Bharagava Emerging Eco-friendly Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-981-15-1390-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 18, 361 Seiten

Reihe: Microorganisms for Sustainability

As we know, rapid industrialization is a serious concern in the context of a healthy environment and public health due to the generation of huge volumes of toxic wastewater. Although various physico-chemical and biological approaches are available for the treatment of this wastewater, many of them are not effective. Now, there a number of emerging ecofriendly, cost-effective approaches utilizing microorganisms (bacterial/fungi/algae), green plants or their enzymes, and constructed wetland treatment systems in the treatment of wastewaters containing pollutants such as endocrine disrupting chemicals, toxic metals, pesticides, dyes, petroleum hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. This book provides a much-needed, comprehensive overview of the various types of wastewater and their ecotoxicological effects on the environment, humans, animals and plants as well as various emerging and eco-friendly approaches for their treatment. It provides insights into the ecological problems and challenges in the treatment and management of wastewaters generated by various sources.

Ram Naresh Bharagava is an Assistant Professor in Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. He earned B.Sc. in Biology from University of Lucknow, Lucknow and M.Sc. in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology from Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India. He did Ph.D in Microbiology from Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow and Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. He published one author book and eight edited books and more than 140 research items in National and International journal of repute. His major thrust areas of research are Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants, Metagenomics and Wastewater Microbiology. He is life member of the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), India, Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI), Biotech Research Society (BRSI), and Academy of Environmental Biology (AEB). 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bharagava, Ram Naresh

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;9
3;Contents;10
4;About the Series Editor;12
5;Editor and Contributors;13
6;About the Editor;13
7;Contributors;13
8;Chapter 1: Green Technologies for the Treatment of Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Wastewaters;18
8.1;1.1 Introduction;19
8.2;1.2 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals Worldwide;20
8.3;1.3 Ecotoxicological Effects;26
8.4;1.4 Alternative Treatments;29
8.4.1;1.4.1 Microalgal;29
8.4.2;1.4.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP);30
8.4.3;1.4.3 Adsorption;31
8.4.4;1.4.4 Enzymatic Bioreactor;32
8.5;1.5 Conclusion;33
8.6;References;33
9;Chapter 2: Constructed Wetlands: An Emerging Green Technology for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters;38
9.1;2.1 Introduction;39
9.2;2.2 Current Scenario About Constructed Wetland Treating Industrial Wastewater;40
9.3;2.3 Constructed Wetland Classifications;43
9.3.1;2.3.1 Surface Water Flow CW (SCW);43
9.3.2;2.3.2 Subsurface Flow CW (SSCW);43
9.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Horizontal Subsurface Flow CW (HSSCW);46
9.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 Vertical Subsurface Flow CW (VSSCW);47
