Belgacem / Gandini Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-056051-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 560 Seiten, Web PDF

The progressive dwindling of fossil resources, coupled with the drastic increase in oil prices, have sparked a feverish activity in search of alternatives based on renewable resources for the production of energy.
Given the predominance of petroleum- and carbon-based chemistry for the manufacture of organic chemical commodities, a similar preoccupation has recently generated numerous initiatives aimed at replacing these fossil sources with renewable counterparts. In particular, major efforts are being conducted in the field of polymer science and technology to prepare macromolecular materials based on renewable resources. The concept of the bio-refinery, viz. the rational exploitation of the vegetable biomass in terms of the separation of its components and their utilisation as such, or after suitable chemical modifications, is thus gaining momentum and considerable financial backing from both the public and private sectors.
This collection of chapters, each one written by internationally recognised experts in the corresponding field, covers in a comprehensive fashion all the major aspects related to the synthesis, characterization and properties of macromolecular materials prepared using renewable resources as such, or after appropriate modifications. Thus, monomers such as terpenes and furans, oligomers like rosin and tannins, and polymers ranging from cellulose to proteins and including macromolecules synthesized by microbes, are discussed with the purpose of showing the extraordinary variety of materials that can be prepared from their intelligent exploitation.
Particular emphasis has been placed on recent advances and imminent perspectives, given the incessantly growing interest that this area is experiencing in both the scientific and technological realms.
- Discusses bio-refining with explicit application to materials
- Replete with examples of applications of the concept of sustainable development
- Presents an impressive variety of novel macromolecular materials

Autoren/Hrsg.

