Buch, Englisch, 456 Seiten, Format (B × H): 173 mm x 244 mm, Gewicht: 1021 g
Biosynthesis, Degradation, and Alkaloid Formation
Buch, Englisch, 456 Seiten, Format (B × H): 173 mm x 244 mm, Gewicht: 1021 g
ISBN: 978-1-119-47612-2
Verlag: Wiley
All organisms produce nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. However, while there have been a number of texts on nucleotide metabolism in microorganisms and humans, the presence of these phenomena in plant life has gone comparatively unexplored. This ground-breaking new book is the first to focus exclusively on the aspects of purine nucleotide metabolism and function that are particular to plants, making it a unique and essential resource.
The authors provide a comprehensive break down of purine nucleotide structures and metabolic pathways, covering all facets of the topic. Furthermore, they explain the role that purine nucleotides can play in plant development, as well as the effects they may have on human health when ingested.
Plant Nucleotide Metabolism offers a unique and important resource to all students, researchers, and lecturers working in plant biochemistry, physiology, chemistry, agricultural sciences, nutrition, and associated fields of research.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface xv
Part I General Aspects of Nucleotide Metabolism 1
1 Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Nomenclature and Abbreviations of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 3
1.3 Chemical Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 5
1.3.1 Purines 5
1.3.1.1 Purine Bases 5
1.3.1.2 Purine Nucleosides 6
1.3.1.3 Purine Nucleotides 7
1.3.2 Pyrimidines 8
1.3.2.1 Pyrimidine Bases 9
1.3.2.2 Pyrimidine Nucleosides 9
1.3.2.3 Pyrimidine Nucleotides 10
1.3.3 Pyridines 11
1.4 Summary 11
References 11
2 Occurrence of Nucleotides and Related Metabolites in Plants 13
2.1 Purines and Pyrimidines 13
2.1.1 Concentration of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides 14
2.1.2 Concentration of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases and Nucleosides 16
2.2 Pyridine Nucleotides 17
2.2.1 Concentration of Pyridine Nucleotides 17
2.2.2 Concentration of Nicotinate and Nicotinamide 18
2.3 Concentration of Cytokinins 18
2.4 Alkaloids Derived from Nucleotides 18
2.5 Summary 19
References 19
3 General Aspects of Nucleotide Biosynthesis and Interconversions 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 De Novo Biosynthesis of Ribonucleoside Monophosphates 21
3.3 Interconversion of Nucleoside Monophosphates, Nucleoside Diphosphates, and Triphosphates 23
3.3.1 Nucleoside-Monophosphate Kinase 23
3.3.2 Specific Nucleoside-Monophosphate Kinases 24
3.4 Conversion of Nucleoside Diphosphates to Nucleoside Triphosphates 24
3.4.1 ATP Synthesis by Electron Transfer Systems 25
3.4.2 Substrate-Level ATP Synthesis 26
3.4.3 Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase 26
3.5 Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides 29
3.6 Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis 29
3.7 Supply of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate 30
3.8 Supply of Amino Acids for Nucleotide Biosynthesis 33
3.9 Nitrogen Metabolism and Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plants 33
3.10 Summary 34
References 35
Part II Purine Nucleotide Metabolism 39
4 Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Reactions and Enzymes 43
4.2.1 Synthesis of Phosphoribosylamine 44
4.2.2 Synthesis of Glycineamide Ribonucleotide 46
4.2.3 Synthesis of Formylglycineamide Ribonucleotide 46
4.2.4 Synthesis of Formylglycinamidine Ribonucleotide 47
4.2.5 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Ribonucleotide 47
4.2.6 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Carboxylate Ribonucleotide 48
4.2.7 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Succinocarboxamide Ribonucleotide 48
4.2.8 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Carboxamide Ribonucleotide 49
4.2.9 Synthesis of IMP via Formamidoimidazole Carboxamide Ribonucleotide 49
4.2.10 Synthesis of AMP 50
4.2.11 Synthesis of GMP 51
4.3 Summary 52
References 52
5 Salvage Pathways of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis 55
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Characteristics of Purine Salvage in Plants 56