9.3.3;2.3.3 Hybrid Constructed Wetlands (HCW);47
9.3.4;2.3.4 Advanced CWs;48
9.4;2.4 Factors Influencing the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters by CW;48
9.4.1;2.4.1 Organic Loading;48
9.4.2;2.4.2 Clogging;49
9.4.3;2.4.3 pH;49
9.4.4;2.4.4 Temperature;50
9.5;2.5 Pollutant Removal and Operation and Maintenance for CW Treating Industrial Wastewater;50
9.6;2.6 Economical Consideration of CW for Treating Industrial Wastewater;53
9.7;2.7 Future Consideration;55
9.8;2.8 Summary and Conclusion;55
9.9;References;56
10;Chapter 3: Application of Nanoparticles in Environmental Cleanup: Production, Potential Risks and Solutions;62
10.1;3.1 Introduction;63
10.2;3.2 A Brief Description of Nanoparticles;65
10.3;3.3 Applications of Nanotechnology for Remediation and the Mechanisms;66
10.4;3.4 Common Groups of Nanomaterials Used for Remediation;78
10.4.1;3.4.1 Nano Zero-Valent Irons;78
10.4.2;3.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes;80
10.4.3;3.4.3 Zeolites;80
10.4.4;3.4.4 Metal Oxides;82
10.5;3.5 Risks of Nanotechnology Application: Cases and Management;82
10.6;3.6 Conclusions;84
10.7;References;86
11;Chapter 4: Efficiency of Algae for Heavy Metal Removal, Bioenergy Production, and Carbon Sequestration;94
11.1;4.1 Introduction;95
11.2;4.2 Sources of Heavy Metals;95
11.3;4.3 Toxicity of Heavy Metals;97
11.3.1;4.3.1 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Animals;98
11.3.2;4.3.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Plants;100
11.4;4.4 Remediation of Heavy Metals from Water and Wastewater;101
11.5;4.5 Phycoremediation;102
11.5.1;4.5.1 Factors Influencing Phycoremediation;104
11.5.1.1;4.5.1.1 Effect of pH;104
11.5.1.2;4.5.1.2 Effect of Temperature;106
11.5.1.3;4.5.1.3 Effect of Contact Time;106
11.5.1.4;4.5.1.4 Effect of Biomass Concentration;106
11.5.1.5;4.5.1.5 Effect of Metal Ion Concentration;107
11.6;4.6 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Algae;107
11.7;4.7 Bioenergy Production by Algae;108
11.8;4.8 Conclusion;110
11.9;References;111
12;Chapter 5: Advances in Plant–Microbe-Based Remediation Approaches for Environmental Cleanup;119
12.1;5.1 Environmental Pollution and Its Effect on Organisms: An Overview;120
12.2;5.2 Remediation Strategies for Environmental Cleanup;122
12.3;5.3 Physicochemical Approaches;122
12.3.1;5.3.1 Replacement and Treatment of Contaminated Soil;122
12.3.2;5.3.2 Soil Washing;122
12.3.3;5.3.3 Solidification and Stabilization;123
12.3.4;5.3.4 Vacuum Extraction;123
12.3.5;5.3.5 Chemical Decontamination;124
12.3.6;5.3.6 Electro-Kinetic Method;124
12.3.7;5.3.7 Thermal Methods;125
12.3.8;5.3.8 Biological Methods;125
12.3.8.1;5.3.8.1 Bioremediation;125
12.3.8.2;5.3.8.2 Phytoremediation;126
12.4;5.4 Plant–Microbe Partnership for Improved Remediation of Pollutants;127
12.5;5.5 Transgenic Technology for Enhanced Phytoremediation;130
12.6;5.6 Nanotechnology to Enhance the Efficiency of Phyto-bio Remediation;133
12.7;5.7 Conclusions;135
12.8;References;137
13;Chapter 6: Bioprocessing of Cane Molasses to Produce Ethanol and Its Derived Products from South Indian Distillery;145
13.1;6.1 Ethanol;146
13.2;6.2 Ethanol in India;147
13.3;6.3 Ethanol Production in South Indian Distilleries;148
13.3.1;6.3.1 Feed Preparation;148
13.3.2;6.3.2 Fermentation of Sugars by Yeast: Ethanol Production;149
13.3.3;6.3.3 Distillation Process;149
13.3.3.1;6.3.3.1 Rectified Spirit;149
13.3.3.2;6.3.3.2 Neutral Spirit or Neutral Alcohol;151
13.3.4;6.3.4 Dehydration of Ethanol;152
