Aydan Rock Reinforcement and Rock Support

Erscheinungsjahr 2017
ISBN: 978-1-351-59739-5
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 500 Seiten

Reihe: ISRM Book Series

The stability of underground and surface geotechnical structures during and after excavation is of great concern as any kind of instability may result in damage to the environment as well as time-consuming high cost repair work. The forms of instability, their mechanisms and the conditions associated with them must be understood so that correct stabilisation of the structure through rock reinforcement and/or rock support can be undertaken. This book aims to provide the fundamentals of rock reinforcement and support and to evaluate the reinforcement effects of rockbolts and rock anchor of rock engineering structures under various rock mass conditions both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Aydan, Ömer

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Bauingenieurwesen Bauingenieurwesen
• Technische Wissenschaften Bauingenieurwesen Boden- und Felsmechanik, Geotechnik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction

2 Mechanism of failure in rock engineering structures and its influencing factors
2.1 Rock, discontinuities, and rock mass
2.1.1 Rocks
2.1.2 Origin of discontinuities in rock and their mechanical behavior
2.1.3 Rock mass and its mechanical behavior
2.2 Modes of instability about underground openings
2.3 Modes of instability of slopes
2.4 Modes of instability of foundations

3 Design philosophy of rock support and rock reinforcement
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Empirical design methods
3.2.1 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) method
3.2.2 Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
3.2.3 Q-system (rock tunneling quality index)
3.2.4 Rock Mass Quality Rating (RMQR)
3.3 Analytical approach
3.3.1 Hydrostatic in situ stress state
3.3.2 Non-hydrostatic in situ stress state
3.4 Numerical methods
3.5 Methods for stabilization against local instabilities
3.5.1 Estimation of suspension loads
3.5.2 Sliding loads
3.5.3 Loads due to flexural toppling
3.6 Integrated and unified method of design
3.7 Considerations on the philosophy of support and reinforcement design of rock slopes
3.7.1 Empirical design systems
3.7.2 Kinematic approach
3.7.3 Integrated stability assessment and design system for rock slopes
3.8 Considerations on philosophy of support design of pylons
3.8.1 Geological, geophysical, and mechanical investigations
3.8.2 Specification of material properties
3.9 Considerations on the philosophy of foundation design of dams and bridges

4 Rockbolts (rockanchors)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Rockbolt/rockanchor materials and their mechanical behaviors
4.2.1 Yield/failure criteria of rockbolts
4.2.2 Constitutive modeling of rockbolt material
4.3 Characteristics and material behavior of bonding annulus
4.3.1 Push-out/pull-out tests
4.3.2 Shear tests
4.4 Axial and shear reinforcement effects of bolts in continuum
4.4.1 Contribution to the deformational moduli of the medium
4.4.2 Contribution to the strength of the medium
4.4.3 Improvement of apparent mechanical properties of rock and confining pressure effect
4.5 Axial and shear reinforcement effects of bolts in medium with discontinuities
4.5.1 Increment of the tensile resistance of a discontinuity plane by a rockbolt
4.5.2 Increment of the shear resistance of a discontinuity plane by a rockbolt
4.5.3 Response of rockbolts to movements at/along discontinuities
4.6 Estimation of the cyclic yield strength of interfaces for pull-out capacity
4.7 Estimation of the yield strength of interfaces in boreholes
4.8 Pull-out capacity
4.8.1 Constitutive equations
4.8.2 Governing equations
4.9 Simulation of pull-out tests
4.10 Mesh bolting
4.10.1 Evaluation of elastic modulus of reinforced medium
4.10.2 Evaluation of tensile strength of reinforced medium

5 Support members
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Shotcrete
5.2.1 Historical background
5.2.2 Experiments on shotcrete
5.2.3 Constitutive modeling
5.2.4 Structural modeling of shotcrete
5.3 Concrete liners
5.3.1 Historical background
5.3.2 Mechanical behavior of concrete
5.3.3 Constitutive modeling of concrete
5.3.4 Structural modeling
5.4 Steel liners and steel ribs/sets
5.4.1 Steel liners
5.4.2 Steel ribs/sets
5.4.3 Constitutive modeling
5.4.4 Structural modeling

6 Finite element modeling of reinforcement/support system
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Modeling reinforcement systems: rockbolts
6.2.1 Mechanical modeling of steel bar
6.2.2 Mechanical modeling of grout annulus
6.2.3 Finite element formulation of rockbolt element
6.3 Finite element modeling of shotcrete
6.4 Finite element modeling of steel ribs/sets or shields
6.5 Finite element analysis of support and reinforcement systems
6.6 Discrete finite element method (DFEM-BOLT) for the analysis of support and reinforcement systems
6.6.1 Mechanical modeling
6.6.2 Finite element modeling
6.6.3 Finite element modeling of block contacts
6.6.4 Considerations of support and reinforcement system

