 Epithelial Tissue Applications;336
1.18.8.4;32.4 Current Clinical Trials with CB Stem Cells;337
1.18.8.5;32.5 Diabetes;337
1.18.8.6;32.6 Cerebral Palsy;337
1.18.8.7;32.7 Traumatic Brain Injury;337
1.18.8.8;32.8 Hearing Loss;337
1.18.8.9;32.9 Conclusions;338
1.18.8.10;References;338
1.19;Part XI Cord Blood Collection Variabilityand Banking;341
1.19.1;33: Comparisons Between Related and Unrelated Cord Blood Collection and/or Banking for Transplantation or Research: The UK NHS Blood and Transplant Experience;342
1.19.1.1;33.1 Introduction;342
1.19.1.2;33.2 Cord Blood Collection and Banking Practices in NHSBT and Licensing Requirements;343
1.19.1.2.1;33.2.1 The NHS Cord Blood Bank in London for Unrelated Donations;343
1.19.1.2.1.1;33.2.1.1 Banking and Transplantation of Unrelated Units;343
1.19.1.2.1.2;33.2.1.2 Cord Blood Units Unsuitable for Banking;345
1.19.1.2.1.3;33.2.1.3 Transplanted Units, Geographical Distribution, and Transplant Outcomes;345
1.19.1.2.2;33.2.2 The Collection and Use of Designated or Directed Cord Blood Units for Transplantation;346
1.19.1.2.2.1;33.2.2.1 Eligibility for Designated Cord Blood Donation;346
1.19.1.2.2.2;33.2.2.2 Informed Written Consent;346
1.19.1.2.2.3;33.2.2.3 The Human Tissue Authority’s Requirements for Designated Cord Blood Donations;346
1.19.1.2.2.4;33.2.2.4 Mandatory Screening;347
1.19.1.2.2.5;33.2.2.5 Designated Cord Blood Collection and Transport to NHSBT;347
1.19.1.2.2.6;33.2.2.6 HLA Typing, Including Pre-implantation Studies;347
1.19.1.2.2.7;33.2.2.7 Designated Cord Blood Processing and Storage;347
1.19.1.2.2.8;33.2.2.8 Reporting to the Referring Clinicians;348
1.19.1.2.2.9;33.2.2.9 Storage Policy;348
1.19.1.2.2.10;33.2.2.10 Designated Cord Blood Issue for Transplantation and Transplant Outcomes;348
1.19.1.2.2.11;33.2.2.11 Breakdown of Collections by Patient Disorder;348
1.19.1.2.2.12;33.2.2.12 Characteristics of Designated Cord Blood Collections;349
1.19.1.2.2.13;33.2.2.13 Microbiology Results;349
1.19.1.2.2.14;33.2.2.14 Transplant Characteristics;349
1.19.1.2.3;33.2.3 General Observations on the DCB Program and Comparisons with the Unrelated UCB Program;349
1.19.1.2.4;33.2.4 Cord Blood Units for Research;351
1.19.1.3;References;353
1.19.2;34: Donor and Collection-Related Variables Affecting Product Quality in Ex utero Cord Blood Banking;357
1.19.2.1;34.1 Donor-Related Variables;357
1.19.2.2;34.2 Collection-Related Variables;359
1.19.2.3;References;360
1.19.3;35: Cord Blood as a Source of Hematopoietic Progenitors for Transplantation;362
1.19.3.1;35.1 Introduction;362
1.19.3.2;35.2 Characterization of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Progenitors;362
1.19.3.3;35.3 Factors Influencing Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Content;363
1.19.3.3.1;35.3.1 Influence of Mode of Collection;363
1.19.3.3.2;35.3.2 Influence of Obstetric Factors;364
1.19.3.4;35.4 Unrelated Cord Blood Banking;366
1.19.3.4.1;35.4.1 UCB Donor Selection;366
1.19.3.4.2;35.4.2 UCB Collection;366
1.19.3.4.3;35.4.3 Volume Reduction;367
1.19.3.4.4;35.4.4 Cryopreservation and Storage of the Cord Blood Unit;367
1.19.3.4.5;35.4.5 Biological Controls;367
1.19.3.4.6;35.4.6 Release of Cord Blood Unit to Transplant Center;368
1.19.3.5;35.5 UCB Transplantation Outcomes;368
1.19.3.5.1;35.5.1 Allogeneic Transplantation;368
1.19.3.5.1.1;35.5.1.1 Pediatric Studies;368
1.19.3.5.1.1.1;Related Donor Transplantation;368
1.19.3.5.1.1.2;Unrelated Donor Cord Blood Transplantation;368
1.19.3.5.1.2;35.5.1.2 Adults;369
1.19.3.5.2;35.5.2 Autologous Transplantation;369
1.19.3.6;References;369
1.20;Part XII Clinical Use of Amniotic Fluid;373
