Beisner / Cuddington Ecological Paradigms Lost

Routes of Theory Change
1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-08-045786-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 459 Seiten

This edited volume in the Theoretical Ecology series addresses the historical development and evolution of theoretical ideas in the field of ecology. Not only does it recount the history of the discipline by practitioners of the science of ecology, it includes commentary on these historical reflections by philosophers of science. Even though the theories discussed are, in many cases, are at the forefront of research, the language and approach make this material accessible to non-theoreticians. The book is structured in 5 major sections including population ecology, epidemiology, community ecology, evolutionary biology and ecosystem ecology. In each section a chapter by an eminent, experienced ecologist is complemented by analysis from a newer, cutting-edge researcher.
* Reflection on the past and future of ecology
* A historical overview of major ideas in the field of ecology
* Pairing of historical views by ecologists along with a philosophical commentary directed at the practicing scientists` views by a philosopher of science.
* Historical analysis by practicing ecologists including anectodal experiences that are rarely recorded.
* Based on a very popular symposium at the 2002 Ecological Society of America annual meeting in Tucson, AZ.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Beisner, Beatrix

Cuddington, Kim

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;15
2;PREFACE;21
3;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;23
4;1: WHY A HISTORY OF ECOLOGY? AN INTRODUCTION;25
4.1;REFERENCES;30
5;PART I: POPULATION ECOLOGY;31
5.1;2: UNSTRUCTURED MODELS IN ECOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE;33
5.1.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;33
5.1.2;2.2 THE BASIC (DETERMINISTIC) UNSTRUCTURED MODELS;35
5.1.3;2.3 SINGLE SPECIES;36
5.1.3.1;2.3.1 Continuous Time;36
5.1.3.2;2.3.2 Discrete Time;38
5.1.4;2.4 TWO SPECIES;40
5.1.4.1;2.4.1 Continuous Time Exploiter-Victim Models;41
5.1.4.2;2.4.2 Nicholson-Bailey Discrete Time Models;43
5.1.4.3;2.4.3 SIR Epidemiological Models;45
5.1.4.4;2.4.4 Competition;47
5.1.5;2.5 MORE THAN TWO SPECIES;48
5.1.6;2.6 TIME SERIES AND MODEL FITTING;49
5.1.7;2.7 THE FUTURE OF UNSTRUCTURED MODELS;50
5.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;51
5.1.9;REFERENCES;51
5.2;3: UNSTRUCTURED POPULATION MODELS: DO POPULATION-LEVEL ASSUMPTIONS YIELD GENERAL THEORY?;55
5.2.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;55
5.2.2;3.2 CORE THEORY OR LIMITING CASE?;59
5.2.3;3.3 DERIVING GENERAL POPULATION MODELS: STARTING WITH THE INDIVIDUAL;61
5.2.4;3.4 THREE CASE STUDIES;64
5.2.4.1;3.4.1 Consumer-Resource Interactions;64
5.2.4.2;3.4.2 Tritrophic Food Chain;67
5.2.4.3;3.4.3 Cannibalism;69
5.2.4.4;3.4.4 Overall Conclusions;72
5.2.5;3.5 AN APPROPRIATE MODELLING FRAMEWORK: PHYSIOLOGICALLY STRUCTURED POPULATION MODELS;74
5.2.6;3.6 ON TESTABILITY;76
5.2.7;3.7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS;77
5.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;82
5.2.9;REFERENCES;82
5.3;4: THE “STRUCTURE” OF POPULATION ECOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS ON UNSTRUCTURED AND STRUCTURED MODELS;87
5.3.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;87
5.3.2;4.2 MODELS, MODELS, AND MORE MODELS;88
5.3.3;4.3 REVISITING MODELLING TRADE-OFFS;92
5.3.4;4.4 GENERALITY?;94
5.3.5;4.5 REDUCTIONISM REDUX;96
5.3.6;4.6 STRUCTURAL PLURALISM;98
5.3.7;4.7 CONCLUSION;100
5.3.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;100
5.3.9;REFERENCES;100
6;PART II: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY;103
6.1;5: THE LAW OF MASS-ACTION IN EPIDEMIOLOGY: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE;105
6.1.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;105
6.1.2;5.2 CATO MAXIMILIAN GULDBERG AND PETER WAAGE;106
6.1.3;5.3 WILLIAM HEATON HAMER;108
6.1.4;5.4 RONALD ROSS AND ANDERSON McKENDRICK;115
6.1.5;5.5 HERBERT EDWARD SOPER;119
6.1.6;5.6 A SCIENCE TAKING FLIGHT;125
6.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;127
6.1.8;REFERENCES;127
6.2;6: EXTENSIONS TO MASS-ACTION MIXING;131
