E-Book, Englisch, Band 60, 502 Seiten
Barbour A Grammar of Neverver
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-11-028961-9
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, Band 60, 502 Seiten
Reihe: Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-028961-9
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Neverver is an Oceanic language spoken by just over 500 people on the high island of Malekula in Vanuatu. Drawing on an extensive corpus of field recordings collected between 2004 and 2008, the analysis reveals a very interesting phonological system with six prenasalized segments, rich systems of possession, tense/aspect/mood marking, valence change, and verb serialization. The grammar is of interest to specialists in Oceanic and Austronesian linguistics, as well as to general linguists, especially those interested in linguistic typology.
Zielgruppe
Austronesian Linguists, Specialists in Oceanic Linguistics, Gener
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Acknowledgements;5
2;Table of contents;7
3;Tables and figures;19
4;Abbreviations;21
5;Maps;23
6;1. Introduction;27
6.1;1.1. Geographic and linguistic context;27
6.1.1;1.1.1. Limap village;29
6.1.2;1.1.2. Lingarakh village;30
6.1.3;1.1.3. Multilingual interactions;31
6.2;1.2. Historical origins;31
6.2.1;1.2.2. Early work on Neverver;33
6.3;1.3. An evaluation of language vitality;35
6.3.1;1.3.2. Language statistics and transmission patterns;35
6.3.2;1.3.3. Domains of use;36
6.3.2.1;1.3.3.1. Religion;36
6.3.2.2;1.3.3.2. Education;37
6.3.2.3;1.3.3.3. Media;37
6.3.3;1.3.4. Language support;38
6.3.3.1;1.3.4.1. Local support;38
6.3.3.2;1.3.4.2. Official support;39
6.3.4;1.3.5. Literacy development and language documentation;40
6.4;1.4. Emerging vernacular literacy practices;41
6.4.1;1.4.2. Literacy in religion;41
6.4.2;1.4.3. Literacy in entertainment;43
6.4.3;1.4.4. Literacy in education;43
6.5;1.5. Documenting Neverver;44
6.5.1;1.5.2. Working with the Neverver speech community;47
6.5.2;1.5.3. Describing Neverver;49
7;2. Phonology;50
7.1;2.0. Introduction;50
7.2;2.1. The consonant inventory;50
7.3;2.2. Distinctive features for Neverver consonants;51
7.4;2.3. Consonant contrasts;52
7.4.1;2.3.1. Nasals /m, n, q/;52
7.4.2;2.3.2. Plain plosives /p, t, k/;53
7.4.2.1;2.3.2.1. The /p/ segment;54
7.4.2.2;2.3.2.2. The /t/ and /k/ segments;55
7.4.3;2.3.3. Prenasalized plosives /b, d, g/;56
7.4.4;2.3.4. The prenasalized bilabial trill /B/;58
7.4.5;2.3.5. Plain fricatives /ß, s, ./
;60
7.4.6;2.3.6. The prenasalized affricate /./;62
7.4.7;2.3.7. Liquids /r, l/;63
7.4.8;2.3.8. The prenasalized alveolar trill /D/;63
7.4.8.1;2.3.8.1. Consonant sequences and the inflection of verb stems;64
7.4.8.2;2.3.8.2. Consonant sequences and reduplication;65
7.4.8.3;2.3.8.3. Syllable-final consonant clusters;65
7.4.9;2.3.9. Non-lateral approximants /j, w/;66
7.4.10;2.3.10. Geminates;68
7.5;2.4. The vowel inventory;70
7.5.1;2.4.1. Distinctive features for Neverver vowels;71