13.3.4.1;6.3.4.1 Azeotropic Distillation;153
13.3.4.2;6.3.4.2 Molecular Sieve Technology;153
13.4;6.4 Derived Products from Ethanol;154
13.4.1;6.4.1 Acetaldehyde;154
13.4.2;6.4.2 Acetic Acid;154
13.4.3;6.4.3 Ethyl Acetate;155
13.5;6.5 Uses of Ethanol;156
13.6;6.6 Wastewater Generation from Ethanol Production and Its Treatment Practices;156
13.6.1;6.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion;158
13.6.2;6.6.2 Reverse Osmosis;158
13.6.3;6.6.3 Biocomposting;159
13.7;6.7 Concluding Remarks;160
13.8;References;160
14;Chapter 7: Biological and Nonbiological Approaches for Treatment of Cr(VI) in Tannery Effluent;162
14.1;7.1 Introduction;163
14.2;7.2 Production and Properties of Tannery Effluent;165
14.3;7.3 Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Tannery Effluent;166
14.4;7.4 Cr(VI) as a Major Pollutant in Tannery Effluent;166
14.4.1;7.4.1 Impact of Chromium Compounds on Environment;167
14.4.2;7.4.2 Health Hazards of Chromium Compounds;168
14.5;7.5 Nonbiological Methodologies for Effluent Remediation;169
14.5.1;7.5.1 Chemical Precipitation;169
14.5.2;7.5.2 Ion Exchange;170
14.5.3;7.5.3 Reverse Osmosis;171
14.5.4;7.5.4 In Situ Chemical Sorption;171
14.5.5;7.5.5 Electrochemical Technique;172
14.6;7.6 Biological Methodologies for Effluent Remediation;172
14.6.1;7.6.1 Bacterial Removal of Chromate Ions;173
14.6.1.1;7.6.1.1 Bacterial Biomass Used for Bulk Removal of Metal Ions;174
14.6.2;7.6.2 Fungal and Yeast Removal of Chromate Ions;175
14.6.3;7.6.3 Algal Removal of Chromate Ions;176
14.6.4;7.6.4 Phytoremediation of Chromate Ions;177
14.7;7.7 Emerging Trends and Future Prospects;178
14.8;7.8 Conclusion;179
14.9;References;179
15;Chapter 8: Photocatalysis as a Clean Technology for the Degradation of Petrochemical Pollutants;186
15.1;8.1 Introduction;186
15.2;8.2 Petrochemical Pollutants;187
15.3;8.3 Diversity of Petrochemical Pollutants;188
15.3.1;8.3.1 Petrochemicals from Downstream Products;189
15.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Downstream Petrochemical Products from Methane;189
15.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Downstream Petrochemical Products from Ethylene;190
15.3.1.3;8.3.1.3 Down-Stream Petrochemical Products from Benzene;190
15.3.1.4;8.3.1.4 Down-Stream Petrochemical Products from Other Primary Compounds;190
15.4;8.4 Treatment of Wastewater and Petrochemical Pollutants;191
15.4.1;8.4.1 Treatment of Wastewater Pollutants;192
15.4.2;8.4.2 Treatment of Petrochemical Pollutants;194
15.5;8.5 Advance Methods for the Treatment of Petrochemical Pollutants;195
15.5.1;8.5.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes;195
15.5.2;8.5.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants;196
15.5.2.1;8.5.2.1 Photocatalysis as a Clean Technology;200
15.5.2.2;8.5.2.2 Photocatalysis as a Green Technology;200
15.6;8.6 Challenges in Treatment of Petrochemical Pollutants;201
15.7;8.7 Conclusion;202
15.8;References;203
16;Chapter 9: Sustainable Management of Toxic Industrial Effluent of Coal-Based Power Plants;207
16.1;9.1 Introduction;207
16.1.1;9.1.1 Generation and Composition of Coke Wastewater;209
16.1.2;9.1.2 Sampling of Wastewater;211
16.1.3;9.1.3 Toxic Nature of Wastewater;211
16.2;9.2 Conventional Treatment Methods;212
16.2.1;9.2.1 Physiochemical Methods;212
16.2.2;9.2.2 Biological Treatment;214
16.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 Single-Step Activated Sludge Process;214
16.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Multistep Activated Sludge Process;214