Belgacem, Mohamed Naceur

Gandini, Alessandro

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;4
3;Foreword;6
4;List of Contributors;8
5;Chapter 1 The State of the Art;10
5.1;ABSTRACT;10
5.2;1.1 THE CONTEXT;10
5.3;1.2 VEGETABLE RESOURCES;12
5.4;1.3 ANIMAL RESOURCES;22
5.5;1.4 BACTERIAL POLYMERS;23
5.6;1.5 CONCLUSIONS;24
5.7;REFERENCES;24
6;Chapter 2 Terpenes: Major Sources, Properties and Applications;26
6.1;ABSTRACT;26
6.2;2.1 INTRODUCTION;26
6.3;2.2 TURPENTINE;28
6.4;2.3 TURPENTINE APPLICATIONS;29
6.5;2.4 POLYMERS FROM TERPENES;30
6.6;2.5 POLYTERPENE APPLICATIONS;42
6.7;2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS;43
6.8;REFERENCES;43
7;Chapter 3 Materials from Vegetable Oils: Major Sources, Properties and Applications;48
7.1;ABSTRACT;48
7.2;3.1 INTRODUCTION;48
7.3;3.2 PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND FATTY ACIDS;50
7.4;3.3 ISOLATION OF VEGETABLE OILS;51
7.5;3.4 POLYMERS FROM VEGETABLE OILS;52
7.6;3.5 CONCLUSIONS;73
7.7;REFERENCES;73
8;Chapter 4 Rosin: Major Sources, Properties and Applications;76
8.1;ABSTRACT;76
8.2;4.1 INTRODUCTION;76
8.3;4.2 ROSIN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION;77
8.4;4.3 RESIN ACIDS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY;79
8.5;4.4 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF ROSIN AND DERIVATIVES;85
8.6;4.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS;93
8.7;REFERENCES;93
9;Chapter 5 Sugars as Monomers;98
9.1;ABSTRACT;98
9.2;5.1 INTRODUCTION;98
9.3;5.2 ALDITOLS;99
9.4;5.3 ALDONIC ACIDS AND LACTONES;107
9.5;5.4 ALDARIC ACIDS;109
9.6;5.5 AMINOSUGARS;111
9.7;5.6 MISCELLANEOUS;117
9.8;REFERENCES;119
10;Chapter 6 Furan Derivatives and Furan Chemistry at the Service of Macromolecular Materials;124
10.1;ABSTRACT;124
10.2;6.1 INTRODUCTION;124
10.3;6.2 THE FURAN HETEROCYCLE AND SOME OF ITS CHEMICAL FEATURES;125
10.4;6.3 FURFURAL AND HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL;127
10.5;6.4 FURAN MONOMERS;129
10.6;6.5 POLYMERS FROM CHAIN REACTIONS;131
10.7;6.6 POLYMERS FROM STEP-GROWTH REACTIONS;136
10.8;6.7 CONJUGATED OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS;147
10.9;6.8 THE APPLICATION OF THE DA REACTION TO FURAN POLYMERS;151
10.10;6.9 MISCELLANEOUS DENDRIMERS;156
10.11;6.10 THE AGING OF FURAN POLYMERS;158
10.12;6.11 CONCLUSIONS;159
10.13;REFERENCES;159
11;Chapter 7 Surfactants from Renewable Sources: Synthesis and Applications;162
11.1;ABSTRACT;162
11.2;7.1 INTRODUCTION;162
11.3;7.2 CARBOHYDRATE-BASED SURFACTANTS;164
11.4;7.3 SURFACTANTS BASED ON RRMs ENTIRELY FROM OLEOCHEMISTRY: POLYGLYCEROL ESTERS;176
11.5;7.4 NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE PLANT-DERIVED CATIONIC EMULSIFIERS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND COSMETICS;177
11.6;7.5 GEMINI SURFACTANTS AND BOLAAMPHIPHILES;179
11.7;7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES;183
11.8;REFERENCES;184
12;Chapter 8 Tannins: Major Sources, Properties and Applications;188
12.1;ABSTRACT;188
12.2;8.1 HISTORY OF TANNINS EXTRACTION;188
12.3;8.2 MAJOR SOURCES;189
12.4;8.3 USES;190
12.5;8.4 TANNIN STRUCTURE;190
12.6;8.5 ANALYSIS;194
12.7;8.6 A FEW CONSIDERATIONS ON LEATHER MANUFACTURE;194
12.8;8.7 TANNIN-BASED ADHESIVES;195
12.9;8.8 TECHNOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL TANNIN ADHESIVES;197
12.10;8.9 NEW CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES;201
12.11;8.10 CEMENT SUPERPLASTICIZERS;201
12.12;8.11 MEDICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS;202
12.13;REFERENCES;207
13;Chapter 9 Lignins: Major Sources, Structure and Properties;210
13.1;ABSTRACT;210
13.2;9.1 INTRODUCTION;210
13.3;9.2 NOMENCLATURE OF LIGNIN;211
13.4;9.3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MONOLIGNOLS AND THE FORMATION OF LIGNIN;211
13.5;9.4 MAJOR SOURCES OF LIGNIN;214
13.6;9.5 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGNIN;219
13.7;9.6 TECHNICAL LIGNINS;225
13.8;REFERENCES;230
14;Chapter 10 Industrial Commercial Lignins: Sources, Properties and Applications;234
14.1;ABSTRACT;234
14.2;10.1 INTRODUCTION;234
14.3;10.2 SULPHITE LIGNIN;235
14.4;10.3 KRAFT LIGNIN;239
14.5;10.4 SODA LIGNIN;243
14.6;10.5 OTHER FUTURE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL LIGNINS;246
14.7;REFERENCES;247
15;Chapter 11 Lignins as Components of Macromolecular Materials;252
15.1;ABSTRACT;252
15.2;11.1 INTRODUCTION;252
15.3;11.2 LIGNINS AS PHYSICAL COMPONENTS;253
15.4;11.3 LIGNINS AS MACROMONOMERS;261
15.5;11.4 CARBON FIBRES AND OTHER GRAPHITIC MATERIALS;272
15.6;11.5 LIGNIN SURFACES AND INTERFACES;274
15.7;11.6 AROMATIC MONOMERS FROM LIGNIN AND MODEL POLYMERS;274
15.8;11.7 CONCLUSIONS;278
15.9;REFERENCES;278
16;Chapter 12 Partial or Total Oxypropylation of Natural Polymers and the Use of the Ensuing Materials as Composites or Polyol Macromonomers;282
16.1;ABSTRACT;282
16.2;12.1 INTRODUCTION;282
16.3;12.2 ‘TOTAL’ OXYPROPYLATION;284
16.4;12.3 POLYURETHANE FOAMS;291
16.5;12.4 PARTIAL OXYPROPYLATION;292
16.6;12.5 CONCLUSION;296
16.7;REFERENCES;296
17;Chapter 13 Hemicelluloses: Major Sources, Properties and Applications;298
17.1;ABSTRACT;298
17.2;13.1 STRUCTURE, SOURCES AND PROPERTIES;298
17.3;13.2 APPLICATIONS;307
17.4;13.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS;308