6.2.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;131
6.2.2;6.2 FUNCTIONAL FORMS;133
6.2.3;6.3 METAPOPULATION MODELS;135
6.2.4;6.4 CELLULAR AUTOMATA;141
6.2.5;6.5 NETWORK MODELS;144
6.2.6;6.6 ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATIONS: POWER-LAW EXPONENTS;148
6.2.7;6.7 ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATIONS: PAIR-WISE MODELS;150
6.2.8;6.8: ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATIONS: MOMENT CLOSURE;157
6.2.9;6.9: CONCLUSIONS;160
6.2.10;REFERENCES;162
6.3;7: MASS-ACTION AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF INFECTION TRANSMISSION;167
6.3.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;167
6.3.2;7.2 MODEL FORMS AS PARADIGMS FOR THEORY CHANGE;170
6.3.3;7.3 ROBUSTNESS ASSESSMENT;175
6.3.4;7.4 ADVANCING A SCIENCE OF INFECTION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ANALYSIS;176
6.3.5;REFERENCES;178
7;PART III: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY;181
7.1;8: COMMUNITY DIVERSITY AND STABILITY: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND CHANGING DEFINITIONS;183
7.1.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;183
7.1.2;8.2 HISTORY;184
7.1.3;8.3 MULTIPLE TYPES OF STABILITY IN A MODEL ECOSYSTEM;186
7.1.3.1;8.3.1 The 1970s and 1980s;188
7.1.3.2;8.3.2 The 1950s and 1960s;191
7.1.3.3;8.3.3 The 1990s;193
7.1.3.4;8.3.4 Summary;194
7.1.4;8.4 TESTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND STABILITY;195
7.1.4.1;8.4.1 The 1950s and 1960s;195
7.1.4.2;8.4.2 The 1970s and 1980s;197
7.1.4.3;8.4.3 The 1990s;198
7.1.4.4;8.4.4 Summary;199
7.1.5;8.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR SPECIFIC “TESTS”;199
7.1.5.1;Q1: What Is the Most Appropriate Measure of Diversity?;200
7.1.5.2;Q2: How Strong Are Species Interactions, and Are They Linear and Additive?;200
7.1.5.3;Q3: What Dictates the Structure of Communities?;201
7.1.6;8.6 SUMMARY;202
7.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;203
7.1.8;REFERENCES;203
7.2;9: PERSPECTIVES ON DIVERSITY, STRUCTURE, AND STABILITY;207
7.2.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;207
7.2.2;9.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF DIVERSITY AND STABILITY;208
7.2.2.1;9.2.1 The Intuitive Years;208
7.2.2.2;9.2.2 The Limits to Diversity;210
7.2.2.3;9.2.3 Some Current and Future Considerations: Food Webs Across Space and Time;217
7.2.3;REFERENCES;221
7.3;10: DIVERSITY AND STABILITY: THEORIES, MODELS, AND DATA;225
7.3.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;225
7.3.2;10.2 WHY CARE ABOUT THEORY CHANGE?;226
7.3.3;10.3 KNOWLEDGE IN ECOLOGY;228
7.3.4;10.4 THEORY CHANGE IN COMMUNITY ECOLOGY;230
7.3.5;10.5 THEORY CHANGE, ABATED;232
7.3.6;REFERENCES;233
8;PART IV: HISTORICAL REFLECTION;235
8.1;11: ECOLOGY’S LEGACY FROM ROBERT MacARTHUR;237
8.1.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;237
8.1.2;11.2 THE LEGACY;238
8.1.3;11.3 “POPULATION BIOLOGY” OF MacARTHUR CITATIONS;241
8.1.4;11.4 ERIC’S REFLECTIONS;244
8.1.5;11.5 HENRY’S REVERIE;247
8.1.6;11.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS;250
8.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;252
8.1.8;REFERENCES;252
9;PART V: EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY;257
9.1;12: ON THE INTEGRATION OF COMMUNITY ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND CURRENT PROSPECTS;259
9.1.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;259
9.1.2;12.2 BACKGROUND REFLECTIONS;260
9.1.3;12.3 A CAPSULE HISTORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EVOLUTION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY;266
9.1.4;12.4 WHAT DERAILED THE FUSION OF EVOLUTION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY?;274
9.1.5;12.5 POINTERS TO THE FUTURE;277
9.1.5.1;12.5.1 Evolution and Ecology at Commensurate Timescales;280
9.1.5.2;12.5.2 Final Thoughts on the Interplay of Ecology and Evolution;284
9.1.6;12.6 CONCLUSIONS;287
9.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;288
9.1.8;REFERENCES;288
9.2;13: MODELLING THE ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE: DÉJÀ VU OR SOMETHING NEW?;297
9.2.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;297
9.2.2;13.2 THEORETICAL ECOLOGY;298
9.2.3;13.3 THEORETICAL EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY;301
9.2.3.1;13.3.1 Classical Population Genetics;301
