Azadeh Fiber Optics Engineering

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0304-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 376 Seiten

Reihe: Optical Networks

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of 'optics' but more from the perspective of an engineering field within 'optoelectronics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Azadeh, Mohammad

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Chapter 1 Fiber Optic Communications: A Review;14
3.1;1.1 Introduction;14
3.2;1.2 The nature of light;16
3.3;1.3 The electromagnetic spectrum;23
3.4;1.4 Elements of a fiber optic link;26
3.5;1.5 Light sources, detectors, and glass fibers;28
3.6;1.6 Advantages of fiber optics;33
3.7;1.7 Digital and analog systems;34
3.8;1.8 Characterization of fiber optic links;35
3.9;1.9 Summary;38
3.10;References;39
4;Chapter 2 Communication Networks;41
4.1;2.1 Introduction;41
4.2;2.2 Network topologies;41
4.3;2.3 Telecommunication networks;45
4.4;2.4 Networking spans;50
4.5;2.5 Hierarchical structure of networks;52
4.6;2.6 Circuit switching and packet switching networks;55
4.7;2.7 SONET/SDH;58
4.8;2.8 WDM networks;61
4.9;2.9 Passive optical networks (PONs);67
4.10;2.10 Summary;69
4.11;References;71
5;Chapter 3 Signal Characterization and Representation;73
5.1;3.1 Introduction;73
5.2;3.2 Signal analysis;73
5.3;3.3 High-speed electrical signals;80
5.4;+ + + -;87
5.5;3.4 Optical signals;91
5.6;3.5 Spectral characteristics of optical signals;100
5.7;3.6 Summary;103
5.8;References;104
6;Chapter 4 Semiconductor Lasers;106
6.1;4.1 Introduction;106
6.2;4.2 Optical gain and optical oscillation;106
6.3;4.3 Physical processes for optical amplification;109
6.4;4.4 Optical amplification in semiconductors;111
6.5;4.5 Rate equation approximation;114
6.6;4.6 Semiconductor laser structures;128
6.7;4.7 Summary;134
6.8;References;135
7;Chapter 5 Optical Fibers;137
7.1;5.1 Introduction;137
7.2;5.2 Optical fiber materials, structure, and transmission windows;137
7.3;5.3 Guided waves in fibers;141
7.4;5.4 Attenuation;145
7.5;5.5 Dispersion;148
7.6;5.6 Nonlinear effects in fibers;154
7.7;5.7 Fiber amplifiers;159
7.8;f;160
7.9;5.8 Summary;161
7.10;References;163
8;Chapter 6 PIN and APD Detectors;166
8.1;6.1 Introduction;166
8.2;6.2 The PIN diode and photon–electron conversion;166
8.3;6.3 Avalanche photodiode (APD);171
8.4;6.4 Noise in photodetectors;175
8.5;6.5 Photodetector materials and structures;179
8.6;6.6 Summary;182
8.7;References;183
9;Chapter 7 Light Coupling and Passive Optical Devices;185
9.1;7.1 Introduction;185
9.2;7.2 Coupling light to and from a fiber;185
9.3;7.3 Fiber-to-fiber coupling;190
9.4;7.4 Passive components;196
9.5;7.5 Summary;201
9.6;References;203
10;Chapter 8 Optical Transmitter Design;206
10.1;8.1 Introduction;206
10.2;8.2 Transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA);207
10.3;8.3 Biasing the laser: the basic LI curve;208
10.4;8.4 Average power control (APC);210
10.5;8.5 Modulation circuit schemes;216
10.6;8.6 Modulation control, open loop vs. closed loop schemes;223
10.7;8.7 External modulators and spectral stabilization;226
10.8;8.8 Burst mode transmitters;228
10.9;8.9 Analog transmitters;231
10.10;8.10 High-frequency design practices;234
10.11;8.11 Summary;239
10.12;References;240
11;Chapter 9 Optical Receiver Design;242
11.1;9.1 Introduction;242
11.2;9.2 Receiver optical subassembly (ROSA);242
11.3;9.3 Limiting amplifier;249
11.4;9.4 Clock and data recovery;252
11.5;9.5 Performance of optical receivers;253
11.6;9.6 Characterization of clock and data recovery circuits;260
11.7;9.7 Burst mode receivers;264
11.8;9.8 Summary;268
11.9;References;269
12;Chapter 10 Reliability;272
12.1;10.1 Introduction;272
12.2;10.2 Reliability, design flow, and design practices;273
12.3;10.3 Electrical issues;278
12.4;10.4 Optical issues;284
12.5;10.5 Thermal issues;286
12.6;10.6 Mechanical issues;289
12.7;10.7 Software issues;292
12.8;10.8 Reliability quantification;295
12.9;10.9 Summary;300
12.10;References;301
13;Chapter 11 Test and Measurement;304
13.1;11.1 Introduction;304
13.2;11.2 Test and measurement: general remarks;304
13.3;11.3 Optical power;306
13.4;11.4 Optical waveform measurements;308
13.5;11.5 Spectral measurements;316
13.6;11.6 Link performance testing;320
13.7;11.7 Analog modulation measurements;324
13.8;11.8 Summary;329
13.9;References;330
14;Chapter 12 Standards;333
14.1;12.1 Introduction;333
14.2;12.2 Standards development bodies;333
14.3;12.3 Standards classifications and selected lists;337
14.4;12.4 Fiber standards;351
14.5;12.5 Laser safety;352
14.6;12.6 SFF-8472 digital monitoring interface;353
14.7;12.7 Reliability standards;355
14.8;12.8 Networking standards;357
14.9;12.9 Summary;362
14.10;References;363
15;Appendix A Common Acronyms;366
16;Appendix B Physical Constants;368