7.5.2;2.4.2. Contrastive sets for the contemporary vowel segments;71
7.5.3;2.4.3. Contrastive front rounded vowels /y/ and /Ø/;71
7.5.4;2.4.4. Realizations of the high front vowel /i/;72
7.5.5;2.4.5. Realizations of the high back vowel /u/;73
7.5.6;2.4.6. Diphthongs;73
7.5.7;2.4.7. Multi-vowel sequences;74
7.6;2.5. Phonotactic constraints;75
7.6.1;2.5.1. One-to-one association;76
7.6.2;2.5.2. Unassociated C slots;76
7.6.3;2.5.3. Type A simultaneous association;77
7.6.4;2.5.4. Type B simultaneous association;79
7.6.5;2.5.5. Violations of the phonotactic constraint;82
7.6.5.1;2.5.5.1. Initial /tC-/sequences;82
7.6.5.2;2.5.5.2. The formation of compounds;84
7.7;2.6. Phonological processes;86
7.7.1;2.6.1. Neutralization;86
7.7.2;2.6.2. Metathesis;87
7.7.3;2.6.3. Epenthesis;87
7.7.3.1;2.6.3.1. Epenthetic schwa;88
7.7.3.2;2.6.3.2. Epenthetic plosives [d] and [g];89
7.7.3.3;2.6.3.3. Epenthetic plosive [b];89
7.7.3.4;2.6.3.4. Established allomorphy for the irrealisnasal /m/;89
7.7.3.5;2.6.3.5. Epenthetic [i];91
7.7.4;2.6.4. Apocope and syncope;91
7.8;2.7. Stress;92
7.8.1;2.7.1. Stress assignment in nouns;92
7.8.2;2.7.2. Stress assignment in verbs;93
7.9;2.8. Intonation patterns;94
7.9.1;2.8.1. Terminal intonation;94
7.9.2;2.8.2. Non-terminal intonation;95
7.9.3;2.8.3. Polar interrogatives (§9.3.2.);96
7.10;2.9. Orthographic conventions;96
8;3. Nominals;98
8.1;3.0. Introduction;98
8.2;3.1. Pronouns;98
8.2.1;3.1.1. Independent personal pronouns;98
8.2.2;3.1.2. Possessive determiners;101
8.2.3;3.1.3. Possessive pronouns;102
8.3;3.2. Noun classes;102
8.4;3.3. Common nouns;103
8.4.1;3.3.1. The function and distribution of the common noun prefix n(V)-;103
8.4.2;3.3.2. The form of the common noun prefix;106
8.4.3;3.3.3. A note on the syllabification of segmental vowel sequences;108
8.4.4;3.3.4. Non-prototypical common nouns;109
8.4.5;3.3.5. Common nouns with temporal meanings;110
8.5;3.4. Personal nouns;113
8.5.1;3.4.1. Personal proper names;113
8.5.2;3.4.2. Personal kin terms;115
8.6;3.5. Local nouns;117
8.6.1;3.5.1. Proper place names;118
8.6.2;3.5.2. Local nouns denoting familiar places;119
8.6.3;3.5.3. Local nouns denoting significant features of the physical environment;119
8.6.3.1;3.5.3.1. The absolute frame;119
8.6.3.2;3.5.3.2. The absolute/deictic frame;121
8.6.3.3;3.5.3.3. Locative part nouns;122
8.6.4;3.5.4. Temporal local nouns;122
8.6.4.1;3.5.4.1. Parts of the day;123
8.6.4.2;3.5.4.2. Time counters;125
8.7;3.6. Pronominal-nouns;126
8.8;3.7. Nominalization processes;129
8.8.1;3.7.1. Simple nominalization;129
8.8.2;3.7.2. Simulfix nominalization;130
8.8.2.1;3.7.2.1. Nominalizing intransitive verb stems;130
8.8.2.2;3.7.2.2. Nominalization and reduplication of intransitive stems.;130
8.8.2.3;3.7.2.3. Nominalizing transitive verb stems with experiencer subjects;131
8.8.2.4;3.7.2.4. Nominalizing prototypical transitive stems;131
8.8.2.5;3.7.2.5. Nominalizations involving other word classes;131
8.9;3.8. Compound nouns;133