5.3 Properties of Purine Phosphoribosyltransferases 59
5.3.1 Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase 59
5.3.2 Hypoxanthine/Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase 59
5.3.3 Xanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 62
5.4 Properties of Nucleoside Kinases 62
5.4.1 Adenosine Kinase 62
5.4.2 Inosine/Guanosine Kinase 64
5.4.3 Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases 64
5.5 Properties of Nucleoside Phosphotransferase 65
5.6 Role of Purine Salvage in Plants 66
5.7 Summary 66
References 66
6 Interconversion of Purine Nucleotides 71
6.1 Introduction 71
6.2 Deamination Reactions 71
6.2.1 Routes of Deamination of Adenine Ring 73
6.2.2 AMP Deaminase 73
6.2.3 Routes of Deamination of Guanine Ring 74
6.2.4 Guanosine Deaminase 75
6.3 Dephosphorylation Reactions 75
6.4 Glycosidic Bond Cleavage Reactions 76
6.4.1 Adenosine Nucleosidase 76
6.4.2 Inosine/Guanosine Nucleosidase 78
6.4.3 Non-specific Purine Nucleosidases 78
6.4.4 Recombinant Non-Specific Nucleosidases 78
6.5 In Situ Metabolism of 14C-Labelled Purine Nucleotides 79
6.5.1 Metabolism of Adenine Nucleotides 79
6.5.2 Metabolism of Guanine Nucleotides 80
6.6 In Situ Metabolism of Purine Nucleosides and Bases 80
6.6.1 Metabolism of Adenine and Adenosine 82
6.6.2 Metabolism of Guanine and Guanosine 83
6.6.3 Metabolism of Hypoxanthine and Inosine 84
6.6.4 Metabolism of Xanthine and Xanthosine 84
6.6.5 Metabolism of Deoxyadenosine and Deoxyguanosine 85
6.7 Summary 88
References 89
7 Degradation of Purine Nucleotides 95
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 (S)-Allantoin Biosynthesis from Xanthine 97
7.2.1 Xanthine Dehydrogenase 99
7.2.2 Urate Oxidase 100
7.2.3 Allantoin Synthase 101
7.3 Catabolism of (S)-Allantoin 101
7.3.1 Allantoinase 103
7.3.2 Allantoate Amidohydrolase 104
7.3.3 (S)-Ureidoglycine Aminohydrolase 104
7.3.4 Allantoate Amidinohydrolase 105
7.3.5 Ureidoglycolate Amidohydrolase 105
7.3.6 (S)-Ureidoglycolate-urea Lyase 105
7.3.7 Urease 105
7.4 Purine Nucleotide Catabolism in Plants 106
7.5 Accumulation and Utilization of Ureides in Plants 107
7.5.1 Ureides in Plant Tissues and Xylem Sap 107
7.5.2 Role of Ureides in Nitrogen Storage and Transport 109
7.5.3 Role of Ureides in Germination and Development of Seeds 109
7.5.4 Ureide Formation in Nodules of Tropical Legumes 110
7.5.5 Other Role of Ureides in Plants 110
7.6 Summary 111
References 111
Part III Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism 117
8 Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 119
8.1 Introduction 119
8.2 Reactions and Enzymes of the De Novo Biosynthesis 121
8.2.1 Synthesis of Carbamoyl-phosphate 121
8.2.2 Formation of Carbamoyl-aspartate 123
8.2.3 Formation of Dihydroorotase from Carbamoyl-aspartate 123
8.2.4 Formation of Orotate from Dihydroorotate 124
8.2.5 Synthesis of UMP from Orotate 125
8.2.6 Synthesis of CTP from UTP 126
8.3 Control Mechanism of De Novo Pyrimidine Ribonucleotide Biosynthesis 127
8.3.1 Fine Control of the De Novo Pathway 127
8.3.2 Coarse Control of the De Novo Pathway 129
8.4 Biosynthesis of Thymidine Nucleotide 129
8.4.1 Formation of dUMP 129
8.4.2 Conversion of UMP to dUMP via dUTP 130
8.4.3 Conversion of dUMP to dTMP 130
8.4.4 Thymidine Monophosphate Kinase 131
8.5 Summary 131
References 131
9 Salvage Pathways of Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis 137
9.1 Introduction 137
9.2 Characteristics of Pyrimidine Salvage in Plants 137
9.3 Enzymes of Pyrimidine Salvage 139
9.3.1 Uracil Phosphoribosyl Transferase 140
9.3.2 Uridine/Cytidine Kinase 142
9.3.3 Thymidine Kinase 143
9.3.4 Deoxyribonucleoside Kinase 144
9.3.5 Nucleoside Phosphotransferase 144
9.4 Role of Pyrimidine Salvage in Plants 145
9.5 Summary 146
References 146
10 Interconversion of Pyrimidine Nucleotides 149
10.1 Introduction 149
10.2 Deaminase Reactions 149
10.2.1 Cytidine Deaminase 149
10.2.2 Cytosine Deaminase 152
10.2.3 Deoxycytidylate Deaminase 152
10.3 Nucleosidase and Phosphorylase Reactions 152
10.3.1 Uridine Nucleosidase 152
10.3.2 Thymidine Phosphorylase 153
10.4 In Situ Metabolism of 14C-Labelled Pyrimidines 153
10.4.1 Metabolic Fate of Orotate 154
10.4.2 Metabolic Fate of Uridine and Uracil 154
10.4.3 Metabolic Fate of Cytidin