17.5;REFERENCES;309
18;Chapter 14 Cork and Suberins: Major Sources, Properties and Applications;314
18.1;ABSTRACT;314
18.2;14.1 INTRODUCTION;314
18.3;14.2 CORK;315
18.4;14.3 SUBERIN;317
18.5;14.4 APPLICATIONS OF SUBERIN AND SUBERIN COMPONENTS;321
18.6;14.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS;327
18.7;REFERENCES;327
19;Chapter 15 Starch: Major Sources, Properties and Applications as Thermoplastic Materials;330
19.1;ABSTRACT;330
19.2;15.1 INTRODUCTION;330
19.3;15.2 MAIN SOURCES OF STARCH;331
19.4;15.3 STRUCTURE OF STARCH GRANULES;331
19.5;15.4 DISRUPTION OF STARCH GRANULES;334
19.6;15.5 APPLICATIONS OF STARCH AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR PLASTIC PRODUCTION;336
19.7;15.6 THERMOPLASTIC STARCH;337
19.8;15.7 CONCLUSIONS;345
19.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;346
19.10;REFERENCES;346
20;Chapter 16 Cellulose Chemistry: Novel Products and Synthesis Paths;352
20.1;ABSTRACT;352
20.2;16.1 INTRODUCTION;352
20.3;16.2 CARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS;352
20.4;16.3 NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS WITH CELLULOSE;363
20.5;16.4 ETHERIFICATION OF CELLULOSE;364
20.6;16.5 CONCLUSIONS;372
20.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;372
20.8;REFERENCES;373
21;Chapter 17 Bacterial Cellulose from Glucanacetobacter xylinus: Preparation, Properties and Applications;378
21.1;ABSTRACT;378
21.2;17.1 INTRODUCTION;378
21.3;17.2 CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS;379
21.4;17.3 PROPERTIES;382
21.5;17.4 APPLICATIONS;387
21.6;17.5 CONCLUSIONS;391
21.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;391
21.8;REFERENCES;391
22;Chapter 18 Surface Modification of Cellulose Fibres;394
22.1;ABSTRACT;394
22.2;18.1 INTRODUCTION;394
22.3;18.2 SUBSTRATES AND METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION;395
22.4;18.3 SURFACE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES;395
22.5;18.4 CONCLUSIONS;406
22.6;REFERENCES;407
23;Chapter 19 Cellulose-Based Composites and Nanocomposites;410
23.1;ABSTRACT;410
23.2;19.1 INTRODUCTION;410
23.3;19.2 NATURAL FIBRES;411
23.4;19.3 COMPOSITES;414
23.5;19.4 COMPOSITE PROCESSING;415
23.6;19.5 COMPOSITE PROPERTIES;415
23.7;19.6 NANOCOMPOSITES;422
23.8;19.7 CONCLUSIONS;425
23.9;REFERENCES;426
24;Chapter 20 Chemical Modification of Wood;428
24.1;ABSTRACT;428
24.2;20.1 INTRODUCTION;428
24.3;20.2 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION;429
24.4;20.3 CONCLUSIONS;439
24.5;REFERENCES;439
25;Chapter 21 Polylactic Acid: Synthesis, Properties and Applications;442
25.1;ABSTRACT;442
25.2;21.1 INTRODUCTION;442
25.3;21.2 SYNTHESIS OF PLA;443
25.4;21.3 PLA PROPERTIES;448
25.5;21.4 DEGRADATION;452
25.6;21.5 PROCESSING;454
25.7;21.6 APPLICATIONS;456
25.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;457
25.9;REFERENCES;457
26;Chapter 22 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Origin, Properties and Applications;460
26.1;ABSTRACT;460
26.2;22.1 INTRODUCTION;460
26.3;22.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW;461
26.4;22.3 PREPARATION, SYNTHESIS;463
26.5;22.4 STRUCTURE;468
26.6;22.5 ULTIMATE PROPERTIES;469
26.7;22.6 THERMAL AND HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION;473
26.8;22.7 MODIFICATION;475
26.9;22.8 PROCESSING;477
26.10;22.9 APPLICATIONS;479
26.11;22.10 PRODUCERS;481
26.12;22.11 OUTLOOK;482
26.13;REFERENCES;482
27;Chapter 23 Proteins as Sources of Materials;488
27.1;ABSTRACT;488
27.2;23.1 INTRODUCTION;488
27.3;23.2 STRUCTURES;488
27.4;23.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES;490
27.5;23.4 IMPORTANT PROTEINS AS SOURCES OF MATERIALS;491
27.6;23.5 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AS MATERIALS;493
27.7;REFERENCES;501
28;Chapter 24 Polyelectrolytes Derived from Natural Polysaccharides;504
28.1;ABSTRACT;504
28.2;24.1 INTRODUCTION;504
28.3;24.2 POLYELECTROLYTE CHARACTERIZATION;504
28.4;24.3 CELLULOSE IONIC DERIVATIVES;507
28.5;24.4 STARCH IONIC DERIVATIVES;510
28.6;24.5 SEAWEED POLYSACCHARIDES;511
28.7;24.6 PECTINS;518
28.8;24.7 GALACTOMANNAN IONIC DERIVATIVES;520
28.9;24.8 LIGNINS AND LIGNOSULPHONATES;521
28.10;24.9 CONCLUSION;521
28.11;REFERENCES;521
29;Chapter 25 Chitin and Chitosan: Major Sources, Properties and Applications;526
29.1;ABSTRACT;526
29.2;25.1 INTRODUCTION;526
29.3;25.2 METHODS OF PREPARATION;527
29.4;25.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN;530
29.5;25.4 INTERACTION WITH METAL IONS;535
29.6;25.5 CHITOSAN IN POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES;536
29.7;25.6 APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY;539
29.8;25.7 APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE;541
29.9;25.8 APPLICATIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY;541
29.10;25.9 APPLICATIONS IN COSMETICS;542
29.11;25.10 OTHER APPLICATIONS;543
29.12;REFERENCES;543
30;Index;552
30.1;A;552
30.2;B;552
30.3;C;553
30.4;D;554
30.5;E;555
30.6;F;555
30.7;G;555
30.8;H;556
30.9;I;556
30.10;J;556
30.11;K;556
30.12;L;556
30.13;M;557
30.14;N;557
30.15;O;557
30.16;P;557
30.17;Q;559
30.18;R;559
30.19;S;559
30.20;T;560
30.21;U;560
30.22;V;561
30.23;W;561
30.24;X;561
30.25;Y;561
30.26;Z;561
31;Colour Plate;562