8.9.1;3.8.1. Noun-Noun compounds;133
8.9.2;3.8.2. Noun-Verb compounds;134
9;4. The noun phrase;135
9.1;4.0. Introduction;135
9.2;4.1. Noun phrase heads;135
9.3;4.2. The syntactic functions of the noun phrase;138
9.4;4.3. The structure of the noun phrase;140
9.5;4.4. Unmodified nouns;142
9.5.1;4.4.1. Encoding indefinite non-referring expressions with zero modification;142
9.5.2;4.4.2. Encoding definite referring expressions with zero modification;143
9.5.3;4.4.3. Using unmodified nouns to encode generic expressions;143
9.6;4.5. Nominal modification;144
9.6.1;4.5.1. Lexical modifiers;144
9.6.2;4.5.2. Intensifiers;145
9.6.3;4.5.3. Possessives;145
9.6.4;4.5.4. Quantifiers;146
9.6.5;4.5.5. Demonstratives;148
9.6.6;4.5.6. Number;150
9.6.6.1;4.5.6.1. The plural marker;150
9.6.6.2;4.5.6.2. Number relative clauses;150
9.6.7;4.5.7. The limiter (lu)me ‘only, just’;151
9.6.8;4.5.8. Summary of noun phrase modification;151
9.7;4.6. Noun phrase coordination;152
9.7.1;4.6.1. Prosodic listing;152
9.7.2;4.6.2. The comitative preposition blev;153
9.7.3;4.6.3. Inclusory pronominal constructions;155
9.7.3.1;4.6.3.1. The explicit phrasal inclusory construction;155
9.7.3.2;4.6.3.2. The implicit split inclusory construction;156
9.7.4;4.6.4. Disjunctive coordination;157
10;5. Possession, relativization, and number;158
10.1;5.0. Introduction;158
10.2;5.1. Describing possession;159
10.2.1;5.1.1. Human possessors;161
10.2.2;5.1.11. Exceptions;165
10.2.3;5.11.2. Human possession and definiteness;166
10.2.4;5.1.2. Non-human possessors;167
10.2.4.1;5.1.2.1. Inherent possession;167
10.2.4.2;5.1.2.2. Associative possession;169
10.2.5;5.1.3. Semantic irregularities;172
10.3;5.2. Relative clauses;173
10.3.1;5.2.1. Relativising the subject position;175
10.3.2;5.2.2. Relativising the object position;175
10.3.3;5.2.3. Relativising the second object position;176
10.3.4;5.2.4. Relativising the oblique - objects of prepositions;177
10.3.5;5.2.5. Relativising the genitive - possessors;177
10.3.6;5.2.6. Relativization and pronominal-nouns;178
10.3.6.1;5.2.6.1. Relative clauses with an as the head;178
10.3.6.2;5.2.6.2. Relative clauses with kut as the head;178
10.3.6.3;5.2.6.3. Relative clauses with dran as the head;179
10.3.7;5.2.7. Relative clauses with demonstrative predicates;180
10.3.8;5.2.8. Pronominal-nouns and demonstrative predicates;181
10.3.9;5.2.9. Relative clauses and indefinite heads;182
10.4;5.3. Number;182
10.4.1;5.3.1. Cardinal numbers;183
10.4.1.1;5.3.1.1. Cardinal numbers one to nine;183
10.4.1.2;5.3.1.2. Cardinal numbers ten and over;184
10.4.2;5.3.2. Ordinal numbers;186
10.4.3;5.3.3. Indefinite referring expressions;187
10.5;5.4. NMOD and the quantifier tle ‘another’;188
11;6. Verb classes;190
11.1;6.0. Introduction;190
11.2;6.1. The subject/mood prefix;190
11.2.1;6.1.1. Accounting for regular allomorphy in the subject/mood prefix;192
11.2.2;6.1.2. The impersonal subject/mood prefix;199
11.2.3;6.1.3. Representing the subject/mood prefix;199