1.20.1;36: Amniotic Fluid and Placenta Stem Cells;374
1.20.1.1;36.1 Introduction;374
1.20.1.2;36.2 Amniotic Fluid and Placenta in Developmental Biology;374
1.20.1.3;36.3 Isolation and Characterization of Progenitor Cells;375
1.20.1.4;36.4 Differentiation of Amniotic Fluid- and Placenta-Derived Progenitor Cells;375
1.20.1.4.1;36.4.1 Adipocytes;376
1.20.1.4.2;36.4.2 Osteocytes;376
1.20.1.4.3;36.4.3 Endothelial Cells;376
1.20.1.4.4;36.4.4 Hepatocytes;376
1.20.1.4.5;36.4.5 Myocytes;377
1.20.1.4.6;36.4.6 Neuronal Cells;377
1.20.1.4.7;36.4.7 Renal Cells;377
1.20.1.5;36.5 In Vivo Behavior of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells;378
1.20.1.6;36.6 Amniotic Fluid and Placenta for Cell Therapy;378
1.20.1.7;36.7 Conclusion;379
1.20.1.8;References;379
1.20.2;37: Use of Amniotic Membrane, Amniotic Fluid, and Placental Dressing in Advanced Burn Patients;381
1.20.2.1;37.1 Introduction;381
1.20.2.2;37.2 Materials and Methods;381
1.20.2.3;37.3 Results and Analysis;382
1.20.2.4;37.4 Discussion;387
1.20.2.4.1;37.4.1 Amniotic Epithelial Cells;388
1.20.2.4.2;37.4.2 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Amniotic and Chorionic Regions;388
1.20.2.4.3;37.4.3 Placental Tissue and the Umbilical Cord is an Important Source of Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cell;389
1.20.2.4.4;37.4.4 Feto-Maternal Cell Traffic in Pregnancy and Its Long-Term Consequences;389
1.20.2.5;37.5 Conclusion;391
1.20.2.6;References;391
1.20.3;38: Clinical Use of Amniotic Fluid in Osteoarthritis: A Source of Cell Therapy;393
1.20.3.1;38.1 Introduction;393
1.20.3.2;38.2 Materials and Method;394
1.20.3.3;38.3 Result and Analysis;395
1.20.3.4;38.4 Discussion;398
1.20.3.5;38.5 Differentiation of Amniotic Fluid- and Placenta-Derived Progenitor Cells;399
1.20.3.6;38.6 New Horizon for Offering a Cure (Repair) for Osteoarthritis with Simple Cell Therapy;400
1.20.3.7;38.7 Conclusion;400
1.20.3.8;References;401
1.21;Part XIII Clinical Issue of Aborted Human Tissue;402
1.21.1;39: A Study and Follow-up (1999–2009) of Human Fetal Neuronal Tissue Transplants at a Heterotopic Site Outside the Brain in Cases of Advanced Idiopathic Parkinsonism;403
1.21.1.1;39.1 Introduction;403
1.21.1.2;39.2 Fetal Tissue Used to Treat Diseases and Defects;404
1.21.1.3;39.3 Materials and Methods;406
1.21.1.4;39.4 Result and Analysis;407
1.21.1.5;39.5 Histological Analysis;417
1.21.1.6;39.6 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE);424
1.21.1.7;39.7 Study of the Mood of the Transplant Patient (e.g., HADS);425
1.21.1.8;39.8 Secondary Advantages of Neuronal Tissue Transplantation in the Present Study;428
1.21.1.9;39.9 Improvement of Aches and Pain with Fetal Neuronal Tissue Transplantation;429
1.21.1.10;39.10 Weight Gain and Sense of Well-Being with Fetal Tissue Transplantation;430
1.21.1.11;39.11 Discussion;431
1.21.1.12;39.12 Summary and Conclusions;433
1.21.1.13;References;434
1.22;Part XIV Ethics;436
1.22.1;40: Ethical Issues Surrounding Umbilical Cord Blood Donation and Banking;437
1.22.1.1;40.1 Introduction;437
1.22.1.1.1;40.1.1 Rational for UCB Collection and Storage;437
1.22.1.1.2;40.1.2 Clinical Evidence Regarding UCB Transplantation;438
1.22.1.1.3;40.1.3 Establishment of UCB Banks;438
1.22.1.2;40.2 Ethical Issues;439
1.22.1.2.1;40.2.1 Ethical Issues Concerning UCB Collection;439
1.22.1.2.2;40.2.2 Social-Justice Concerns for UCB Public Donation;441
1.22.1.2.3;40.2.3 Ethical Issues Concerning UCB Private Banking;442
1.22.1.2.4;40.2.4 A Role for Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine;443
1.22.1.3;40.3 Conclusion;444
1.22.1.4;References;444
1.23;Index;447