16.2.2.3;9.2.2.3 Activated Sludge in Sequential Batch Reactor;215
16.2.2.4;9.2.2.4 Fixed Biofilm-Based Treatment;216
16.2.2.5;9.2.2.5 Biological Aerated Filters-Based Treatment;217
16.2.2.6;9.2.2.6 Fluidized-Bed Reactor-Based Treatment;217
16.2.2.7;9.2.2.7 Bioaugmentation-Based Treatment;218
16.3;9.3 Integrated Treatment Approach;219
16.3.1;9.3.1 Membrane Bioreactor Followed by Biological Treatment;219
16.3.2;9.3.2 ASP Integrated with Chemical Pre-treatment;219
16.4;9.4 Extraction Value Added Products from the Coking Wastewater;220
16.5;9.5 Membrane Separation Technology for the Treatment of Coking Wastewater;224
16.6;9.6 Reclamation of Wastewater Using Novel Forward Osmosis-Nano Filtration (FO-NF) System;225
16.7;9.7 Membrane-Based Hybrid Treatment System;227
16.8;9.8 Conclusions;227
16.9;References;229
17;Chapter 10: Removal of Organic Pollutants from Contaminated Water Bodies by Using Aquatic Macrophytes Coupled with Bioenergy Production and Carbon Sequestration;234
17.1;10.1 Introduction;235
17.2;10.2 Types of Contaminates Present in Aquatic Ecosystems;236
17.3;10.3 Sources of Organic Pollution;237
17.4;10.4 Toxicity of Organic Pollution to Plants and Animals;238
17.5;10.5 Abundance and Ecology of Aquatic Macrophytes;239
17.6;10.6 Removal of Organic Contaminants;240
17.7;10.7 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants Using Aquatic Macrophytes;241
17.8;10.8 Factors Affecting Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants by Using Macrophytes;243
17.8.1;10.8.1 pH of Growing Medium;245
17.8.2;10.8.2 Temperature;246
17.8.3;10.8.3 Plant Species;247
17.9;10.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Macrophytes;247
17.10;10.10 Biofuel Production by Macrophytes;249
17.11;10.11 Conclusion;251
17.12;References;251
18;Chapter 11: Biopolymers and Their Application in Wastewater Treatment;258
18.1;11.1 Introduction;259
18.2;11.2 Biopolymers and Their Classification;260
18.3;11.3 Mechanism of Action of Biopolymers for Wastewater Treatment;260
18.3.1;11.3.1 By Bridge Formation;260
18.3.2;11.3.2 By Electrostatic Patch;262
18.3.3;11.3.3 By Adsorption;262
18.3.4;11.3.4 By Coagulation/Flocculation;263
18.4;11.4 Effect of Factors on Efficacy of Biopolymers;263
18.4.1;11.4.1 Effect of pH;263
18.4.2;11.4.2 Effect of Size;264
18.4.3;11.4.3 Effect of Dose of Biopolymers;265
18.4.4;11.4.4 Effect of Contact Time;265
18.4.5;11.4.5 Effect of Temperature;265
18.5;11.5 Biopolymers for Wastewater Treatment;265
18.5.1;11.5.1 Chitosan;266
18.5.2;11.5.2 Cellulose;268
18.5.3;11.5.3 Alginates;270
18.5.4;11.5.4 Gum and Mucilage;270
18.5.5;11.5.5 Tannin;272
18.6;11.6 Advantages and Current Challenges;273
18.7;11.7 Conclusion;274
18.8;References;275
19;Chapter 12: Recovery of Rare Earths, Precious Metals and Bioreduction of Toxic Metals from Wastewater Using Algae;280
19.1;12.1 Background;281
19.2;12.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals;282
19.2.1;12.2.1 Thallium Toxicity;282
19.2.2;12.2.2 Cadmium Toxicity;283
19.2.3;12.2.3 Chromium Toxicity;284
19.3;12.3 Precious Metals and Rare Earth Elements;285
19.3.1;12.3.1 Gold;285
19.3.2;12.3.2 Lanthanum;287
19.4;12.4 Bioremediation Technologies;288
19.4.1;12.4.1 Phytoremediation;288
19.4.2;12.4.2 Bio-adsorption;290
19.4.2.1;12.4.2.1 Mechanisms in Bio-adsorption Processes;291
19.4.2.2;12.4.2.2 Microalgae as Sorbents for Heavy Metals;293
19.4.2.3;12.4.2.3 Immobilisation of Microalgal Cells;294
19.5;12.5 Bioflocculation;295
19.5.1;12.5.1 Algal-Bacterial Bioflocculation;295
19.5.2;12.5.2 Algal-Fungal Bioflocculation;296