11.3;6.2. Morphophonemic stem alternations;200
11.3.1;6.2.1. Allomorphy in the irregular verb vu ‘go’;201
11.4;6.3. Verb classes;202
11.4.1;6.3.1. Inherently transitive stems;203
11.4.1.1;6.3.1.1. Non-prototypical transitive stems;205
11.4.1.2;6.3.1.2. Detransitive morphology;206
11.4.2;6.3.2. Inherently intransitive stems;208
11.4.2.1;6.3.2.1. Bare intransitive stems;209
11.5;6.4. Homonymy;213
12;7. Expressing temporal, modal, and aspectual information;215
12.1;7.0. Introduction;215
12.2;7.1. Expressing temporal contrasts;217
12.2.1;7.1.1. Events which happened (or did not happen) prior to the reference time;217
12.2.2;7.1.2. Events which are happening at the reference time;218
12.2.3;7.1.3. States that existed (or did not exist) prior to or at the reference time;219
12.2.4;7.1.4. Relative future events;220
12.2.5;7.1.5. Events marked by suppakh or lile ‘nearly, soon’;221
12.3;7.2. Expressing reality status;221
12.3.1;7.2.1. Habitual events, such as those described in familiar processes;223
12.3.2;7.2.2. Imperative and prohibitive constructions;224
12.3.3;7.2.3. Adverbial subordinate clauses;226
12.3.4;7.2.4. Complement clauses;228
12.3.5;7.2.5. Relative clauses with indefinite heads;229
12.3.6;7.2.6. The grammatical category of mood;231
12.4;7.3. The encoding of aspectual and temporal meanings;231
12.4.1;7.3.1. External tense/aspect markers;232
12.4.1.1;7.3.1.1. Anterior ij;233
12.4.1.2;7.3.1.2. Remote anterior ma ij;233
12.4.1.3;7.3.1.3. Immediate aspect mej ‘just’;234
12.4.1.4;7.3.1.4. Discourse perfect lu;236
12.4.1.5;7.3.1.5. Continuative aspect deb(b)/mo;238
12.4.1.6;7.3.1.6. Summary of external tense/aspect markers;239
12.4.2;7.3.2. Intermediate quantificational aspect;240
12.4.2.1;7.3.2.1. Frequentative aspect sakhsakh;241
12.4.2.2;7.3.2.2. Argument quantifier mokh;242
12.4.3;7.3.3. Internal aspectual markers;242
12.4.3.1;7.3.3.1. Completive (total) aspect lu;244
12.4.3.2;7.3.3.2. Completive (plural) aspect dan;245
12.4.3.3;7.3.3.3. Partitive aspect da;246
12.4.3.4;7.3.3.4. Partly complete aspect dor;246
12.4.3.5;7.3.3.5. Temporary aspect der;247
12.4.3.6;7.3.3.6. Past habitual with duvakh and reduplication;248
12.4.3.7;7.3.3.7. Aspectual distinctions encoded through reduplication;248
12.4.4;7.3.4. Phasal aspect encoded in core layer juncture;250
12.4.4.1;7.3.4.1. Progressive aspect tokh;251
12.4.4.2;7.3.4.2. Ingressive aspect tabatn ~ stait;252
12.4.4.3;7.3.4.3. Egressive aspect suvsuv;253
13;8. Reduplication;254
13.1;8.0. Introduction;254
13.2;8.1. Forms of reduplication;254
13.2.1;8.1.1. Non-prototypical verb reduplication;258
13.2.2;8.1.2. Formalizing the process of reduplication;260
13.2.3;8.1.3. Interaction with the subject/mood prefix;263
13.2.4;8.1.4. Reduplication in other parts of speech;265
13.3;8.2. Functions of reduplication;265
13.3.1;8.2.1. Reduplication in detransitive constructions;267
13.3.1.1;8.2.1.1. Unspecified object deletion (§6.3.1.2.);267
13.3.1.2;8.2.1.2. Inherent object constructions (§6.3.1.2.);268