7 Applications to underground structures
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Analytical approach
7.2.1 Solutions for hydrostatic in situ stress state for support system and fully grouted rockbolts
7.2.2 Solutions for hydrostatic in situ stress state for pre-stressed rockanchors
7.2.3 Analytical solutions for non-hydrostatic in situ stress state
7.3 Numerical analyses on the reinforcement and support effects in continuum
7.3.1 Effect of bolt spacing
7.3.2 Effect of the magnitude of the allowed displacement before the installation of the bolts
7.3.3 Effect of elastic modulus of the surrounding rock
7.3.4 Effect of equipping rockbolts with bearing plates
7.3.5 Effect of bolting pattern
7.3.6 Applications to actual tunnel excavations
7.3.7 Comparison of reinforcement effects of rockbolts and shotcrete
7.3.8 Application to Tawarazaka Tunnel
7.4 Mesh bolting in compressed air energy storage schemes
7.4.1 Analytical solution
7.4.2 Applications
7.5 Reinforcement effects of rockbolts in discontinuum
7.5.1 Reinforcement against separation: suspension effect
7.5.2 Pillars: shear reinforcement of a discontinuity by a rockbolt
7.5.3 Shear reinforcement against bending and beam building effect
7.5.4 Reinforcement against flexural and columnar toppling failure
7.5.5 Reinforcement against sliding
7.5.6 Arch formation effect
7.6 Support of subsea tunnels
7.7 Reinforcement and support of shafts
7.8 Special form of rock support: backfilling of abandoned room and pillar mines
7.8.1 Short-term experiments
7.8.2 Long-term experiments
7.8.3 Verification of the effect of backfilling through in situ monitoring
7.8.4 Analysis of backfilling of abandoned mines

8 Reinforcement and support of rock slopes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Reinforcement against planar sliding
8.2.1 Finite element analysis
8.2.2 Physical model experiments
8.2.3 Discrete finite element analyses
8.3 Reinforcement against flexural toppling failure
8.3.1 Limit equilibrium method
8.3.2 Finite element method
8.3.3 Discrete finite element analyses
8.4 Reinforcement against columnar toppling failure
8.4.1 Physical model experiments
8.4.2 Discrete finite element analyses
8.5 Reinforcement against combined sliding and shearing
8.5.1 Formulation
8.5.2 Stabilization
8.5.3 Applications
8.6 Physical model tests on the stabilization effect of rockbolts and shotcrete on discontinuous rock slopes using tilting frame apparatus 312
8.6.1 Model materials and their properties
8.6.2 Apparatuses and testing procedure
8.6.3 Test cases
8.6.4 Results and discussions
8.7 Stabilization of slope against buckling failure

9 Foundations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Foundations under tension
9.2.1 Pylons
9.2.2 Design of anchorages
9.2.3 Suspension bridges
9.3 Foundations under compressions
9.3.1 Base foundations
9.3.2 Cylindrical sockets (piles)

10 Dynamics of rock reinforcement and rock support
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Dynamic response of point-anchored rockbolt model under impulsive load
10.3 Dynamic response of yielding rockbolts under impulsive load
10.4 Turbine induced vibrations in an underground powerhouse
10.5 Dynamic behavior of rockbolts and rockanchors subjected to shaking
10.5.1 Model tests on rockanchors restraining potentially unstable rock block at sidewall of underground openings
10.5.2 Model tests on rockanchors restraining potentially unstable rock block in roof of underground openings
10.6 Planar sliding of rock slope models
10.7 A theoretical approach for evaluating axial forces in rockanchors subjected to shaking and its applications to model tests
10.8 Application of the theoretical approach to rockanchors of an underground powerhouse subjected to turbine-induced shaking
10.9 Model tests on fully grouted rockbolts restraining a potentially unstable rock block against sliding
10.10 Excavations
10.10.1 Unbolted circular openings
10.10.2 Bolted circular openings
10.11 Dynamic response of rockbolts and steel ribs during blasting

11 Corrosion, degradation, and nondestructive testing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Corrosion and its assessment
11.2.1 The principle of iron corrosion
11.2.2 Factors controlling corrosion rate
11.2.3 Experiments on corrosion rate of rockbolts
11.2.4 Observations of iron bolts at Koseto hot spring discharge site
11.2.5 Corrosion of iron at Ikejima Seashore
11.2.6 Corrosion of deformed bar at Tekkehamam hot spring site
11.2.7 Corrosion of an iron bar at Moyeuvre abandoned iron mine and its investigation by X-ray CT scanning technique
11.2.8 Simulation of corrosion
11.2.9 Effect of corrosion on the physico-mechanical properties of tendon
11.2.10 Estimation of failure time of tendons
11.3 Effect of degradation of support system
11.4 Nondestructive testing for soundness evaluation
11.4.1 Impact waves for nondestructive testing of rockbolts and rockanchors
11.4.2 Guided ultrasonic wave method
11.4.3 Magneto-elastic sensor method
11.4.4 Lift-off testing technique
11.5 Conclusions

12 Conclusions

Bibliography
Index

Über Autor(innen)

Born in 1955, studied Mining Engineering at the Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey (B.Sc., 1979), Rock Mechanics and Excavation Engineering at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (M.Sc., 1982), and finally received his Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Nagoya University, Japan in 1989.
Prof. Aydan worked at Nagoya University as a research associate (1987-1991), and then at the Department of Marine Civil Engineering at Tokai University, first as Assistant Professor (1991-1993), then as Associate Professor (1993-2001), and finally as Professor (2001-2010). He then became Professor of the Institute of Oceanic Research and Development at Tokai University, and is currently Professor at the University of Ryukyus, Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.

He has furthermore played an active role on numerous ISRM, JSCE, JGS, SRI and Rock Mech. National Group of Japan committees, and has organized several national and international symposia and conferences. Professor Aydan has received the 1998 Matsumae Scientific Contribution Award, the 2007 Erguvanli Engineering Geology Best Paper Award, the 2011 Excellent Contributions Award from the International Association for Computer Methods in Geomechanics and Advances, the 2011 Best Paper Award from the Indian Society for Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling Technology and was awarded the 2013 Best Paper Award at the 13th Japan Symposium on Rock Mechanics and 6th Japan-Korea Joint Symposium on Rock Engineering. He was also made Honorary Professor in Earth Science by Pamukkale University in 2008 and received the 2012 Japan National Group for Rock Mechanics Frontier Award.