19.5.3;12.5.3 Algal-Algal Bioflocculation;296
19.6;12.6 Bio-recovery of Precious Metals and Rare Earths;297
19.6.1;12.6.1 Gold Recovery;297
19.6.2;12.6.2 Chromium Recovery;299
19.7;12.7 Conclusion;299
19.8;References;301
20;Chapter 13: Green Synthesized Nanoparticle-Mediated Wastewater Treatment;311
20.1;13.1 Introduction;312
20.2;13.2 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles;313
20.3;13.3 Use of Various Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatments;316
20.4;13.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective;318
20.5;References;318
21;Chapter 14: Microbial Communities in Constructed Wetland Microcosms and Their Role in Treatment of Domestic Wastewater;322
21.1;14.1 Introduction;323
21.2;14.2 Microorganisms in CWMs and Their Role in Treatment Process;325
21.3;14.3 Microbially Mediated Reactions in CWMs;327
21.4;14.4 Seasonal Variability Among Microbial Communities with Respect to Macrophytes;328
21.5;14.5 Enzyme Activity;329
21.6;14.6 Effect of Temperature on Microbial Activity;332
21.7;14.7 Effect of DO on Microbial Activity;332
21.8;14.8 Conclusion;333
21.9;References;333
22;Chapter 15: Agricultural Waste: Its Impact on Environment and Management Approaches;339
22.1;15.1 Introduction;340
22.1.1;15.1.1 Scenario of Waste Collection in India;341
22.1.2;15.1.2 Types of Waste;341
22.1.3;15.1.3 Classification of Waste;341
22.1.3.1;15.1.3.1 According to Physical Condition (Properties);341
22.1.3.1.1;Solid Waste;341
22.1.3.1.2;Liquid Waste;341
22.1.3.2;15.1.3.2 According to Their Properties;344
22.1.3.2.1;Biodegradable Wastes;344
22.1.3.2.2;Non-biodegradable Wastes;344
22.1.3.3;15.1.3.3 According to Their Effect on Human Health and Environment;344
22.1.3.3.1;Hazardous Waste;344
22.1.3.3.2;Nonhazardous;344
22.1.3.4;15.1.3.4 According to Their Origin;345
22.1.3.4.1;Nuclear Waste;345
22.1.3.4.2;Thermal Waste;345
22.1.3.4.3;Plastic Waste;345
22.1.3.4.4;Biomedical Waste;345
22.1.3.4.5;E-Waste;346
22.1.3.5;15.1.3.5 According to Reuse of Wastes;346
22.1.3.5.1;Reusable/Recyclable Waste;346
22.1.3.5.2;Nonreusable Waste;346
22.2;15.2 Agriculture Waste;346
22.2.1;15.2.1 Definition;346
22.2.2;15.2.2 Types of Agriculture Waste;347
22.2.2.1;15.2.2.1 Agriculture Crop Residues;347
22.2.2.1.1;Organic Composting from Crop Residue;348
22.2.2.1.2;Importance of Crop Residue;348
22.2.2.1.2.1;Biofuel Production from Crop Residue;348
22.2.2.1.2.2;Mineralization Through Crop Residue;348
22.2.2.1.2.3;Efficiency of Nutrient Uptake;349
22.2.2.1.3;Composition of Crop Residue Waste;349
22.2.2.2;15.2.2.2 Waste from Agricultural Livestock;349
22.2.2.2.1;Types of Livestock Waste;350
22.2.2.2.1.1;Solid Waste;350
22.2.2.2.1.2;Slurry;350
22.2.2.2.2;Importance of Agro-Livestock Waste;351
22.2.2.3;15.2.2.3 Agro-Industry Waste;352
22.2.2.3.1;Waste from Fruit and Vegetable;352
22.2.2.3.2;Agricultural Waste Generation;352
22.3;15.3 Impact of Agricultural Waste;353
22.3.1;15.3.1 Soil;353
22.3.2;15.3.2 Environment;354
22.3.3;15.3.3 Human Health;355
22.4;15.4 Conversion and Utilization of Agricultural Waste;355
22.4.1;15.4.1 Agricultural Waste Improves Soil Fertility;356
22.4.2;15.4.2 Conservation of Paddy Straw Waste Material;356
22.4.3;15.4.3 Utilization of Biogas Plant Waste;357
22.4.4;15.4.4 Utilization of Floricultural Waste Product;357
22.4.5;15.4.5 Conservation of Horticultural Waste Product;357
22.4.6;15.4.6 Uses of Sugarcane Waste Product;358
22.4.7;15.4.7 Conservation of Cotton Waste Material;358
22.5;15.5 Summary;358
22.6;References;359