13.3.1.3;8.2.1.3. Object incorporation (§10.1.);268
13.3.1.4;8.2.1.4. Reflexives and reciprocals (§9.4.);268
13.3.1.5;8.2.1.5. Nominalization (§3.7., §12.5.);269
13.3.2;8.2.2. Reduplication in stative verbs;270
13.3.2.1;8.2.2.1. Inherently stative verbs (§6.3.2.1.);270
13.3.2.2;8.2.2.2. Action to state (§6.3.2.);271
13.3.2.3;8.2.2.3. Temporary state to permanent state (§6.3.2.);272
13.3.2.4;8.2.2.4. State to maximal state;272
13.3.2.5;8.2.2.5. Permanent state to temporary state;272
13.3.2.6;8.2.2.6. Verb modification: Nuclear serial verb constructions (§10.2. - §10.5.);273
13.3.2.7;8.2.2.7. Noun modification (§4.5.1.);274
13.3.3;8.2.3. Reduplication and imperfective aspect (§7.3.3.7.);275
13.3.3.1;8.2.3.1. Iterative;275
13.3.3.2;8.2.3.2. Habitual;276
13.3.3.3;8.2.3.3. Durative action;277
13.3.3.4;8.2.3.4. Diminutive;279
13.3.4;8.2.4. Reduplication and number;280
13.3.4.1;8.2.4.1. Marking plural S/P;281
13.3.4.2;8.2.4.2. Participant number and ergativity;281
13.3.4.3;8.2.4.3. Non-individuated patients;282
13.3.4.4;8.2.4.4. Reduplication and plural nouns;282
13.3.5;8.2.5. Reduplication, mood and negative polarity;283
13.3.5.1;8.2.5.1. Prohibition (§7.2.2., §9.5.1.);283
13.3.5.2;8.2.5.2. Inability;283
13.3.5.3;8.2.5.3. Negative condition (§13.3.4.);284
13.3.6;8.2.6. Reduplication and semantic extension;284
13.3.7;8.2.7. Inherent/fossilized reduplication;285
13.4;8.3. Reduplication and repetition;287
14;9. Clause structure;289
14.1;9.0. Introduction;289
14.2;9.1. The structure of verbal clauses;289
14.2.1;9.1.1. Single-argument verbs;292
14.2.2;9.1.2. Two-argument verbs;292
14.2.3;9.1.3. Three-argument verbs;293
14.2.4;9.1.4. Encoding non-core arguments;295
14.2.4.1;9.1.4.1. lon ‘LOC’;297
14.2.4.2;9.1.4.2. aran ‘LOC.on’;299
14.2.4.3;9.1.4.3. lappan ‘under’;300
14.2.4.4;9.1.4.4. sur ‘near, by, along’;300
14.2.4.5;9.1.4.5. blev ‘comitative’;301
14.2.4.6;9.1.4.6. tuan ‘LOCPSN’personal locational preposition;303
14.2.5;91.4.7. il ‘BENE, CAUS’ benefactive, cause marker;305
14.3;9.2. Negation of verbal predicates;305
14.3.1;9.2.1. mosi ‘no longer’ and vasi ‘not yet’;306
14.3.2;9.2.2. Negative verbs;307
14.4;9.3. Interrogatives;309
14.4.1;9.3.1. Constituent interrogatives;310
14.4.2;9.3.2. Polar interrogatives;313
14.4.3;9.3.3. Alternation questions;314
14.5;9.4. Reflexive and reciprocal constructions;314
14.5.1;9.4.1. Reflexives;315
14.5.2;9.4.2. Reciprocals;316
14.6;9.5. Impersonal constructions;317
14.6.1;9.5.1. Impersonal subjects and prohibition;318
14.7;9.6. Comparative structures;319
14.8;9.7. Fronting of constituents;320
14.8.1;9.7.1. Fronting core arguments of a main clause;320
14.8.2;9.7.2. Fronting arguments of sentential complements;321
14.8.3;9.7.3. Fronting core arguments of a subordinate clause;322
14.9;9.8. Multi-purpose modifiers;323
14.10;9.9. Expressions of modality;324
14.10.1;9.9.1. ing ‘EXCLAM’ exclamatory marker;324
14.10.2;9.9.2. man ‘EMPH’ emphatic marker;325
14.10.3;9.9.3. bor ‘maybe’;325