9.2.3.2;13.3.2 Optimization and Game Theory;304
9.2.4;13.4 THEORETICAL EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY;305
9.2.4.1;13.4.1 Single-Locus Theory;306
9.2.4.2;13.4.2 Quantitative-Genetic Theory;308
9.2.4.3;13.4.3 Game Theory;313
9.2.4.4;13.4.4 Adaptive Dynamics;321
9.2.5;13.5 WHERE DO WE STAND? WHERE DO WE GO? IS ANYTHING NEW?;326
9.2.5.1;13.5.1 Future Empirical Directions;326
9.2.5.2;13.5.2 Future Theoretical Directions;327
9.2.5.3;13.5.3 Conclusions: Déjà Vu or Something New?;329
9.2.6;REFERENCES;330
9.3;14: THE ELUSIVE SYNTHESIS;335
9.3.1;14.1 SOURCE AND CONSEQUENCE LAWS;335
9.3.2;14.2 THE LIMITS OF EQUILIBRIUM;338
9.3.2.1;14.2.1 The Grain Problem;339
9.3.2.2;14.4.2 Organisms Do Not Merely Experience Environments, They Change Them;340
9.3.2.3;14.2.3 Ecological Agents;341
9.3.3;14.3 THE GRAIN PROBLEM AND ITS MACROECOLOGICAL SOLUTION;342
9.3.4;14.4 NICHE CONSTRUCTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES;344
9.3.5;14.5 THE EMERGENT PROPERTY HYPOTHESIS;347
9.3.6;REFERENCES;352
10;PART VI: ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY;355
10.1;15: THE LOSS OF NARRATIVE;357
10.1.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;357
10.1.1.1;15.1.1 The History of the Problem;362
10.1.1.2;15.1.2 A Postmodern View of Ecology;363
10.1.1.3;15.1.3 Analogy in Ecology;365
10.1.2;15.2 THE PARADIGM OF NARRATIVE;366
10.1.2.1;15.2.1 A History of the Ecosystem Paradigm;366
10.1.2.2;15.2.2 Scientific Paradigms Versus Humanitarian Commonplaces;367
10.1.2.3;15.2.3 Paradigms, Complexity, and Narratives;370
10.1.3;15.3 HIGHER DIMENSIONALITY IN NARRATIVES;374
10.1.3.1;15.3.1 Essences, Models, and Observables;374
10.1.3.2;15.3.2 Dimensions of Narratives;375
10.1.3.3;15.3.3 The Observer-Observation Complex;376
10.1.3.4;15.3.4 Dimensionality in Science;378
10.1.4;15.4 THE COMPLEMENTARITY OF NARRATIVES;380
10.1.5;15.5 WHY IT MATTERS IN APPLIED SYSTEMS;384
10.1.6;15.6 THE POSTMODERN PARADIGM IN ECOLOGY;387
10.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;392
10.1.8;REFERENCES;392
10.2;16: ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT: CONTROL, UNCERTAINTY, AND UNDERSTANDING;395
10.2.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;395
10.2.2;16.2 A HISTORY OF ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT;396
10.2.2.1;16.2.1 Forestry;396
10.2.2.2;16.2.2 Fisheries;397
10.2.2.3;16.2.3 Ecosystems and Ecological Management;399
10.2.3;16.3 A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT;401
10.2.3.1;16.3.1 Uncertainty;401
10.2.3.2;16.3.2 Controllability;403
10.2.4;16.4 CURRENT APPROACHES TO ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT;405
10.2.4.1;16.4.1 Adaptive Management;406
10.2.4.2;16.4.2 Resilience Building;407
10.2.4.3;16.4.3 Scenario Planning;408
10.2.5;16.5 FRONTIERS OF ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT;409
10.2.5.1;16.5.1 An Approach: Resilience Analysis;410
10.2.6;16.6 CONCLUSIONS;414
10.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;415
10.2.8;REFERENCES;415
10.3;17: IS ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT A POSTMODERN SCIENCE?;421
10.3.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;421
10.3.2;17.2 ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY: CONCEPTUAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;422
10.3.2.1;17.2.1 Ambiguities of the Ecosystem Concept;422
10.3.2.2;17.2.2 The Classical Tradition of Ecosystem Ecology;424
10.3.2.3;17.2.3 The Rise, Fall, and Reemergence of the Classical Tradition;426
10.3.3;17.3 POST-NORMAL SCIENCE;430
10.3.3.1;17.3.1 Origins of the Term;430
10.3.3.2;17.3.2 Does Post-normal Imply Postmodern?;432
10.3.4;17.4 THE “PARADIGM OF NARRATIVE”: DEFENDING THE HOLLING FIGURE-EIGHT;433
10.3.5;17.5 THEORY CHANGE IN ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY: GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OR PARADIGM SHIFT?;436
10.3.6;17.6 CONCLUSION;437
10.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;438
10.3.8;REFERENCES;438
11;PART VII: CONCLUSION;441
11.1;18: KUHNIAN PARADIGMS LOST: EMBRACING THE PLURALISM OF ECOLOGICAL THEORY;443
11.1.1;18.1 KUHN AND BEYOND;444
11.1.2;18.2 PARADIGM SHIFTS IN ECOLOGICAL THEORY?;445
11.1.3;18.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS;450
11.1.4;REFERENCES;451
12;INDEX;453