14.10.4;9.9.4. var ‘unfortunately’;326
14.11;9.10. Non-verbal predicates;326
14.11.1;9.10.1. Classificatory clauses;328
14.11.2;9.10.2. Identificational clauses;329
14.11.3;9.10.3. Ownership predicates;330
14.11.4;9.10.4. Presentative clauses;331
14.12;9.11 ‘Yes’, ‘no’, and other interjections;332
15;10. Complex nuclei;334
15.1;10.0. Introduction;334
15.2;10.1. Object incorporation;334
15.2.1;10.1.1. Prototypical incorporated objects;335
15.2.2;10.1.2. Less prototypical incorporated objects;336
15.2.2.1;10.1.2.1. verver-sal-ikh ‘give s.o. directions’;337
15.2.2.2;10.1.2.2. jaljal-druk ‘wear sash diagonally acros chest’;337
15.2.3;10.1.3. Incorporated objects with intransitive bases;337
15.2.4;10.1.4. Non-prototypical incorporated objects;338
15.3;10.2. Nuclear serial verbs;340
15.3.1;10.2.1. Major properties of nuclear serial verbs;342
15.4;10.3. Grammaticalization pathways;345
15.4.1;10.3.1. From serial verb to preposition;346
15.4.1.1;10.3.1.1. gwas ‘cross’, ‘ over’;346
15.4.1.2;10.3.1.2. delvis ‘go around’;347
15.4.1.3;10.3.1.3. sur ‘near, along, by’;348
15.4.2;10.3.2. From serial verb to aspectual marker;351
15.4.3;10.3.3. From serial verb to adverb;351
15.4.4;10.3.4. From negative morpheme to serial verb;352
15.5;10.4. Patterns of transitivity;353
15.6;10.5. Three-part nuclear SVCs;354
16;11. Complex cores;356
16.1;11.0. Introduction;356
16.2;11.1. Comparing nuclear and core serialization;356
16.3;11.2. Mono-clausal properties of core SVCs;359
16.4;11.3. Sub-types of core SVCs;364
16.4.1;11.3.1. Same-subject constructions;366
16.4.1.1;11.3.1.1. Same-subject directional SVCs;366
16.4.1.2;11.3.1.2. Same-subject sequential SVCs;368
16.4.1.3;11.3.1.3. Same-subject limit SVCs;371
16.4.1.4;11.3.1.4. Same-subject utterance SVCs;372
16.4.1.5;11.3.1.5. Same-subject aspectual SVCs;374
16.4.1.6;11.3.1.6. Same-subject modal SVCs;374
16.4.2;11.3.2. Switch-function constructions;375
16.4.2.1;11.3.2.1. Switch-function directional SVCs;375
16.4.2.2;11.3.2.2. Switch-function existential/locational SVCs;376
16.4.2.3;11.3.2.3. Switch-function recipient SVCs;377
16.4.3;11.3.3. Ambient SVCs;378
16.4.3.1;11.3.3.1. Ambient manner SVCs;378
16.4.3.2;11.3.3.2. Ambient aspectual SVCs;379
16.4.3.3;11.3.3.3. Ambient directional SVCs;380
16.4.3.4;11.3.3.4. Ambient similative SVCs;381
16.4.4;11.3.4. Inclusory constructions;382
17;12. Complement-taking predicates;383
17.1;12.0. Introduction;383
17.2;12.1. Complementation in Neverver;383
17.3;12.2. Complementizers;385
17.4;12.3. Complementation and mood patterns;387
17.4.1;12.3.1. Polarity determined complements;387
17.4.2;12.3.2. Irrealis complements;389
17.4.3;12.3.3. Independent complements;391
17.4.4;12.3.4. Observations on mood patterning and complementation;391
17.5;12.4. Semantic sub-types of complementation;393
17.5.1;12.4.1. Immediate perception predicates;393
17.5.2;12.4.2. Predicates of knowledge and acquisition of knowledge;397
17.5.3;12.4.3. Manipulative predicates;400
17.5.4;12.4.4. Propositional attitude predicates;401
17.5.5;12.4.5. Modal predicates;404
17.5.6;12.4.6. Desiderative predicates;405
17.5.7;12.4.7. Anti-desiderative predicates;407
17.5.8;12.4.8. Achievement predicates;408
17.5.9;12.4.9. Phasal predicates (ingression);411
17.5.10;12.4.10.Utterance predicates;412
17.6;12.5. Nominalized complements;416
18;13. Clausal juncture and inter-propositional relations;418
18.1;13.0. Introduction;418
18.2;13.1. Relationships between clauses;418
18.3;13.2. Morpho-syntactic features of clausal juncture and intonation;420
18.4;13.3. Adverbial subordination;421
18.4.1;13.3.1. Time;422
18.4.2;13.3.2. Event/state location;426
18.4.3;13.3.3. Reason/purpose;426
18.4.4;13.3.4. Condition-consequence;429
18.5;13.4. Subordinating tail-head linkage;433
18.6;13.5. Syndetic coordination;435
18.6.1;13.5.1. Conjunctive coordination;436
18.6.2;13.5.2. Adversative coordination;438
18.6.3;13.5.3. Disjunctive coordination;440
18.6.4;13.5.4. Augmentative coordination;440
18.7;13.6. Prosodic conjunction;441
18.7.1;13.6.1. Semantic relations signaled by rising intonation on the initial clause;442
18.7.2;13.6.2. Semantic relations signaled by level/falling intonation on the initial clause;444
18.8;13.7. Form and meaning;445
19;Appendices;447
19.1;Appendix I. A. Bernard Deacon’s Nesan Data (1926-1927);447
19.1.1;1. Orthographic notes;447
19.1.2;2. Nesan and Neverver;448
19.2;Appendix II. Neverver language vitality assessment;453
19.2.1;1. Intergenerational language transmission;453
19.2.2;2. Absolute number of speakers (January 2005);453
19.2.3;3. Proportion of speakers within the total population;454
19.2.3.1;3.1. Percentage of households with differing dominant languages;454
19.2.3.2;3.2. Languages reported to be spoken by the Neverver speech community;454
19.2.4;4. Shifts in domains of language use;455
19.2.5;5. Response to new domains and media;455
19.2.6;6. Materials for language education and literacy;455
19.2.7;7. Governmental and institutional language attitudes and policies, including official status and use;455
19.2.8;8. Community members’ attitudes towards their own language;456
19.2.9;9. Type and quality of documentation;456
19.3;Appendix III. The Neverver documentation corpus;457
19.3.1;1. The contemporary tale collection [NVCT];457
19.3.2;2. The conversation collection [NVCV];457
19.3.3;3. The daily life collection [NVDL];458
19.3.4;4. The custom interview collection [NVKI];459
19.3.5;5. The traditional story collection [NVKS];460
19.3.6;6. The elicitation collection [NVE];461
19.3.7;7. The lexical collection [NVLX];461
19.3.8;9. Songs;462
19.3.9;10. Digital images;462
19.3.10;11. Literacy resources;462
19.4;Appendix IV. Sample texts;463
19.4.1;1. Nidam Sokhsokh ‘Baked Yams’ [NVDL12];463
19.4.2;2. Nossorian an Krismas ‘The Christmas Story’ [NVCT02];465
19.4.3;3. Nibongva ‘The Circumcision Ceremony’ [NVKI02];472
19.4.4;4. Nakhabb ‘Fire’ [NVKS07];476
19.4.5;Appendix V. Semantic relations;482
20;References;483
21;Index;495
